Farmer's Hand Book On Pig Production
European ComissionFarmer's Hand Bookon Pig Production(For the small holders at village level)GCP/NEP/065/ECFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
European ComissionFarmer's Hand Bookon Pig Production(For the small holders at village level)GCP/NEP/065/ECFood and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsWith Financial Assistance from the European Commission
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ive BreedsJangali Bandel / Wild BoarPygmi BandelHurraChwancheBanmpudkePakhribas Black PigDharane Kalo BanggurExotic thMeishanCrosses between native and exotic for Improvement of local breeds:111122233344455666BreedingPure-breedingOut breedingIn breedingEffect of In-BreedingMethods of cross breedy:Cross breedingEffect of Cross BreedingEffect of Negative SelectionBest Breeding Practices to be Adopted in the VillagesSelection of Breeding GiltSelection of Breeding BoarHeat detection - Common signs of heat99910101212131415161617Farmer's Handbook on Pig Production
1st stage: Early heat signs2nd stage: Service period signs3rd stage: Post oestrus-period signsHow to induce heat - Recommended practicesStimulating regular heatWhen sow is in gestationCullingAssistanceReasons for not conceivingCare and Management of breeding BoarCare and Management of breeding BoarCare and Management of breeding SowMinimum Breeding Ages for Boars and GiltsCare and Management of New Born PigletsFeeding piglets whose mother does not produce enough milkColostrums SubstituteTeeth TrimmingAnaemia or Iron deficiencyTail CuttingHeating for PigletsCreep feedingRearing motherless pigletsFeeding programFeeding program for orphan pigletsWeaningSelection of ReplacementCulling of sowsCastrationCastration - step by stepPig’s Digestive SystemsFeedingAnatomy of the Digestive SystemWhat you can feed to your pig?What you cannot feed to you pig?Formulation feedTraditional pig feedsTraditional feed processingFeeding Forest ProductsFeeding Alcohol distilling residuesviFarmer's Handbook on Pig 28282929292930313233333334343536424343
Daily Fee requirementsFeeder trough sizeDrinkersElements for a good housing44454647Housing ManagementHow to keep a healthy pigEffect of bad housingSelection of housing locationsConstruction plan for a good pig house/shedSpace requirement for pigsDifferent models/types of pig house/sheds.Parasitic diseasesInternal parasites (Worms)474849495051525555Disease and ParasiteThe Location of parasitesRoundwormTapewormExternal tospirosis5555565758585960616363Reproductive Disorders and DiseasesBrucellosisUterine ProlapsedMastitisEndometritis (bacteria)Prevention and treatmentDiseases and Disorders of Digestive TractScouringBirth diarrhoeaRed diarrhoea or clostridial enteritisTransmissible GastroenteritisFat diarrheaPost diarrhea63646465656666666666676768Farmer's Handbook on Pig Productionvii
SalmonellosisSwine DysenteryPost weaning syndrome (oedema disease)Diseases of the Respiratory TractInfluenzaPleural PneumoniaAtrophic rhinitis (inflammation of the nose)PasteurellosisPorcine Respiratory and Reproductive Syndrome (PRRS)Disease Causing Problems in WalkingArthritisStreptococcal infectionsGreasy Pig DiseaseNutritional DisordersAnaemiaOther DiseasesFoot and mouth disease (FMD)Swine fever/Hog choleraAnthraxVaccination Schedule for PigsReferencesviiiFarmer's Handbook on Pig 75
1BreedsNative BreedsNative breeds of pig can be found throughout the country. They are a small bodysize compared to other exotic and crosses pig types. There name varies from regionto region, for example: Jangali Bandel / Wild Boar, Pygmi Bandel, Hurra, Banmpudke,Chwanche, Pakhribas Black Pig and Dharane Kalo Banggur. Their short descriptionis given below.Jangali Bandel / Wild BoarFound in the wild throughout the country, for the commercial production to receiveseed Rs 10,000 per piglet to be paid to the National Park and Wild Life ConservationDepartment of Nepal.Height ; 90 – 95 cm, Weight; 200 - 250kgá Color; Brown black with thick hair onthe bodyá Herd comprises ; 6 – 30 heads up to 3generation, Conceive Oct – Dec,Farrowing Feb – April, Gestationperiod 115 days, Litter size; 4 – 6,Piglets look very different inappearance and in color strips at anearly stage.áPygmi BandelFound in throughout northern India,Bhutan, and Nepal. Smallest, adult malesaverage 65 cm long and 25 cm tall.Females are slightly smaller. Males average8.5 kg in weight. Their coats have blackishbrown bristles over gray-brown skin.Reproduction is seasonal, and the birthpeak coincides with the monsoon in lateApril and May. Gestation is approximately100 days and litters size 2 to 6, sexualFarmer's Handbook on Pig Production
maturity at 13 to 33 months and live 10 to 12 years in the wild. Small family 5 to 20members, it was placed in the Endangered category according to IUCN in 1960. Foundin the wild, but for the commercial production to receive seed, Rs 10000 per piglet tobe paid to the National Park and Wild Life Conservation Department of Nepal.HurraFound in throughout Terai of Nepal. Keptunder scavenging systems. Their coatshave brown bristles on the neck portion.Reached adultery at 226 days. Averagelitter size is 5.72 and weaning size is5.14 with birth weight 700gm. Maturedmales average 45 and female 49 kg liveweight. Resistance to several diseasesand parasites.ChwancheFound in across the mid hills of Nepal.Kept under semi-intensive systems.Mostly found in black color. Reachedadultery at 219 days. Gestation periodis 114 days with farrowing interval of222days. Average litter size is 7.33 andweaning size is 6.0 with birth weight800 gm. Matured males average 24 andfemale 32 kg live weight. Resistance toseveral diseases and parasitesBanmpudkeBampudke is the domesticated formof Jangali Bandel. Known as smallestdomesticated breed of pig. Colorvaries red – brownish to black. Reachedadultery at 187 days. . Gestation periodis 114 days with farrowing interval of138 days. Average litter size is 4.7 andweaning size is 3.4 with birth weight650 gm. Matured males average 20 andfemale 19 kg live weight. Resistance toseveral diseases and parasites Farmer's Handbook on Pig Production
Pakhribas Black PigThe Pakhribas Black Pig was Developedat Pakhribas Agriculture CentreDhankuta Nepal through three wayscrossing between Saddleback, Fayunand Tamworth. Black in color. Averagelitter size is 9.4 and birth weight is 1.0 kg.Matured male average 170 and female160 kg live weight. Resistance to severaldiseases and parasites, and superior overother local breeds.Dharane Kalo BanggurBlack pig found in the eastern teraiand hills of Nepal. Long body, largeear dropping upward. Highly prolific,average litter size 8 – 10 with highweaning rate. Resistance to severaldisease and parasites. Easily reared onlocally available feed resources and cropby products. Perfect for semi-intensivesystems.Exotic BreedsThe most common pig breeds for commercial pig production are the Yorkshire,Landrace, Hampshire, Duroc, and Tibetan, Tamworth and Meishan breeds and theircrosses. These breeds produce lean meat combined with efficient feed conversion(3 kg of good feed is needed to produce 1 kg of pork). Compared to local pigbreeds, these commercial breeds are less resistant to diseases and suffer more fromhot weather and low quality feeds. Pure exotic breeds generally do not performwell in rural pig production systems in Nepal.Farmer's Handbook on Pig Production
YorkshireYorkshire: white, long body, erect ears,good mothers, live weight of a maturemale 300 – 450 and female 250 - 350 kg.High prolificacy, with a litter size of 12,weaning percent of 70, and 7 pairs ofteats.Widely used for upgrading local breedsLandraceLandrace: white, large drooping ears,long body, good mothers. One of thenewest breeds of a Danish origin.They are noted for having the highestnumber of pigs per litter, average liveweight of matured male is 310 – 400 kgand female is 250 – 330 kg.Good for Bacon production. Highprolificacy, average litter size of 11 with a good weaning rate.HampshireHampshire: black, white belt, muscular.Average live weight of matured male 300kg and female is 250 kg.Good for Bacon production.High prolificacy, with a litter size of 9 withhigh weaning rate. Farmer's Handbook on Pig Production
DurocDuroc: red, muscular, partially droopingears, desirable as sires.They grow the fastest out of all the otherbreeds. Average live weight of maturedmale 300 kg and female is 250 kg.High prolificacy, with a litter size of 9 withhigh weaning rate.TibetanThe Tibetan breed of pig is especiallyadapted to the high hills, cold climateand to being on pasture all year round. Itis characterized by:Light body weight (mature wt about 35kg .)Black hair coat, with long and densebristlesHighly developed digestive organs; the length of the intestine is about 36 times itsown body length.Ability to deposit fat in the body. The internal and visceral fat is about 15 percent ofbodyweight.Muscles with a marble appearance and meat with a special flavor.Low prolificacy, with average litter size of 5, weaning percent of 69, and 5 pairs ofteats.Farmer's Handbook on Pig Production
TamworthTamworth: Ginger, golden red to darkred colored breed with a long head,prick ears, a straight face and snout,and a long, narrow body.Mature boar may weigh 245 – 265 kg andsow 200 – 300 kg. They produce smallerlitters than other commercial breeds. .MeishanThe Meishan breed of pig was developedin China and characterized by:A black colored breed with short legs, bigstomach, deep back and very ugly faceare the major visible features.Very high prolificacy, with a litter size of14 -17 with average birth weight 900gm,weaning of 11 - 12, and having 8-9 pairsof teats.Daily weight gain is 300 – 400 gm with FCR 5:1. An adult male weight about 450 kgand female weight 350 kg average.This breed is found in eastern Nepal.Crosses between native and exotic for Improvement of local breeds:Breed improvement is important in obtaining improved and high yielding animals.The main purpose of breed improvement is to introduce a positive characteristicinto a local breed. For example: by crossbreeding an indigenous sow with an exoticboar; the offspring is likely to inherit the body shape and good growth rate from itsfather and the tolerance to environmental stress from its mother. Farmer's Handbook on Pig Production
Cross breed between Exotic and localbreedCross breed between Yorkshire and localbreed ( Chwanche )Cross breed between wild boar andlocal breed ( Hurra )Cross breed between Exotic and localbreed ( Hurra )Cross breed between local and landrace.Cross breed between Chinese landraceand local breedFarmer's Handbook on Pig Production
Farmer's Handbook on Pig Production
2BreedingPure-breedingMating purebred individuals of the same breed. The progeny has the same geneticmakeup. The major objective of pure-breeding is to identify and propagatesuperior genes for use in commercial production primarily in crossbreedingprograms as well as to propagate and identify superior females for maintainingvaluable genetic material. Furthermore crossbreeding will not be worthwhileunless superior pure bred individuals are used.XYorkshire MaleYorkshire FemaleOut breedingMating individuals of the same breed but who are less closely related than theaverage of the breed. There should not be a common ancestor for at least fourgeneration back in the pedigree of the boar and the females with which he ismated. It is a useful mating system in purebred individuals.Farmer's Handbook on Pig Production
XLandrace Male ;AmericanLandrace Female;BritishPiglets bornIn breedingMating between individuals of the same breed but which are more closely relatedthan the average of the breed. This could be between as close individuals as fullsibs or sire – daughter, mother - son. Pure breeding is a special kind of in-breeding.The effect of inbreeding is the concentration of common genes in the offspring.This high frequency of homozygous gene pairs applies to both desirable andundesirable traits. Many undesirable traits e.g. hernia and cryptorchidism involverecessive genes thus inbreeding perpetuates their expression phenotypically. Inbreeding causes decrease in litter size and increases mortality. Inbred sows areinferior in milking and mothering ability. It delays sexual maturity in gilts and boars.Inbred boars have less sexual libido. Inbred gilts have fewer eggs during oestrusand farrow smaller litters than those out bred.Effect of In-BreedingSow with newly borne litters about 12 piglets.Male and Female piglets taken by another farmers to his home.á Breeding between the same siblings.á Female giving birth about 9 pigletsáá10Farmer's Handbook on Pig Production
About 25 % less no of smaller and weak piglets are born as compared with firstsow and some of them were borne deadá Male and Female piglet taken by another farmers to his homeá Breeding between the same siblings about six piglets.á About 50 % less no of vey smaller and weak piglets born as compared with thefirst sow, some of them were borne deadáXMaleFemaleBreeding between full siblingLess and Smaller piglets bornFarmer's Handbook on Pig Production11
F1F2Cross breedingMating two individuals from different breeds thus introducing into the progeny agene combination that is different from that existing in either parent or in the breedof either parent. Cross breeding can involve two or more breeds, depending onthe desired result. The sole purpose of cross breeding is to take advantage of theobserved improvement in performance of the progeny above that of either parent- hybrid vigour or heterosis.Methods of cross breedy1: Cross Breeding Between Unidentified Breeds;MaleMale12Farmer's Handbook on Pig ProductionFemaleFemaleMale
2: Cross Breeding Between Unidentified Breeds;Hampshire FemaleDuroc MaleCross bread piglets borne from Hampshire and DurocEffect of Cross BreedingáááááááááLocal sow with her pigletsExotic sow with her pigletsFemale piglet from local sow and Male piglet from exotic sow are taken by afarmer to his home for breeding proposeBreeding between these male and female pigHealthy and bigger body size piglets are born from the local sowAll male piglets are sold and few selected crossed bread female are kept forbreedingAnother exotic male which is not in relation with the herd introduced forbreeding.Breeding between themVery healthy, strong, active and fast growing piglets are bornFarmer's Handbook on Pig Production13
XHampshire FemaleLandrace MalePiglets borne from crosses between Hampshire andLandraceEffect of Negative Selectionááááááá14Sow with newly borne litters about 12 piglets.Stronger and healthy piglets were either sold or castrated for meat purposeSmaller and weak Male and Female piglets kept for breeding purpose.Breeding between the same siblings.Female giving birth about 9 pigletsAbout 25 % less no of smaller and weak piglets are born as compared with firstsow and some of them were borne deadAmong the piglets stronger and healthy either sold for cash or castrated formeat and smaller and weak are kept for breeding purpose.Farmer's Handbook on Pig Production
ááBreeding between the same siblings about 6 piglets.About 50 % less, smaller and weak piglets born as compared with the first sow,some of them will borne dead.Best Breeding Practices to be Adopted in the VillagesBest pig breeding pruchees adapted in the villagee. ( Breeding boar exchangebetween villages / farmers grops.)For crossbreeding; male piglet exchanged between villages. Every year breedingmale must be changed with un-related herd to avoid inbreeding problems.Farmer's Handbook on Pig Production15
Selection of Breeding GiltIt is extremely important to select a good boar since it contributes half the qualityof the herd. Areas to be consider while selecting breeding Gilt:á Gilts selected to have at least 12 teats so as to accommodate a large litterá Gilts to be selected from sows, which wean 9 -10 or more piglets per litter andare known to be good mothers and first farrowing at one year of age andfarrowing interval of seven month.á Select breeding gilts at weaning period, further selection should be done 5-6months of age.á Select fast growing weaners. These will likely consume less feed per unit liveweight gain. Thus less costly to keep.á Select gilts which have developedhams and comparatively light heads.á The selected gilts should have goodbody confirmation i.e. strong legs,sound feet etc.1 2 3 4Year6 Month 5á Gilt should not select for breeding6purpose having supernumerary andinverted teats, and fat deposited at12the base of the teats65 4 3á Guilt must be at least 8 months old atfirst service.Age to breed giltsWeight of breed giltsLength of heat periodBest time to breed in heat periodNumber of services per sowPeriod of oestrous cycleOccurrence of heat after weaningGestation periodSelection of Breeding BoarIt is extremely important to select a goodboar since it contributes half the qualityof the herd. Areas to be consider whileselecting breeding Boar:á Boar to have sound feet with good,full hams, uniform curve at the backand of good length.16Farmer's Handbook on Pig Production8 months100-120 kg2-3 daysGilts – first day and Sows- Second day2 services at an interval of 12-14 hours18-24 days (Average 21 days)2-10 days114 days
áááááBoar to have at least 12 nicely placed rudimentary teats so as to pass on thischaracteristic.Boar to be selected from sows, which wean 8 -10 or more piglets per litter andare known to be good mothers.Boar to be selected from the herd which is having normal sex organs, active,healthy and strong.Selection to be done before castration i.e. at 4 weeks. Select biggest from thelitter.Boar must be at least 8 months old at first service.Heat detection - Common signs of heat1st stage: Early heat signsGeneral restlessnessVulva turns red and is swollená White mucus dischargeáá2nd stage: Service period signsReal Oestrus lasts for 40 - 60 hoursVulva becomes less red and swollená Slimy mucus dischargeá Tendency to mount and be mounted by others.á The sow or gilt will stand still when pressure is applied to her back (can accept aman's weight sitting on her. Thus the right stage to send her to the boar).áá3rd stage: Post oestrus-period signsááThe sow/gilt will not stand still when pressure is applied to her back
Color; Brown black with thick hair on the body Herd comprises ; 6 – 30 heads up to 3 generation, Conceive Oct – Dec, Farrowing Feb – April, Gestation period 115 days, Litter size; 4 – 6, Piglets look very different in appearance and in color strips at an early stage. Pygmi Bandel Found in throughout northern India, Bhutan, and Nepal. Smallest, adult males average 65 cm long and 25 cm .
Farmer, Sr. and Farmer, Jr. James Farmer, Sr. was an over-achieving scholar, with a son, James Farmer, Jr. acting the role of the child desperate to please the iron-fist, ruling father. The relationship hits a snag when while the Farmer family is happily driving along a country road, playing games and singing amongst each other.
13A Fred Coyne (13C), Elsie Coyne nCe Eades (13A), Les Eades (13A), c. 1954 13B Corporal A. P. Farmer 13B Emily Farmer nCe Coyne with Martha and Phoebe Farmer (all 13B), 1890s 13B Eva Ross nCe Farmer (13B), Dolly Wheeler, Emily Keen nCe Farmer (13B), 1920s 13C Bertha Loo nCe Coyne
Section B: Basic Payment Scheme (BPS) Introduction to BPS 6 BPS 6 Farmer and Agricultural Activity 7 What is the definition of a farmer (in the context of CAP regulations)? 7 What are the Active Farmer requirements? 8 Land at your disposal / control 8 What is meant by at the farmer’s disposal / control? 9 Common Land 11 Land used in common 12
ADAMSON John vict New Light House 12 West Strand Whitehaven (1829) ADAMSON John yeoman Under Skiddaw (1829) ADAMSON Jos King St Wigton (1829) ADAMSON Thos farmer Low House Little London Long Sleddale (1829) ADAMTHWAITE Edward farmer Woodside Stainmore (1829) ADAMTHWAITE John farmer Brough Sowerby (1829) ADAMTHWAITE John farmer West Dowgle .
Iowa farmer’s markets participate in two federal nutritional programs that include the Women’s, Infants and Children’s (WIC) Farmer’s Market Nutrition Program and the Senior Farmer’s Market Nutrition Program. The WIC Farmer’s Market Nutrition Program was established in July 1992, by the federal
including everything from "after dinner coffee"—which Farmer notes is beneficial for a stomach "overtaxed by a hearty meal"—to "Zigaras à la Russe," an elegant puff pastry dish. The 1918 edition was the last edition of the cookbook authored completely by Farmer. Introduction 1
PROGRESS REPORT October 2006 -March 2007 1 Contract farming refers to a contractual agreement between a farmer or farmer group and a buyer where the buyer adds value to the raw commodity in some way (Processing, storage, seed distribution, etc.) in order to ensure product quality and the commitment of the farmer or farmer group to the buyer.
farmer more cash. You are to help the farmer decide in which cows to invest. The farmer can only afford to buy one bull and two cows for the herd. The farmer has located three cows in separate herds that show a history of producing milk with higher than normal protein content and two bulls whose daughters produce high protein milk.
