Technical Data Sheet: Corrosion And Its Effects
Technical Data SheetOnline Only 00816-0100-3045, Rev CAMay 2003Corrosion and Its EffectsCorrosion and Its EffectsINTRODUCTIONThe potential for damage due to corrosion is animportant concern in the design of instrumentation formost process control systems. Rosemount pressuretransmitters are available with several choices ofmaterials of construction that can be expected toperform well in a wide range of applications. Thistechnical data sheet briefly discusses some of thereasons why corrosion occurs and the problems thatcan result. References are given to assist the user inmaking the appropriate material choices for anapplication.The information presented here is intended only as aguide to the selection of material options. Anymaterial will behave differently under the influence ofsuch variables as temperature, pressure, flow rate,abrasives, and contaminants. All of the componentsof a process fluid should be considered whenselecting materials. It should be noted that fluids thatcontain individual chemicals may react differentlywith a material than fluids that contain a combinationof chemicals or a series of chemicals. The chemicalspresent in small amounts could also impact materialselection. It is the user’s responsibility to make acareful analysis of all process parameters whenspecifying materials. Rosemount Inc. cannotguarantee that a material is suited to a particularapplication under all possible process conditions.If materials other than the standard materialsdiscussed here are needed, contact your localRosemount sales office for assistance.www.rosemount.com
Technical Data SheetOnline Only 00816-0100-3045, Rev CAMay 2003Corrosion and Its EffectsCorrosion is the gradual destruction of a metal bychemical or electrochemical means. The mostgeneric form of corrosion is galvanic corrosion. Acombination of a cathode, an anode, and anelectrolyte must be present for this type of corrosionto occur. This combination of cathode, anode, andelectrolyte is called a galvanic cell. Simply stated, agalvanic cell consists of two electrically connected,dissimilar metals and a medium, usually an aqueoussolution, by which electron transfer can take place.The tendency for corrosion to occur is governed bythe magnitude of potential difference developedbetween the anode and the cathode. Generally,those metals with the highest potentials are at theanodic end of the galvanic series (see Table 1).Metals with the lowest potentials are at the cathodicend of the series. However, the level of potential canvary with different conditions and with differentenvironments. In general, the farther apart the metalsare positioned on the galvanic chart, the more likelythey are to corrode when placed together in asolution.To fully understand the corrosion process, theseterms must be better defined.TYPES OF CORROSIONAnode—The electrode at which chemical oxidationoccurs (or current leaves the electrode and entersthe electrolyte).Cathode—The electrode at which chemicalreduction occurs (or current enters the electrodefrom the electrolyte).A potential difference results when the electricallyconnected anode and cathode are separated by aphysical distance in a conductive media. Thispotential difference causes the positively chargedcations to flow from the anode to the cathode throughthe conductive medium. To complete the circuit, thenegatively charged electrons flow from the anode tothe cathode through the electrical connection. Theresulting corrosion takes place at the anode. Thecathode may also corrode, but not to the sameextent.The loss of electrons by the anode is calledoxidation, and it causes the metal surface to becomepositively charged. These positively charged metalions on the surface, called cations, attract thenegative ions (anions) found in the electrolyte to forma new compound. This new compound no longer hasits former metal characteristics, but rather it takes anew form such as rust or iron oxide.The gain of electrons at the cathode is referred to asreduction. Reduction allows the metal at the cathodearea to retain its metallic characteristics (see Figure1).Generally, all corrosion is interrelated, however, itcan take many forms. Corrosion can be uniform orlocalized. It may also combine with other forms ofattack to produce even more undesirable effects. Inthe following discussion, some of the most commonforms of corrosion are presented, including aseparate section on sulfide stress cracking.Uniform CorrosionThis is characterized by an even distribution ofcorrosion that leaves the surface clean or coated withcorrosion products. This even distribution is due tothe movement of the anodic and cathodic sites onthe metal’s surface. With uniform attack, fouling ofthe metal is usually a bigger problem than failure.FIGURE 1. Classic Corrosion Cell.O2WATER (ELECTROLYTE)(1)Fe (OH)3Fe OHFe (OH)2Anode–O2H2OElectron FlowFe CathodeAs current flows through the electrolyte from the anode tothe cathode, an anodic reaction (Fe Fe 2e–) results.Simultaneously, the iron ion, Fe , is liberated and combineswith the OH– to produce ferrous hydroxide, Fe(OH)2. Next,the ferrous hydroxide combines with oxygen and water toproduce ferric hydroxide, Fe(OH)3, or common iron rust.1Electrolyte is seawater.2C0126CORROSION BASICS
Technical Data SheetOnline Only 00816-0100-3045, Rev CAMay 2003PittingOne of the most destructive forms of corrosion ispitting. It is a form of localized attack that causessmall holes to form in the metal. It is promoted bylow-velocity, stagnant-type conditions whereconcentrated “bubbles” of corrosives could form.Pitting is often difficult to detect because the pits maybe covered by corrosion products. Pitting may takemonths to years before its effects are visible.However, once started, a pit penetrates the metal atan ever increasing rate. Pitting also has a tendencyto under cut the surface. This makes detection evenmore difficult and subsurface damage more severethan the surface condition appears.Galvanic CorrosionWhen two dissimilar metals come into contact andare immersed in a conductive medium, an electricpotential develops. The corrosion rate of the moreactive (anodic) metal increases while the corrosionrate of the more noble (cathodic) metal decreases.The resulting corrosion can be uniformly distributedor localized.Erosion-CorrosionErosion-Corrosion is the increase in rate of attack ona metal from abrasive effects. It can be characterizedby grooves, holes, and waves, but usually exhibits adirectional pattern. This form of corrosion is morecommon in the softer metals, and usually occursafter the protective film on the surface of the metalhas been stripped away.Corrosion and Its EffectsTABLE 1. Galvanic Series of Metals and Alloys.(1)Protected End Cathodic or Noble EndPlatinumGoldGraphiteTitaniumSilverHastelloy C316 Stainless Steel (passive)304 Stainless Steel (passive)410 Stainless Steel (passive)Inconel (passive)Nickel (passive)Silver SolderMonelCopper-Nickel AlloysBronzesCopperBrassesChlorimetHastelloy BInconel (active)Nickel (active)TinLeadLead-Tin Solders316 Stainless Steel (active)304 Stainless Steel (active)410 Stainless Steel (active)Cast IronSteel or Iron2024 AluminumCadmiumCommercially Pure AluminumZincMagnesium AlloysMagnesiumAnodic or Active End Corroded End(1) Electrolyte is seawater.3
Technical Data SheetCorrosion and Its EffectsOnline Only 00816-0100-3045, Rev CAMay 2003Stress CorrosionHydrogen EmbrittlementBy definition, SCC is a phenomenon that, by virtue ofthe simultaneous application of a tensile stress andcorrosive environment, promotes a brittle-type failureat stress levels well below the yield strength of themetal. The higher the tensional stress the shorter thetime to failure. Although time to cracking at low stresslevels may be long, there is no practical minimumstress below which cracking will not occur, givensufficient time in a critical environment.Almost all metals lose ductility when they absorbhydrogen. This is especially noticeable attemperatures below 100 C. The exact mechanisminvolved is still undetermined; however, the leadingtheories suggest that hydrogen causes a highlylocalized alteration of the metallic bonds at a flaw orcrack tip under stress. This may either decrease thecohesive strength of the bonds or lower the shearstress required for slip. In either case, the metalfractures in a brittle manner at loads well below themacroscopic yield strength of the structure.For austenitic steels, such as type 316 stainless, thetwo major damaging ions are hydroxyl and chloride(OH– and Cl–).Hydrogen embrittlement is a common problem whentantalum is placed in hydrogen service.Crevice CorrosionThis localized corrosion occurs within crevices andother shielded areas on the metal surface. Thesolution within the crevice becomes highlyconcentrated and acidic. Crevice corrosion mightoccur inside holes, at metal-to-metal surfaces, andon sealing surfaces.Intergranular CorrosionHydrogen permeation is the process where hydrogenatoms diffuse through the metal by either aninterstitial mechanism or a vacancy mechanism.Although the mechanism is much m.ore involved, forthe sake of simplicity, this definition will be sufficient.Two ways that hydrogen atoms can move from ahigh concentration area (process fluid) to a lowconcentration area (module fill fluid) are by aninterstitial mechanism and a vacancy mechanism.An atom is said to diffuse by an interstitialmechanism when it passes from one interstitial siteto one of its nearest-neighbor interstitial sites withoutpermanently displacing any of the matrix atoms (seeFigure 2).FIGURE 2. Path of Atom Diffusion by InterstitialMechanism.C0127.EPSThis form of corrosion is a selective attack on thegrain boundaries (the surface of crystal mismatchbetween adjacent grains) of a metal withoutappreciable attack on the grains (individual crystal ofa microstructure) themselves. The attack mechanismresults from a difference in potential between thegrain boundaries and the grain. Because weldingoften causes segregation of impurities at grainboundaries, or precipitation of intermetallics, weldedareas are a common source of intergranularcorrosion. The attack causes a loss of strength andductility much greater that the loss due to the amountof metal destroyed.Hydrogen Permeation4
Technical Data SheetOnline Only 00816-0100-3045, Rev CAMay 2003Corrosion and Its EffectsSULFIDE STRESS CRACKINGIn all crystals, some of the lattice sites areunoccupied. These unoccupied sites are calledvacancies. If one of the atoms on an adjacent sitejumps into the vacancy, the atom is said to havediffused by a vacancy mechanism (see Figure 3).Sulfide stress cracking is a common form ofcorrosion in oil field environments. When exposed to“sour” environments, sulfide stress cracking mayoccur in susceptible materials. Sour environmentscan be defined as a fluid containing liquid water andhydrogen sulfide such as sour gas and sour crude.C0128.EPSFIGURE 3. Movement of an Atom into Adjacent Vacancy.The rapidity with which hydrogen atoms absorbed ona metal surface combine to form H2 is affected by thecatalytic properties of the electrode surface. If acatalyst poison like hydrogen sulfide is present, therate of formation of molecular H2 is decreased, whilethe accumulation of absorbed hydrogen on theelectrode surface is increased. The increasedconcentration of surface hydrogen favors entrance ofhydrogen atoms into the metal lattice, causinghydrogen embrittlement. In some stressed,high-strength ferrous alloys it may also inducespontaneous hydrogen cracking.NACE MR0175Because some transmitter diaphragms are very thin,hydrogen atoms permeating through the diaphragmcan unite to form molecular hydrogen. Becausemolecular hydrogen is too large to permeate backthrough the diaphragm it gets trapped and formsbubbles in the fill fluid. These bubbles can severelyaffect transmitter performance.Care must be taken to prevent placing certaindissimilar metals in close proximity where atomichydrogen could be generated. Positioning cadmiumor cadmium-plated parts near high-nickel alloys,such as SST or Hastelloy, in the presence of anelectrolyte such as water, can result in the creation ofa Ni Cad battery effect where atomic hydrogen isreleased. This atomic hydrogen can then permeate athin diaphragm.In general, in applications where atomic hydrogen ispresent, materials that are not susceptible topermeation should be chosen. Metals that contain alot of nickel are more susceptible to permeation.Increased temperatures also increase the rate ofpermeation. See the Materials of Constructionsection for more information.National Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE)standard MR0175 defines material requirements forsour oilfield environments. To be considered withinthe scope of this standard for sour gas, total systempressures must be above 65 psia and the partialpressure of H2S in the gas must be 0.05 psia orgreater. For sour crude oil, total system pressuresmust be above 265 psia. Below these pressures, theMR0175 standard does not apply. For over 25 yearsthis document has provided recommendations forproper use of various metals and alloys to avoidproblems with sulfide stress corrosion (SSC). NACEhas added to its recommendations practical limits toavoid stress corrosion cracking or SCC.MR0175-2003 limits exposed 300 series stainlesssteel to 60 C mainly to reduce problems with SCCwhich are related to brackish conditions commonlyassociated with sour reserves. Parts made fromcorrosion resistant Ni-Cr-Mo alloys like Hastelloy Care widely used for even the most severe sourenvironment conditions.5
Technical Data SheetOnline Only 00816-0100-3045, Rev CAMay 2003Corrosion and Its EffectsThis NACE standard is not a code document andmakes no provision for certification to the materialsand procedures described therein. Instead, it's theuser's responsibility to determine what parts will besatisfactory in the intended environment. Definedlimits apply to parts that are directly exposed to sourconditions. Table 2 can aid the selection process bylisting which Rosemount pressure transmitters partsmeet the MR0175-2003 metallurgical requirements.MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTIONRosemount Inc. offers a wide variety of materials ofconstruction to cover almost any application. Thefollowing discussion will aid in the understanding ofvarious materials offered. It should be noted thatRosemount Inc. may offer materials of constructionnot listed in this paper. Only the most widely usedmaterials are presented.Type 316 Stainless SteelAlloys with a chromium content over 11 percent andan iron content well over 50 percent are known asstainless steels. The designation “stainless steels”can be attributed to their ability to withstand mostcorrosives under many conditions.Type 316 stainless steel (16–18Cr and 10–14Ni)belongs to the group of austenitic stainless steels.This group is essentially nonmagnetic and cannot behardened by heat treatment. The nickel contentcontributes to the improved corrosion resistance, andit is also responsible for the retention of the austeniticstructure.Type 316 SST has a high resistance to corrosion. It isrust resistant in the atmosphere and is resistant tomost concentrations of nitric acid. However, it isattacked by nonoxidizing acids such as sulfuric andhydrochloric acid in most concentrations.Most salt solutions have little effect on type 316 SST,although the halide salts (fluorine, chlorine, bromine,iodine) can cause severe pitting and possiblystress-corrosion cracking.Type 316 SST performs very well against hydrogendiffusion and is a good choice as a diaphragmmaterial when the process is hydrogen gas.Type 316 SST has good resistance to alkalinesolutions, organic acids, and other organiccompounds.6Nickel-Based AlloysNickel is the basis of an important group of materialsused for corrosive applications. High-nickel alloysprovide good resistance to a wide variety ofcorrosives. The nickel content helps provide goodresistance as well as good physical and mechanicalproperties.In general, nickel alloys have the basic corrosionresistance of nickel combined with the addedresistance associated with the alloyed metal. Thiscombination makes the alloy as good as, or evenbetter than, nickel against corrosion.MonelMonel (67Ni-33Cu) has good resistance at ambienttemperatures to most of the nonoxidizing acids, suchas hydrofluoric, sulfuric, and phosphoric acids. It alsoresists nonoxidizing salts. The nickel in the alloyimproves its resistance toward alkalies.Hydrogen may penetrate Monel in high hydrogenconcentration applications. When used as adiaphragm material, hydrogen atoms may permeatethe diaphragm allowing hydrogen bubbles to formwithin the fill fluid. Therefore, Monel should not beused as a diaphragm material when the process ishydrogen gas.Gold-Plated MonelPlating Monel with gold provides protection againsthydrogen permeation while providing the corrosionresistance of Monel to processes such ashydrofluoric acid.Gold plating should only be used with metals that aresusceptible to hydrogen permeation. It is notnecessary for all hydrogen service applications. Seethe section on 316 SST.Hastelloy CIn Hastelloy C (54Ni-16Mo-16Cr), chromium andmolybdenum are added to nickel to improve thealloy’s resistance to oxidizing conditions. This alloyalso retains a considerable degree of resistance tononoxidizing conditions. For example, Hastelloy Cwithstands oxidizing acids and also the acid saltssuch as ferric and cupric chlorides. Hydrochloric andsulfuric acids in most concentrations do not affectHastelloy C at moderate temperatures. Hastelloy C iswell suited to provide protection against alkalies,organic acids, and other organic compounds.
Technical Data SheetOnline Only 00816-0100-3045, Rev CAMay 2003Hastelloy C, like Monel, allows the permeation ofhydrogen and should be used with caution as adiaphragm material.Both Monel and Hastelloy C have excellent corrosionresistance against atmospheric conditions and freshwater. In addition, Hastelloy C is resistant to stagnantseawater.TantalumTantalum has proved to be a useful material incorrosive applications involving hydrochloric acid andacidic ferric chloride solutions. This accounts for thewide acceptance of tantalum in the chemical industry.Tantalum has a high melting point and good strengtheven at elevated temperatures. Its high strengthallows thin sections to be used. This is importantbecause tantalum is very expensive.Corrosion and Its EffectsNickel-Plated Carbon SteelNickel plating is an effective means for giving metalsurfaces a corrosion resistant coating. Nickel hasgood resistance against most of the common acids,except those of an oxidizing nature such as nitricacid. In general, neutral and alkaline solutions leavenickel relatively unattacked. It has good resistance tothe milder forms of atmospheric conditions, tooxidation, to higher temperatures, and to halogengases.Nickel-plated flanges and adapters can be usedalong with Hastelloy C diaphragms. The largepotential difference resulting from the use ofcadmium-plated flanges and Hastelloy C diaphragmsis now eliminated.Tantalum has superior corrosive resistance to mostacids, chemical solutions, and organic compounds.In general, tantalum has good resistance tohydroiodic, hydrobromic, boiling hydrochloric, nitric,phosphoric, and sulfuric acids. Liquid metalsgenerally do not affect tantalum. In addition, it hasgood resistance to most other acids. However,tantalum can be attacked severely by hydrofluoricacid, fluosilicic acid, hot fuming sulfuric acid, andfluorine. Also, it is attacked by strong alkalinesolutions and by fused alkalies.Tantalum can suffer severe embrittlement if in servicewith high-temperature oxygen or nitrogen, or withhydrogen at any temperature.Cadmium-Plated Carbon SteelCadmium plating serves as a limited but significanttype of corrosion protection. When the base metalcannot provide the needed protection, cadmiumplating offers an inexpensive solution. Forapplications that do not require maximum protection,cadmium plating may be the right choice.Cadmium is applied as a thin coating sufficient towithstand atmospheric corrosion. Its resistance tocorrosion by most chemicals is low.In most applications, cadmium acts as a sacrificialanode. This means the underlying metal is protectedat the expanse of the cadmium plating—even whenthe cadmium is scratched or nicked, exposing thesubstrate. This is a positive attribute of cadmiumplating in association with galvanic corrosion.7
Technical Data SheetOnline Only 00816-0100-3045, Rev CAMay 2003Corrosion and Its EffectsFIGURE 4. Rosemount 1151 Pressure Transmitter Exploded View Showing Wetted Parts.Electronics HousingIsolating .EPS -Cell SensingModuleFlangeAdapterFIGURE 5. Rosemount 2024 Coplanar Pressure Transmitter Exploded View Showing Wetted Parts.ROSEMOUNT 2024Electronics Housing(Wetted) Coplanar FlangeO-ring(Wetted) 1/2-inchProcess Adapters82024A12A.EPSHousingCover
Technical Data SheetOnline Only 00816-0100-3045, Rev CAMay 2003Corrosion and Its EffectsFIGURE 6. Rosemount 3051C Coplanar Pressure Transmitter Exploded View Showing Wetted Parts.ROSEMOUNT 3051CElectronics HousingSensor Module(Wetted) Coplanar Flange3051–3051C07A.EPS(Wetted) 1/2-inch ProcessAdaptersFIGURE 7. Rosemount 2088 Pressure Transmitter Exploded View Showing Wetted Parts.(Wetted) ProcessConnection2088A01D.EPSROSEMOUNT 20889
Technical Data SheetOnline Only 00816-0100-3045, Rev CAMay 2003Corrosion and Its EffectsMATERIAL SELECTION REFERENCESSchweitzer, Philip A., P.E. Corrosion ResistanceTables: Metals, Nonmetals, Coatings, Mortars,Plastics, Elastomers and Linings, and Fabrics. ThirdEdition, Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1991.National Association of Corrosion Engineers.Corrosion Data Survey, Metals Section, 6th Edition,1985.ASM Metals Handbooks, Volume 13 (Corrosion), 9thEdition, American Society of Metals, Sept. 1987.Cor-sur and Cor-sur2, personal computer softwareversions of Corrosion Data Survey for Metals andNon-metals, National Association of CorrosionEngineers and National Bureau of Standards. POBox 218340, Houston, TX 77218.Corrosion Data Survey for Metals and Non-metals,National Association of Corrosion Engineers andNational Bureau of Standards. PO Box 218340,Houston, TX 77218.NA: Not AvailableTABLE 2. Suggested Materials of Construction for Pressure Transmitters Exposed to Sour Oilfield Environments. (1)Transmitter and PartsRosemount 3051S/ 3051CFlanges and AdaptersDrain/ VentsIsolating DiaphragmRosemount 3051T/ 2088/ 4600Process ConnectorIsolating DiaphragmRosemount 1151Flanges and AdaptersDrain/ VentsIsolating DiaphragmPipe PlugsRosemount 2024Flanges and AdaptersDrain/ VentsIsolating DiaphragmPipe PlugsNA Not Applicable316 SST (2)Hastelloy CMonelTantalumNi PlatedCarbon SteelCd PlatedCarbon Steel esnonoNANANANANANAyesNANANANANANANA(1) Comments are based on NACE MR0175-2003 that applies only to petroleum production, drilling, gathering and flow line equipment, and field processingfacilities to be used in H2S bearing hydrocarbon service. It is not intended for refinery applications. A new NACE specification, MR0103, has been releasedfor refineries.(2) Caution is advised when considering the use of 316 stainless steel in sour environments. MR0175-2003 limits exposed austenitic stainless steel to 60 Cmainly to reduce the risk of chloride stress corrosion cracking problems. Other environmental restrictions do apply. Consult standard for more detail.(3) Although considered outside the scope of MR0175, Emerson Process Management, Rosemount Division does consider exposed cadmium or zinc platedproducts not satisfactory due to increased risk of corrosion.10
Technical Data SheetOnline Only 00816-0100-3045, Rev CAMay 2003Corrosion and Its EffectsMATERIALS SELECTION GUIDE(1)E Excellent resistance. Corrosion rate 0.002 in.(0.05 mm) per year. Best choice for diaphragmmaterial.G Good resistance. Corrosion rate 0.020 in.(0.50 mm) per year.F Fair resistance. Corrosion rate 0.020–0.050in. (0.50–1.27 mm) per year.P Poor resistance. Corrosion rate 0.050 in.(1.27 mm) per year.– Data not available.(The numeric values for corrosion rate hold true onlyfor selecting the isolating diaphragm, not forselecting the flange and adapter materials. Whenselecting the flange/adapter and O-ring materials, the“E, G, F, and P” ratings describe the performance ofthat material as excellent, good, fair, and poor.)1 May cause stress corrosion cracking.2 May cause pitting.* This signifies that the process fluid can beeither aerated or non-aerated. If there is a significantdifference in performance of the material, two lettersmay be separated by a slash (aerated/non-aerateddata).NOTEAll data is based on a temperature of 70 F (20 C)unless noted otherwise.Since a material’s resistance to corrosion can varygreatly due to many factors such as impurities,temperature, pressure, velocity, etc., this chartshould be used only as a general guide.Rosemount Inc. makes no guarantee for thesuitability of any transmitter material. Theresponsibility for material selection rests with theuser.(1)Data for material selection guide compiled from NACEpublication Corrosion Data Survey, metals section, sixthedition.11
Technical Data SheetOnline Only 00816-0100-3045, Rev CAMay 2003Acetic Acid ( 50%)*Acetic Acid ( 50%)*Acetic Acid ( 50%, 200 F)*Acetic Acid ( 50%, 200 F)*Acetic Acid ( 50%, 200 F)*Acetylene (100%, 250 F)*AlcoholsAirAluminum Sulfate ( 50%, 200 F)Aluminum Sulfate ( 50%, 200 F)Ammonia (anhyd., 500 F)Ammonium Acetate ( 200 F)Ammonium Bicarbonate ( 175 F)Ammonium Bromide ( 20%)Ammonium Chloride ( 10%, 200 F)Ammonium Chloride (10–20%, 200 F)Ammonium Hydroxide ( 40%)Ammonium Nitrate ( 200 F)Ammonium Oxalate ( 40%, 200 F)Ammonium Phosphate (Mono Basic)Ammonium Phosphate (Di Basic)Ammonium Phosphate (Tri Basic)Ammonium Sulfate ( 40%, 200 F)Aniline (100%, 200 F)BeerBenzeneBlack Liquor (sulfate)Brines (Calcium, dil.)Bromine (dry)Bromine (wet)Calcium Carbonate (100%, 200 F)Calcium Chloride ( 50%)Calcium Chloride ( 50%)Calcium Sulfate (sat.)Carbon Dioxide (gas)Carbonic Acid (100%, 500 F)Carbon Tetrachloride (dry–wet)Cellulose Acetate (100%, 100 F)Cellulose Nitrate (100%, 200 F)Chloric Acid ( 20%)Chlorinated water (sat.)Chlorine Gas (dry)Chlorine Gas (wet)Chlorine Gas (liq. anhydrous)Chloroform (80–100%, 200 F)Citric Acid ( 50%, 200 F)Citric Acid ( 50%, 200 F)Crude Oil EGEth. Prop.Wetted O-RingsTantalumHast. C-276Monel 400316L SSTIsolating DiaphragmNi. PI. C.S.Hast. CProcess FluidMonel316 SSTFlange/AdapterVitonCorrosion and Its E––PP––PFFP
Technical Data SheetOnline Only 00816-0100-3045, Rev CAMay 2003Corrosion and Its EGFPF–Eth. Prop.Wetted O-RingsTantalumHast. C-276Monel 400316L SSTIsolating DiaphragmNi. PI. C.S.Hast. CMonelProcess FluidEthylene Dichloride (100%, 200 F)Ferric Chloride ( 10%)Ferric Chloride ( 40%, hot)Freon (gas, wet)Fruit JuicesGlycerol (0–100%, 200 F)*Green Liquor (NaOH)Green Liquor (Sulfate, 200 F)Hydrochloric Acid ( 1%)Hydrochloric Acid ( 2%, RT-Hot)*Hydrofluoric Acid ( 50%)*Hydrofluoric Acid ( 50%)*Hydrogen Chloride (anhydrous, 500 F)Hydrogen Chloride (wet)Hydrogen Fluoride (dry, 500 F)Hydrogen Gas ( 500 F)Hydrogen PeroxideHydrogen Sulfide (dry, 200 F)Hydrogen Sulfide (wet, 200 F)Isopropanol ( 200 F)MethanolNatural Gas (liq.)Nitric Acid (20%)Nitric Acid (20%, 200 F)Nitric Acid (65%, boil.)Nitric Acid (conc., hot)Nitric Acid (fuming)Nitrous OxideOxygen GasPhosgene (RT to HOT)Phosphoric Acid ( 50%)*Phosphoric Acid ( 50%)*Phosphoric Acid ( 10%, boil.)*Phosphoric Acid (85%, boil.)*Polyethylene (100%, 200 F)PolyvinylchloridePotassium Chloride ( 40%, 200 F)Potassium Nitrate ( 200 F)Propane (100%, 200 F)Propylene Dichloride (100%)Propylene Oxide ( 200 F)SewageSodium Chloride ( 40%, 200 F)Sodium Hydroxide (50%)Sodium Hydrox.( 40%, 150 F)Sodium Hydrox. (40–75%, 150 F)Sodium Hydroxide (molten)Steam ( 500 F)Styrene316 �13
Technical Data SheetOnline Only 00816-0100-3045, Rev CAMay Buna-NPPPGFPPPPGGGGPEGFEEGGE–EEEEEEth. Prop.Wetted O-RingsTantalumHast. C-276Monel 400316L SSTIsolating DiaphragmNi. PI. C.S.Hast. CMonelProcess FluidSulfur (molten, dry, 230 F)Sulfur Dioxide (dry)Sulfur Dioxide (wet)Sulfuric Acid ( 2%)*Sulfuric Acid (
Technical Data Sheet Online Only 00816-0100-3045, Rev CA Corrosion and Its Effects May 2003 2 CORROSION BASICS Corrosion is the gradual destruction of a metal by chemical or electrochemical means. The most generic form of corrosion is galvanic corrosion. A combination of a cathode, an anode
About Corrosion 4 Parts of a Corrosion Cell Anode (location where corrosion takes place) o Oxidation Half-Reaction Cathode (no corrosion) o Reduction Half-Reaction Electrolyte (Soil, Water, Moisture, etc.) Electrical Connection between anode and cathode (wire, metal wall, etc.) Electrochemical corrosion can be
PURPOSE: The purpose of this experiment is to illustrate the principles and practical aspects of corrosion and corrosion prevention. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: By the end of this experiment, . corrosion-o2-production-FV.pdf Corrosion Prevention. There are a number of methods used to stop or slow down the spontaneous corrosion of iron. Barrier
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The ICMS system corrosion management server is the heart of the corrosion or erosion monitoring system, integrating several forms of corrosion monitoring and process data into one complete online system. Corrosion and erosion monitoring is managed as a process parameter with constant streaming data directly into your preferred system interface.
2 Principles of Corrosion Engineering and Corrosion Control established in M.I.T, USA and University of Cambridge, UK, contributed significantly to the growth and development of corrosion science and technology as a multi disciplinary subject. In recent years, corrosion science and engineer-ing ha
Designation D2996-88, Specification for Filament-Wound Reinforced Thermosetting Resin Pipe, 1988, American Society for Testing and Materials, 1916 Race Street, Philadelphia, PA 19103. (8) ASTM D3299-88 means American Society for Testing and Materials Designation D3299-88, Filament-Wound Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Thermoset Resin Chemical-Resistant Tanks, 1988, American Society for Testing and .
