NUTRITION THERAPY FOR WOUNDS

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NUTRITION THERAPYFOR WOUNDSChristina Sherry, PhD, RD, MBA

Disclosure The content of this program has met the continuingeducation criteria of being evidence-based, fair andbalanced, and non-promotional. This educational event is supported by Abbott NutritionHealth Institute, Abbott Nutrition. Dr. Sherry is an Employee of Abbott Nutrition

Learning Objectives Describe the process of wound healing requirements formacro-and micronutrients Review the nutrition care process for individuals at riskand experiencing wound healing Learn nutrition interventions to augment wound healing

IntroductionThis presentation reviews complexitiesassociated with wound care and bestpractices to eliminate and overcome barriersof effective care through nutrition. Theprocess and progress of wound healing withnutrition as a vital component is addressed,including particular nutrient requirements

Wound Incidence/PrevalenceAbout 2% of the U.S. adult population has a chronic wound. Chronic wounds are considered: pressure ulcers/injuries lower extremity ulcers diabetic foot ulcers venous ulcers and arterial ulcers Prevalence is measured by the number of cases of pressureulcers at a specific time. Incidence measures the number of new pressure ulcers withoutan ulcer at baselinePosthauer, M.E. & Marion, M. (2017). In Mueller, C.M. (Ed.), The ASPEN AdultNutrition Core Curriculum. (3rd ed.). Silver Spring, MD: American Society forParenteral and Enteral Nutrition.

Healing Process for Wounds inNormal StateMaturationProliferationInflammationThree predictable, overlapping phasesMidwood KS et al. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004;36(6):1031-1037; Chang HY et al. PLoS Biol. 2004;2(2):E7; Thompson C. Nutr Clin Pract. 2005;20(3):331-347;Posthauer, M.E. & Marion, M. (2017). In Mueller, C.M. (Ed.), The ASPEN Adult Nutrition Core Curriculum. (3rd ed.). Silver Spring, MD: American Society for Parenteraland Enteral Nutrition.

Non-Healing, Chronic WoundsMaturationProliferationInflammationWounds get stuck in the inflammatory phaseMidwood KS et al. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2004;36(6):1031-1037; Chang HY et al. PLoS Biol. 2004;2(2):E7; Thompson C. Nutr Clin Pract. 2005;20(3):331-347.

AT RISK Patients: Common Factors Current or past medicalcondition(s)(eg, diabetes, renal disease,arterial disease) Immobility Incontinent Insufficient of sensoryperception Compromised nutritional status(eg, malnutrition, dehydration,underweight, or overweightBraden Risk Assessment Scale. http://www.bradenscale.com/images/bradenscale.pdf. Accessed August 9, 2016.

Wound Healing ElementsNutrition/hydration is seen as one of the mostmodifiable factors affecting wound healingExtrinsic Mobility Wound bed environment Bacterial burden Soft tissue/boneinfection Devitalized tissue MedicationsIntrinsic Systemic disease Perfusion/oxygenation Infection process Nutrition/hydration Age

Malnutrition is a SignificantContributor to Adverse OutcomesInfection1-3 Quality oflife6 Hospitallength of stay9Pressureulcers4 Mobility7 Readmission9Falls5Complications8 Mortality91. Schneider SM, et al. Br J Nutr. 2004;92:105-111. 2. Merli M, et al. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;8:979-985. 3. Lee S, et al. Yonsei Med J. 2003;44:203-209.4.Fry D et al. Arch Surg. 2010;145:148-151; 5. Bauer JD et al. J Nutr Diet. 2007;20:558-564. 6. Kvamme JM, et al. Qual Life Res. 2010; 7. Vivanti A, et al. J Nutr HealthAging. 2011;15:388-391; 8. Sungurtekin H, J Am Coll Nutr. 2004;23227-232; 9. Lim SL, et al. Clin Nutr. 2012;31(3):345-350.

Malnutrition Predicts Decubitus UlcersMalnutrition was the 3rd predictive factorfor decubitus ulcers after major surgeryPreexisting ConditionOdds RatioDiabetic complications5.3Chronic renal failure4.7Malnutrition/weight loss3.8Peripheral vascular disease2.3Emergency admission2.0Fry D et al. Arch Surg. 2010;145:148-151

Prevalence of ISCHARGEHOSPITALREADMISSION30% to 55%33% of severelyof hospitalpatients aremalnourishedupon admission1-4malnourishedzpatients and38% of well‐nourished patientsexperiencenutritional decline4Many patientscontinue to loseweight afterdischarge5Patients with weightloss are at increasedrisk for readmission11. Tappenden KA et al. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2013;37(4):482-497. 2. Naber TH et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997;66(5):1232-1239. 3. Somanchi M et al.JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2011;35(2):209-216. 4. Braunschweig C et al. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100(11):1316-1322. 5. Beattie AH et al. Gut.2000;46(6):813-818.

Use Multidisciplinary Team to Identify 6Characteristics of MalnutritionInsufficient Energy IntakeUnintentional Weight LossSubcutaneous Fat LossMuscle LossFluid AccumulationDeclining Functional StatusLoss of Muscle Mass & Function can Now Diagnose Malnutrition, Independent of Body WeightWhite et al. JAND. 2012;112:730-738. 2. White et al. JPEN. 2012;36:275-283.

NUTRIENT NEEDS

NPUAP Clinical Practice Guidelines:Evidence and RecommendationsHaesler, E., Kottner, J. & Cuddigan, J. (2016). The 2014 International Pressure Ulcer . Guideline: methodsand development. Journal of advanced nursing, 73(6), 1515-1530.

NPUAP Clinical Practice Guidelinesfor Energy Intake“Offer fortified foods and/or highcalorie, high-protein oral nutritionalsupplements between meals ifnutrition requirements cannot beachieved by dietary intake.” Strength of Evidence: B Strength of Recommendation:National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance. In: Haesler E, ed. Prevention and Treatment ofPressure Ulcers: Quick Reference Guide. Osborne Park, Western Australia: Cambridge Media; 2014.

NPUAP Clinical Practice Guidelinesfor Protein Intake“Supplement with high protein, arginine, andmicronutrients for adults with a pressure ulcercategory/stage 3 or 4 or multiple pressure ulcerswhen nutritional requirements cannot be met withtraditional high-calorie and protein supplements.”Goal for protein support for patients with pressure ulcers 1.25-1.5 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight per day Strength of Evidence: B Strength of Recommendation:National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance. In: Haesler E, ed. Prevention and Treatment ofPressure Ulcers: Quick Reference Guide. Osborne Park, Western Australia: Cambridge Media; 2014.

CarbohydrateGlucose is the major fuel source for collagen synthesis andmost efficient source of fuel compared with fat and protein. If insufficient CHO intakethe body breaks downprotein to provide glucose for cellular activity. Impaired utilization of CHO due to hyperglycemia leads tomore proteolysis, glycogenolysis and lipolysis resulting indecreased wound healing Hyperglycemia also leads to osmotic diuresis and loss ofwater and electrolytes which negatively impacts woundhealing by decreasing tissue oxygenation Both extracellular and intracellular dehydration occurs

ProteinThose with a protein malnutrition have adecreased immune system which places themat greater infection risk, leading to edema then,poor oxygenation of the tissue. The use of negative pressure wound therapy increasesprotein losses of an estimated 12.5 grams of protein perliter of fluid loss.Haesler, E., Kottner, J. & Cuddigan, J. (2016). The 2014 International Pressure Ulcer .Guideline: methods and development. Journal of advanced nursing, 73(6), 1515-1530.

Protein SynthesisMetabolic stress andcatabolic states results inprotein loss HMB activates of severalsignaling pathways that areimportant for proteintranslation Activation of proteintranslation helps tocompensate for the loss ofproteinDutt, V. et al. Pharmacol Res. 2015 ;99:86-100

Protein Degradation Proteolysisinducing factor(PIF) canactivate the UbpathwayOne mainpathway ofproteindegradation HMB has beenis via theshown block PIFubiquitininducedproteasomeactivation of the(Ub)Ub-pathwaypathwaySmith HJ, et al. Cancer Res. 2004;64(23):8731-5.

ArginineConsidered a semi-essential amino acid Collagen and tissue synthesis require arginine for woundstrength Nitric oxide is a product of arginine metabolism and is apowerful vasodilator that promotes angiogenesis (bloodflow) Beneficial in wound healing environment: Toxic to bacteria Inhibits platelet aggregation Immune response mediator and neurotransmitterStudies have found that additional supplementation including argininepromotes wound healing in both nourished and malnourished patientsPosthauer, M.E. & Marion, M. (2017). In Mueller, C.M. (Ed.), The ASPEN Adult Nutrition CoreCurriculum. (3rd ed.). Silver Spring, MD: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition.

GlutamineServes as a fuel source for cells with rapid turnover such asenterocytes, epithelial cells, fibroblasts, macrophages andlymphocytes. Occurs in both inflammatory and proliferative phases ofwound healing Essential for gluconeogenesis Demand increases during illness in the liver, kidneyand GI tract No studies have been conducted on glutamine and woundhealing for pressure ulcer patients. Neither the NPUAP nor the EPUAP recommend routineglutamine supplementation for pressure ulcers.Posthauer, M.E. & Marion, M. (2017). In Mueller, C.M. (Ed.), The ASPEN Adult Nutrition CoreCurriculum. (3rd ed.). Silver Spring, MD: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition.

Vitamin CAntioxidant: cofactor in collagen formationand may help prevent wound infections bymodulating immune functionMaintaining a balance between reactiveoxygen species and anti-inflammatorysubstrates depends on optimal levels ofvitamin COther studies on vitamin C do not support anypositive effect on wound healing whensupplemented with 1 g of vitamin C comparedto those supplemented with 10 mg per day.Posthauer, M.E. & Marion, M. (2017). In Mueller, C.M. (Ed.), The ASPEN Adult Nutrition CoreCurriculum. (3rd ed.). Silver Spring, MD: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition.

Vitamin EAntioxidant Immune response and inflammation Platelet aggregation, adhesion Protein kinase C activation Lipoprotein transport Nucleic acid and protein metabolism Mitochondrial function and hormonal productionRecent studies have shown a synergistic effect on pressureulcer healing when combined with other antioxidants The other antioxidants included arginine and zinc as described.Haesler, E., Kottner, J. & Cuddigan, J. (2016). Journal of advanced nursing, 73(6), 1515-1530; Posthauer, M.E. & Marion, M. (2017). In Mueller, C.M. (Ed.),The ASPEN Adult Nutrition Core Curriculum. (3rd ed.). Silver Spring, MD: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition.

ZincTrace mineral with wide array of functions becauseof its presence as a component of several enzymes Co-factor for collagen and protein synthesis-important for skin integrity andmucosal membranesDeficiency is associated with delayed wound healing Commonly seen in patients with diarrhea, malabsorption or hypermetabolicstress in sepsis, burns, or serious injury Poor zinc status can adversely affect B and T lymphocyte production,leading to delayed wound healing Supplementation without a deficiency has not been shown to be beneficialPosthauer, M.E. & Marion, M. (2017). In Mueller, C.M. (Ed.), The ASPEN Adult Nutrition CoreCurriculum. (3rd ed.). Silver Spring, MD: American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition.

NUTRITIONSUPPLEMENTATION

Effect of Nutrition SupplementsMeta-analysisIn-patient setting study 4 RCTs showed significantlylowered incidence ofpressure ulcers amongelderly hospitalizedpatients (OR 0.75) whoused ONS (2-26 weeks)compared to non-users showed reduction of aprevalence rate of 7.8%to 1.4% upon utilizationof evidence basedcriteria for the treatmentof pressure ulcers.Stratton RJ, et al. (2005) Ageing Res Rev.4:422-450; Beal, M.E. & Smith, K. (2016) Journal of nursing scholarship, 13(2), 112-117.

Assessing Changes in PU Pressure Ulcer Scale for Pressure Sore StatusHealing (PUSH)1 NPUAD tool to provideindications ofimprovement ordeterioration in PUhealing Assess size (LxW),exudate amount andtissue typeTool (PSST)2 Includes1. sh3.pdf2. Bates-Jensen BM Adv Wound Care. 1997 Sep;10(5):65-73. Size, depth, edges,necrotic type, necroticamount, exudate amount,skin color, edema,induration, granulation,epithelialization, Uses modified Likertscale (1 - healthiest to 5- worst attribute)

PUSH Tool 3.0TISSUE TYPE:4 – Necrotic Tissue (Eschar): black, brown or tan tissue that adheres firmly to the wound bed or ulcer edges and may be either firmer or softerthan surrounding skin3 – Slough: yellow or white tissue that adheres to the ulcer bed in strings or thick clumps, or is mucinous2 – Granulation Tissue: pink or beefy red tissue with a shiny, moist, granular appearance1 – Epithelial Tissue: for superficial ulcers, new pink or shiny tissue (skin) that grows in from the edges or as islands on the ulcer surface0 – Closed/Resurfaced: the wound is completely covered with epithelium (new 03/push3.pdf

Effect of Nutrition SupplementsSystematic review: arginine enriched nutritionLiu, P., et al (2017) Journal of WoundCare, 26(6), 319-323.

Effect of Nutrition SupplementsSystematic review: arginine enriched nutrition7 RCTs with 369 patients; 4 RCTs assessed healing by PU area reduction 1 enrolled malnourished patients 1 enrolled non-malnourished patients 2 studies did not restrict the nutritional status of the patientsResults: All reporting arginine-enriched enteral nutrition resulted in a significantPUSH score improvement compared with control at follow-up. An RCT compared healing with two doses of arginine (4.5g versus 9g),but no difference was found between the doses.Liu, P., et al (2017) Journal of Wound Care, 26(6), 319-323.

Effect of Nutrition SupplementsSystematic review: arginine enriched nutrition Evidence showed that arginine-enriched enteral nutritionled to a significant improvement in PU healing It was effective not only in malnourished patients, but alsoin non-malnourished patientsSuggest that arginine-enriched nutrition should be usedin patients with pressure ulcersLiu, P., Shen, WQ., &Chen, HL., (2017) Journal of Wound Care, 26(6), 319-323.

Effect of Nutrition SupplementsDescriptive review: arginine enriched nutritionConducted in different settings: hospital, long-termcare/care homes and home care. 7 RCTs 4 CTs Pressure ulcer stages II, III or IVResults:Ten out of eleven studies showed a beneficial effect of thearginine-enriched oral nutritional supplementation on thehealing of pressure ulcers.

Effect of Nutrition SupplementsDescriptive review: arginine enriched nutritionNeyen, JCL.et al. (2017) Wound Medicine, 16, 46-51.

Effect of Nutrition SupplementsThe OligoElement Sore TrialPatientsIntervention Malnourished 200 patients II, III, or IVpressure ulcers 400ml/d x 8weeks Energy dense,protein rich Zinc & ArginineCereda, E. et al. (2015). Annals of internal medicine, 162(3), 167-174.

Effect of Nutrition SupplementsThe OligoElement Sore TrialBoth groupsIntervention2 bottles per dayZinc500 kcalsVitamin E40g proteinVitamin CCereda, E. et al. (2015). Annals of internal medicine, 162(3), 167-174.

Effect of Nutrition SupplementsThe OligoElement Sore TrialEND POINTSExperimentalGroup (n 101)Control Group(N 99)P Value60.9 (54.3 to 67.5)45.2 (38.4 to 52.0)0.026* 40% reduction in PU area at 8wk, %69.9 (59.5 to 79.9)54.1 (42.7 to 65.5)0.020*Complete Healing, %16.9 (8.2 to 25.6)9.7 (2.1 to 17.3)0.100Mean reduction in PU area at 4 wk, %37.2 (28.7 to 45.8)29.3 (21.9 to 36.7)0.25Wound Infections, %22.6 (11.8 to 33.2)21.6 (12.0 to 31.1)0.88Mean dressings, n34 (30 to 80)37 (34 to 41)0.32PrimaryMean reduction in PU area at 8 wk, %SecondaryCereda, E. et al. (2015). Annals of internal medicine, 162(3), 167-174.

Effect of Nutrition SupplementsThe OligoElement Sore TrialRESULTS: Supplementation with the enriched formula (n 101) resulted in a greaterreduction in PU area (mean reduction, 60.9% [95% CI, 54.3% to 67.5%]) thanwith the control formula (n 99) (45.2% [CI, 38.4% to 52.0%]) (adjusted meandifference, 18.7% [CI, 5.7% to 31.8%] The secondary outcome saw a 40% or greater reduction in pressure ulcersize in the experimental group compared to control group that was significant No difference was found in other secondary end points. The level ofsignificance was set at the 2-tailed P value less than 0.05.Overall treatment was effective in improving pressure ulcer healingCereda, E. et al. (2015). Annals of internal medicine, 162(3), 167-174.

Effect of Nutrition SupplementsThe OligoElement Sore TrialCereda, E., et al. (2017). Clinical Nutrition 36, 246-52.

SUMMARY

Summary Studies suggest the efficacy of nutrients in wound healingis likely synergistic as there is lack of evidence supportingan independent effect when the supplemented nutrientsare given alone. Intervention studies have led to the recommendation ofsupplements enriched with protein, arginine, andmicronutrients for stage III and IV when traditionalnutrition therapy does not meet nutrient requirements

Summary Supplementation seems to be associated with a significantreduction in pressure ulcer development, compared toroutine care. Oral nutrition supplementation is valuable because manypressure-ulcer-prone patients often cannot meet theirnutritional requirements via normal food intake. Offering a high-protein mixed oral nutritional supplement inaddition to the usual diet to individuals with nutritional riskand pressure ulcer risk can be beneficial.https://www.surveymonkey.com/r/WoundCE

QUESTIONS?

Aug 09, 2016 · Wound Incidence/Prevalence About 2% of the U.S. adult population has a chronic wound. Chronic wounds are considered: pressure ulcers/injuries lower extremity ulcers diabetic foot ulcers venous ulcers and arterial ulcers Prevalence is measured by the number of cases of pressure ulcers at a specific time. Incidence measures the number of new pressure ulcers without

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Integra Wound Matrix and Integra Flowable Wound Matrix for the management of wounds including p and full-thickness wounds, pressure ulcers, venous ulcers, diabetic ulcers, chronic vascular ulcers, tunneled/undermined wounds, surgical wounds (e.g., donor sites/grafts, post-Mohs surgery, post-las