A Case Study Of Solar Powered Base Stations
A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base StationsDEPARTMENT OF TECHNOLOGYA Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base StationsByGeetha PandeSeptember 2009Master’s Thesis in Energy SystemsSupervisor/Examiner: Dr. Taghi Karimpanah1
A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base StationsACKNOWLEDGEMENTSFirst of all, I would like to thank my supervisor and examiner Dr.Taghi Karimpanahfor his able guidance and support to perform the thesis work. I am also grateful to UlfLarsson, head of Master of Science program, for providing me the opportunity toperform the thesis.I would also like to thanks Dalarna university library staff for providing me requiredarticles for the thesis work. Apart from this I am also grateful to all those who directlyor indirectly contributed to the completion of my thesis work.Finally, I can’t forget my family members in India and friends for theirencouragement and support during my stay abroad.2
A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base StationsABSTRACTGreen power, environment protection and emission reduction are key factorsnowadays in the telecom industry. Balancing of these modes while reducing thecapital and operational costs are of prime importance. Cost efficient and reliablesupply of electricity for mobile phone base stations must be ensured while expandingthe mobile phone network. In this context, solar energy, using sophisticatedphotovoltaic cell technology, is considered to be playing very important role.Currently, companies such as ABI research, Flexenclosure AB, etc believe that thesolar powered cellular base stations are capable of transforming the telecom industryinto one of the greenest in the world. Hence, lot of research is in progress across theglobe to use solar power in telecom industry.In this thesis work, the significance of solar power as renewable energy source forcellular base stations is reviewed. Moreover, simulation software called PVSYST4.37is used not only to obtain an estimate of the cost of generation of solar power forcellular base stations but also to obtain the system parameters such as the number ofmodules, batteries and inverters needed for designing the solar powered cellular basestations. The simulations were carried out for the Grid-Connected and the StandAlone solar power systems by considering the cases of New Delhi, India andStockholm, Sweden.The PVSYST4.37 simulation results shows that the power generation costs for thegrid connected solar powered system is less compare to standalone solar poweredsystem both in New Delhi, India as well as in Stockholm, Sweden.3
A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base StationsINDEXCHAPTER 11.1 INTRODUCTION.51.2 THESIS OBJECTIVE.61.3 ORGANISATION OF THESIS.6CHAPTER2SOLAR POWER AS RENEWABLE ENERGY2.1Introduction.72.2Solar Photo Voltaic(PV) Technologies.82.3Construction of PV cell.82.2.2Material used for PV cell.92.2.3PV array Design and Sun tracking.102.2.4Types of Solar Powered Systems.102.3Solar power as Renewable energy in India.12CHAPTER3SOLAR POWER FOR CELLULAR BASE STATIONS3.1Introduction.133.2Power requirement of cellular Base Stations.14CHAPTER4Simulation Using PVSYST 4 Software.15CHAPTER5Simulation Results and Analysis.16CHAPTER6CONCLUSIONS AND FUTUREWORK.39REFERENCES.404
A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base StationsCHAPTER 11.1 IntroductionNow a day’s developing countries across Asia and Africa are hit with the seriousenergy crisis. Fulfilling the power demand of the people for the basic necessities itselfis much a bothered situation. Hence, people started looking towards permanent andimperishable sources of energy called renewable sources of energy such as solar andwind energy [1]. The positive aspect of use of renewable energy sources indeveloping countries is that they are available in plenty and also pollution free [2].Thecost efficient production of energy using renewable sources is still a major problem indeveloping countries. Hence, it is difficult to replace immediately the existingtraditional energy resources with the renewable sources.Due to the reach of mobile telephony among the people in remote villages, the serviceproviders are pressured for finding a working solution to the energy crisis. Thus theprovision to power the base stations for mobile operators with renewable energy isgaining importance steeply.Traditional Global System for Mobile communications (GSM) [3] equipment istargeted to the urban environments only. Vendors and operators of the GSMequipment have been facing difficulty to meet certain challenges in remote rural areassuch as it costs much, expensive to run, uses much power and is difficult in deployingin rural areas with limited electricity supply, lack of skilled engineers and poor roads.Hence it is very important to take into consideration all these problems beforedeploying solar powered base stations [1].Before the actual deployment of the solar powered base stations it is very essential toget an estimate of not only the number of the photovoltaic (PV) cells [4], inverters [3],batteries and generators required but also the cost of production of energy per unit. Inorder to do so it is always suggested to design and simulate the deployable solarpowered base stations using software such as PVSYST4.37 [6]. PVSYST softwarehas used to study the requirement of cooling demand [5] in solar powered basestations in developing countries like Morocco. Moreover, this software can be used todesign and simulate the deployment of solar powered base stations in countries likeIndia, Sweden or any country by considering geographical and other designparameters for solar power. Hence, the use of PVSYST software will enable to designand simulate cost efficient deployable solar powered base stations.5
A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base Stations1.2 Thesis Objectives:The objectives of this thesis work is to Study the significance of Solar Power as renewable energy Design and analyse the use of Solar power for cellular base stations usingPVSYST4 simulation software Design and Costs analysis for implementation of Solar powered cellular basestations in New Delhi, India and Stockholm, Sweden using PVSYST4simulation software. Comparison of Simulation results of New Delhi, India and Stockholm,Sweden.1.3 Organisation of the ThesisThe entire thesis is organised as follows:Chapter2 gives an overview about the significance of Solar power, working principleof Solar power PV cell construction, material used for PV cell, different types of Solarpowering systems and Solar power in India.Chapter3 describes Solar power for base stations and power needed for base stations.Chapter4 gives description of basic knowledge of PVSYST software.Chapter5 describes simulation results for grid connected system and stand alonesystem for New Delhi (India), Stockholm (Sweden).Chapter6 describes conclusions and future work to be done.References are numbered continuously and listed at the end of the thesis.6
A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base StationsCHAPTER 2Solar Power as Renewable Energy2.1 IntroductionCurrently, our society’s energy demands are fulfilled using conventional energysources such as water, coal, oil, natural gases or uranium. The production of energyusing these conventional sources is a cause of concern of many environmentalists.The major problems can be quoted as follows:1. It causes atmospheric pollution, climate changes or nuclear waste and thus canendanger our living condition on the earth.2. The extensive use of these limited conventional energy sources may result incomplete depletion of energy sources and hence, there is no guarantee ofenergy supply for future.The above mentioned problems can be solved by using renewable energy sourcessuch as Sun and Wind.The renewable energy sources use natural resources and do notcause any pollution. Hence they are termed as Green Energy sources[2].Moreover,these renewable energy sources only use a small part of the flow that is why theycannot damage natural surrounding and also do have the risk of being depleted.Sun is considered as a potential source of renewable energy. Hence, the use of solarenergy for applications such as generation of electricity, running of automobiles, etc isbecoming popular. The generation of electricity using solar energy is done usingphotovoltaic technology (4).The term ‘Photovoltaic’ is a combination of two words.They are ‘photo’ meaning ‘light’ and ‘voltaic’ meaning electricity. Generally,photovoltaic is abbreviated as ‘PV’. The solar PV cell works on the principle ofconversion of sun light into electricity. For generation of electricity in large amounts,an array of solar PV cells are either connected in series or parallel. Despite high costof PV cells, solar power is considered as an alternative source of energy in many partsof the world.The solar energy incident on the surface of the earth is different in different parts ofthe world. Hence, it is not possible to install same solar PV plants in all parts of theworld. Before making a decision about the installation of a solar PV plant, it isessential to see the solar energy map. Solar energy map, as shown in figure (1), givesinformation about the solar radiation intensity in different parts of the world. Asshown in figure (1) different parts of the world are classified into 7 different regionsbased on the annual average solar irradiance kWh/square meter. As it can be seenfrom solar energy map that solar energy can be a very good source of energy inTropical countries like India compare to the Nordic countries such as Sweden.7
A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base StationsFigure 1: Solar Energy Map [7]2.2 Solar Photovoltaic (PV) Technologies:Solar PV technology is about generation of electricity from sunlight. This technologyinvolves construction of PV cell, materials used for PV cell construction and thedesign of PV cell array.2.2.1 Construction of PV Cell:Sunlight can be converted to electricity by PV cell. There will be no air or waterpollution occurs. PV cells consist of two semiconductor layers. The two layers arecharged oppositely. One layer is having positive charge and other is negative charge .When light falls on the cell semiconductors absorb photon from light. When electronstravel from negative layer to positive layer electricity is produced.Construction of PV cell can be compared with diode with PN junction .The junctionabsorbs the energy of light. Silicon system is used to transfer electron –proton fromthe photons .In electric load electric load electron flow in the circuit is used [4].The basic circuit of PV effect converts the photon energy into voltage across the pnjunction is shown in figure (2)Figure 2. Basic construction of PV cell in daily life [8]8
A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base StationslightncontacttPcontactElectric loadCurrent directionFigure 3.Conversion of photon energy into voltage across the pnJunction by PV [4]2.2.2 Material Used for PV cell:The capital cost per watt and conversion efficiency of solar energy depends on PVcell. So it is having more importance in solar energy system. The economiccompetiveness of PV electricity depends on capital cost and conversionefficiency .The following are the different types of materials used for PV cells. Theyare: Single-Crystalline Silicon, Polycrystalline and semi crystalline Silicon, Thin –Film Cell, Amorphous Silicon, Spheral Cell, Conctrate Cell and Multifunction Cell.Single crystalline Silicon: This is commonly used cell material. The conversionefficiency is 14% to 18%.The cost of this material is 20 to 25 per pound.Polycrystalline and Semi crystalline Silicon: The manufacturing method of thismaterial is quick and cheap. The cost is low due to low conversion efficiency. It isboth in thick as well as thin film.Thin film cell: This is the new type upcoming in the market. Copper indiumdieselinide (CuInSe2or CIS) ,cadmium telluride (CdTe),and gallium arsenide(GaAs)are thin film materials whose thickness is very less that is few micrometers. As lessmaterial is used in the cell the cost of power is less. Cadmium telluride is the low costthin film material.9
A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base StationsAmorphous Silicon: It is only 2-um-thick.It uses only 1%of the material comparingwith crystalline silicon. The efficiency is only 50percent of the crystalline silicon andcost is less.Spheral cell: The cost of this material is 1 per pound. Thickness is 2um.Theconversion efficiency is high that is 16 to 20%Concentrator Cell: It is focusing on small area with high efficiency (37%).Thedisadvantage with this is that it requires focusing optics.Multifunction Cell: In this electricity is generated by using red and infrared light. Blueand ultraviolet is not used for the electricity. It has high efficiency(34%) and cost isalso high[4].2.2.3 PV Array Design and Sun trackingThe factors that influence the electrical design of the solar photovoltaic array are thesun intensity and the sun angleSun Intensity:The photo current is highest during sunny day. When sunlight is less power goesdown as shown in fig. When sun intensity is less there is decrease in circuit current.For different sun intensity ,the efficiency is same.IHigher sun intensityLower sun intensityVFigure4. Power change in different sun intensity [4]Sun angle:The cell output current is expressed as 𝐼 𝐼𝑂 cos 𝜃 ,where I is the current withvertical sun impinging, and theta is the angle to the vertical position. This law isapplied when sun angle is 0 to 50 degrees. When angle is more than 50 degrees thereis decrease in relative current. There will be no power generation when angle is morethan 85degrees.Sun Track: When PV module is installed on tracker with an actuator which followsthe sun more energy is collected .There are 2 types of trackers.1. One axis tracker2. Two axis tracker[4]2.2.4 Types of Solar powered systems: Grid Connected SystemsGrid connected system have solar panel ,mounting for panels, wiring, inverter. Whenrays from sun falls on solar panels DC electricity is produced. This DC passes to10
A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base Stationsinverter where the voltage is converted to AC (this is for base stations).Then surpluselectricity goes to mains 5. Block diagram of grid connected PV system [4] Stand Alone SystemsPV stand alone systemhave the followingcomponets.1.Solar array2.Batteries3.Inverter4.Switches.The power from PV rays passes to batteries, frombatteries it passes to inverter where DC is converted to AC.From inverter thepower passes to base station. The PV standalone system is shown as follows.Invertersolar arrays (1,2)Switchand FuseBatteriesAC loadsFigure6. PV standalone power system with battery (4) Stand Alone Hybrid SystemThis system does not depend on single power source. Multiple power sourcesare used .There are two types of stand alone hybrid systems. Standalonehybrid system with diesel. Standalone hybrid system with fuel [4].Hybrid system with dieselAs diesel is more advantageous for providing power so in hybrids dieselgenerator are used with PV or wind. In some case battery also used with diesel.Battery is used when there is daily fluctuations in load and diesel generator isused for long term fluctuations [12].11
A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base StationsHybrid with fuel cellIn this system in place of diesel engine fuel cell is used in urban areas.Because diesel emits high carbon. So it is not advisable to use diesel engine.In fuel cell emissions are veryless.The emissions are 25gm per MWh. In fuelcell electricity is produced by chemical reaction which does not changeelectrode and electrolyte material. The construction of fuel cell is shown in fig.Electricity is generated when Hydrogen and oxygen combined from BatteryCapacitorCoolerFigure7. Block diagram of hybrid standalone solar system [5]2.3 Solar power as renewable energy in India:In India renewable energy is produced by using different sources such as solar power,biomass and wind power. The total renewable energy produced is (9220 )4.As there ispossibility of diminishing conventional energy sources so there is necessity userenewable energy sources such as wind and solar. In India use of Solar power is lessthan 1 million tone(mtoe)[11].The solar Isolation in India is 1700-2500 kwh/kwp per year. Solar radiation is 4 to7kwh/m2/day. The subsidies are given to the companies which produce power fromsolar power. For selling solar energy products Ministry of Renewable energy ishelping some organizations to open solar shops .So that everybody can buy solarproducts. The shops are named as Akshay Urja Shops. Loans are provided for settingup this kind of shops. In India no net metering is there[9].VNL is the company in India which is providing power for GSM base station fromsolar power. The power used is 150W.Flat surface collectors are used for capturingsolar power.VNL is the company that is using renewable energies for GSM basestations. First option is solar energy and second is wind power .Using renewableenergy sources for power is economical.VNL is focusing main on rural areas in India[10].12
A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base StationsCHAPTER 3Solar Power for Cellular Base stations3.1 IntroductionA cellular base station is a wireless system and makes use of microwave radiocommunication technology. The base station acts as an interface between either twomobile phones or between a mobile phone and a fixed phone. Generally these basestations are made up of several antennas mounted on a metallic tower and a house ofelectronics at the base of the tower as shown in Fig (8).The antennas are connected tothe base with cables.The base station antennas are used for transmitting as well as receiving the radiosignals to and fro from mobile phones. Generally, these antennas are mounted on thetop of the tower so that obstacles such as trees, high rise buildings, hills, etc shouldnot obstruct the radio signals. Usually, three antennas are mounted on the top of thetower to cover the specified region. Among three antennas two are used for receivingand one is for transmitting. Though these antennas are operated at differentfrequencies they are well separated from each other to avoid interference of emittedpower from each other.At the bottom of the tower a small house of electronic circuits comprising of poweramplifiers, used to generate strong signals and this power amplifiers are connected tomounted antennas with long cables. The base station also has supporting componentssuch as base station controllers using computers and AC/DC rectifiers to convert ACpower to DC power. Many base stations have a DC power back up system in the formof batteries connected either in series or parallel and these batteries supply power tothe base station during blackout or power failure.The area covered by base station signals is called cell [3].Based on the amount of areacovered the base stations can be classified as Macro cell base station, Micro cell basestation, Pico cell station and Femto cell base station. Femto cells cover the smallestarea and they are deployed in a room. Pico cells are deployed in offices or shoppingmalls and they cover more area than femto cells. Micro cells can cover blocks ofbuildings in an urban locality and cover area more than pico cells. Macro cells coverthe largest area among all the cells and generally they are deployed in rural areas oron high ways.3.2 Power requirements of Cellular Base StationsThe power needed for the radio base station depends on the number of calls at thattime. For different regions traffic is different. During night time signal traffic is low13
A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base Stationswhen compared to day time. So it is difficult to find actual power needed for the basestation. The power needed for the radio base station (RBS2202 in for one cabinet)Figure.8 Illustration of solar powered cellular base station [1, 14]varies between 800w to 3200wattb [5].The average power for whole year is 1400wattfor a Macro base station. The equivalent average power in MWh per year for a macrobase station can be computed as 12.3 MWh. If the site container contains more thanone cabinet then the power needed may be more. As in RBS (radio base station) thereare air conditioner and heat exchanger, electronics also present. So the power is usedby all the components. The highest amount of power needed for the by macro RBS IS3200W.Micro base station needs 110 watts. If minilink is there the power is150watts.RBS and electrical exchanges are connected by minilink [5].14
A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base StationsCHAPTER 4Simulation Using PVSYST4 SoftwarePhotovoltaic system (PVSYST) is a software used for study of photovoltaic system.This software is used for grid connected, standalone, pumping, DC grid connectedsystem. This software is mostly used by engineers, architectures, researchers andeducational institutes. It is developed by University of Geneva ,Switzerland.It is divided into 3 parts and the front page of the software is shown in figure (9).1. Preliminary design2. Project design3. ToolsFigure9. Front page of PVSYST4.0 software [6]Preliminary design:In this presizing is done for grid connected, standalone, pumping system. This isused for initial designing of PV system.Project Design:In this stage simulation is done using some of the data from preliminary design. Inthis we get detailed report with results.Tools:In this various solar tools such as solar geometry, Mateo etc. [6] are available forthe project design.15
A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base StationsCHAPTER 5Simulation Results and Analysis5.1 Solar Powered Cellular Base Station for New Delhi, India:16
A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base Stations5.1.1 Grid Connected Systems for New Delhi:PVARRAYINVERTERBASESTATIONFigure10.Design of Grid connected solar powered base station [6]Preliminary Design (Presizing) results (New Delhi):In this preliminary design location (New Delhi, India)is selected to which simulationis to be performed. So when location is selected longitude and latitude of that locationare automatically shown. For the preliminary design the module used is standard.The PV cells are monocrystalline.The nominal power is 8Kwp and collector area is67m2.Total investment cost is 60553 euro for 14.1MWh and energy price is0.39eur/Kwh.17
A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base StationsProject Design results (New Delhi):In this data from preliminary design is used. The estimate of the cost .39euro obtainedby preliminary design is set as one of the project goals and other project goal is powerrequired that is 12.3Mwh/year by base station.In this PV module HIT and model HP-1317 manufactured by Sanyo is used. Totalnumber of modules used are 960.Array total nominal power is 13Kwp with modulearea of 121m2.The inverter used is Sunny boy SWR 1100u.Total of 10 inverters used.Total investment cost is 102624euro and energy cost is .39euro/Kwh and performanceratio is 75.1%.18
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A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base Stations5.1.2 Standalone Systems for New ator,fuelcellBatteryCapacitorCoolerFig(11) Design of Standalone solar powered base station[6]Preliminary Design (Presizing) results (New Delhi)In this When location is selected latitude 28.8N and longitude 77.2E is automaticallydefined. The nominal power of array is 7.8Kwp.Total investment is 88624euro andenergy price is 1.24Eur/KWh.22
A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base StationsProject Design resultsIn this Si –mono PV module of model MW870 is taken. Manufacturer is EniTechnologies .The total number of modules are 112 with a nominal power of 7.8kwp.and module area is 75.5 m2.Total investment is 32215euro,total yearly cost is15469euro/year, energy cost is 1.24euro/kWh.In this TXE1700/OPzs1500 modelbattery is used. Battery pack contains 48 units. In this 37 fluorescent lamps of 18w/amp,100TV,magnetoscope/pc are used.1fridge is used. Performance ratio is 66.4%.23
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A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base Stations5.2 Solar Powered Cellular Base Station for Stockholm, Sweden:5.2.1 Grid Connected Systems for Stockholm:Preliminary Design (Presizing) results:In this presizing when location Stockholm(Sweden) is selected latitude 59.1Nlongitude 17.6E is automatically defined. Tilt angle of 30deg and azimuth is 0 deg istaken.29
A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base StationsIn this standard module of monocrystalline cells are used. Nominal power is13.1KWp and collector area is 109m2.The total investment cost is 89606 eur andenergy price is 0.65Eur/kwh.Which is more when comparable to India.30
A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base StationsProject Design resultsProject design is performed based on the data obtained from preliminary design. Inthis HIT PV module of model HIP -1317 is used. Total 960 modules with a nominalpower of 13kwp is used. Array area is 121m2.One inverter of model EN18 is used.Performance ratio is 77.6%.Total investment with taxes is 94772euro and energy costis 0.66euro/kWh.Without taxes total investment is 78977euro.31
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A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base Stations5.2.2 Standalone Systems for StockholmPreliminary Design (Presizing) results:In Preliminary design when location Stockholm(Sweden) is selected latitude 59.1Nand longitude 17.6E is automatically selected.In this PV array nominal power is 68Kwp.Total investment cost is 403133euro andenergy price is 3.37eur/KWh.Project Design resultsProject design is based on data obtained from preliminary design. In this PV moduleof Si-poly is used. It is manufactured by SED and model is Biber(solar tile)Thenumber of modules are 6066 with a module area of 2284m2 is taken. The totalnumber of batteries used is 244 with voltage of 48V.Total investment is64856euro.Energy cost is 3.37eur/kwh.34
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A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base StationsCHAPTER 6ConclusionsThe simulation results of the solar powered macro cellular base station suggests that itis very cost efficient to deploy grid connected system compare to standalone systemeither in New Delhi, India or in Stockholm, Sweden. Simulation results show thatestimate of the cost of production was found to be 0.39 euro/kwh for grid connectedsystem compare to 1.24euro/kwh for standalone system in New Delhi, India. InStockholm, Sweden it is found that Grid system will cost 0.66euro/kwh compare to3.37euro/kwh for Standalone.It can also be concluded that system design for standalone system is more complicatedcompare to grid connected as the standalone system contains batteries and generatorsapart from inverters and PV modules. This adds extra constraint to the design.Grid connected systems are suitable if the supply of solar energy is reliable. In otherwords it is suggested to use grid connected system in summers in India. If the supplyof solar energy is not reliable like during monsoon season in India or anytime of theyear in Stockholm, Sweden then it is suggested to use standalone system though it iscostly compare to grid connected system. Hence there is always trade off betweenreliability and cost efficiency while deploying solar powered cellular base stations.Future WorkThe obtained simulation results can be compared with the practically implementedsolar powered cellular base stations in New Delhi, India and Stockholm, Sweden.38
A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base StationsREFERENCES1. http://www.pegrocoinvest.com/news/flexenclosure- launches-unique-green-base-station2. Renewable Energy Power for a Sustainable Future edited by Godfrey Boyle3. Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice, 2nd Edition by Theodore Rappaport4. Wind and Solar POWER
A Case Study of Solar Powered Cellular Base Stations 9 Figure 3.Conversion of photon energy into voltage across the pn Junction by PV [4] 2.2.2 Material Used for PV cell: The capital cost per watt and conversion efficiency of solar energy depends on PV cell. So it is having more importance in solar energy system. The economic
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Biodiversity Guidance for Solar Developments BRE National Solar Centre, Eds G E Parker and L Greene (2014) Planning Guidance for the Development of Large Scale Ground Mounted Solar PV Systems BRE National Solar Centre Solar Farms: Ten Commitments UK Solar Trade Association Model Ordinances Connecticut Rooftop Solar PV Permitting Guide
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