Implementing Solar Technologies At Airports
Implementing SolarTechnologies at AirportsA. Kandt and R. RomeroNREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of EnergyOffice of Energy Efficiency & Renewable EnergyOperated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLCThis report is available at no cost from the National Renewable EnergyLaboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.Technical ReportNREL/TP-7A40-62349July 2014Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308
Implementing SolarTechnologies at AirportsA. Kandt and R. RomeroPrepared under Task No. WFG4.1010NREL is a national laboratory of the U.S. Department of EnergyOffice of Energy Efficiency & Renewable EnergyOperated by the Alliance for Sustainable Energy, LLCThis report is available at no cost from the National Renewable EnergyLaboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.National Renewable Energy Laboratory15013 Denver West ParkwayGolden, CO 80401303-275-3000 www.nrel.govTechnical ReportNREL/TP-7A40-62349July 2014Contract No. DE-AC36-08GO28308
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AcknowledgmentsThe U.S. Department of Energy’s National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) thanks theU.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) for supporting this work. NREL also expressesgratitude to the DHS components for proactively seeking direction and support in identifyingexisting guidance for appropriately siting solar systems at or near airports.iiiThis report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.
List of RELNWRCPVRECSGHATSHWSVPUSDAUSFWVALEWpalternating currentairport traffic control towerairport layout plancommunication, navigation, and surveillanceconcentrating solar powerdirect currentDenver International AirportU.S. Department of DefenseU.S. Department of EnergyFederal Aviation chester-Boston Regional AirportmegawattNational Renewable Energy LaboratoryNational Wildlife Research Centerphotovoltaicsrenewable energy certificateSolar Glare Hazard Analysis Toolsolar hot watersolar ventilation preheatU.S. Department of AgricultureU.S. Fish and Wildlife ServiceVoluntary Airport Low Emissions(peak) wattivThis report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.
Executive SummaryFederal agencies, such as the Department of Defense and Department of Homeland Security, aswell as numerous private entities are actively pursuing the installation of solar technologies tohelp reduce fossil fuel energy use and associated emissions, meet sustainability goals, and createmore robust or reliable operations. One potential approach identified for siting solar technologiesis the installation of solar energy technologies at airports and airfields, which present asignificant opportunity for hosting solar technologies due to large amounts of open land. Inparticular, solar photovoltaics (PV) have a low profile and the potential to have low to no impacton flight operations.This report focuses largely on the Federal Aviation Administration’s (FAA’s) policies towardsiting solar technologies at airports. The FAA’s policies cover fixed-axis, flat-plate solartechnologies, including solar PV and solar thermal hot water systems. These policies apply tofederally obligated airports. Private airports and land adjacent to airports are not covered underthese policies, though the FAA encourages stakeholders of such lands who are interested insiting solar systems on those lands follow the FAA’s policies. The FAA’s policies outline howan airport sponsor can gain approval from FAA to amend an airport layout plan to add a solarsystem. The FAA also offers design resources to help to minimize glint and glare impacts.With proper advanced planning and siting considerations, solar technologies can successfully beinstalled at airports with minimal or no impacts. This paper concludes with examples of solarinstallations at airports and highlights a case study where successful systems were installed at theDenver International Airport in Denver, Colorado.vThis report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.
Table of ContentsAcknowledgments . iiiList of Acronyms . ivExecutive Summary . vList of Figures . viiList of Tables . vii1 Introduction . 1231.11.2Project Background . 1Scale of Opportunity . 12.1Solar Photovoltaics . 22.1.1 Photovoltaics Economics . 3Solar Technology Overview . 2Guidance . 53.13.23.34Federal Aviation Administration Policies . 53.1.1 Technical Guidance for Evaluating Selected Solar Technologies on Airports . 53.1.2 Interim Policy, Federal Aviation Administration Review of Solar Energy SystemProjects on Federally Obligated Airports . 6Department of Defense Memorandum . 11Siting Considerations for Airports . 113.3.1 System Performance . 123.3.2 Minimizing Glare and Glint . 123.3.3 Wildlife Impact . 13Applications . 144.14.24.3Denver International Airport Solar Photovoltaics Case Study . 14Manchester-Boston Regional Airport Solar Photovoltaics Case Study . 16Unique Airport Applications . 195 Conclusions . 20Appendix . 21Other Solar Technologies . 21Concentrating Solar Power. 21Solar Hot Water . 22Solar Ventilation Preheat . 23viThis report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.
List of FiguresFigure 1. Geographic Information System map of U.S. solar PV resources. 3Figure 2. Solar glare hazard analysis plot . 8Figure 3. Input page of SGHAT. 9Figure 4. Results tab for observation point, with glare occurrence plot . 10Figure 5. Solar PV at DIA. 15Figure 6. Location of solar PV at DIA . 16Figure 7. Solar PV at MHT . 18Figure A-1. Geographic Information System map of U.S. concentrating solar resources . 22List of TablesTable 1. DIA Solar PV Installation Statistics . 15viiThis report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.
1 Introduction1.1 Project BackgroundMany Federal agencies, such as the Department of Defense and Department of HomelandSecurity, as well as numerous private entities are actively pursuing the installation of solartechnologies to help reduce fossil fuel energy use and associated emissions, meet sustainabilitygoals, and create more robust or reliable operations. One potential approach identified for sitingsolar technologies is the installation of solar energy technologies at airports and airfields, whichpresent a significant opportunity for hosting solar technologies due to large amounts of openland. In particular, solar photovoltaics (PV) have a low profile and the potential to have low tono impact on flight operations.This study outlines the technical, economic, and operational implications of siting solartechnologies at airports and airfields. This document can be used to inform project managers ofexisting requirements and to help influence future policies as they are being revised ordeveloped. The document most directly supports staff considering solar projects at airports. Thereport outlines existing guidance for implementing solar technologies at airports and airfields,details best practices for siting solar at these locations, and highlights a successful case studywhere solar was installed at an airport.1.2 Scale of OpportunityA study conducted by the FAA, U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and U.S. Fish andWildlife Service (USFWS) stated that in 2010 there were approximately 15,000 public airports inthe United States. 1 Of those, 2,915 airports were considered significant to national airtransportation and are included in the National Plan of Integrated Airport Systems. The report’sauthors estimated there are approximately 3,306 square kilometers (816,930 acres) of grasslandwithin the 2,915 significant airport properties in the contiguous United States. 2 The authorscontend that grasslands are representative of idle lands at airports.Assuming that 7 acres of grassland could host 1 megawatt (MW) of fixed-axis (non-tracking)photovoltaics (PV), there
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