1.4 Solve Problems Using Similar Triangles

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1.4Solve Problems UsingSimilar TrianglesOne of the world’s tallest totem poles was raised in Alert Bay, BritishColumbia in 1972. It would be very difficult to measure the height ofthis totem pole directly. One way to find its height is to use shadows.First, the length of the shadow of the totem pole is measured. At thesame time, the shadow cast by a vertical object of known height ismeasured. Since the lengths of the two shadows and the length of thevertical object are known, similar triangles can be used to find theheight of the totem pole. This totem pole stands approximately173 feet tall!InvestigateToolslong measuring tapemetre or yard stickFind the Height of Your School’s FlagpoleWork in a group. Use a metre stick for the vertical object withknown height.1. Measure the length of the shadow of your school’s flagpole.2. Hold a metre stick at right angles to the ground. Havea member of the group measure the length of theshadow cast by the metre stick.3. Sketch and label a diagram similarto the one shown. Includetriangles showing the locations ofthe objects and their shadows.4. Explain why the two trianglesare similar.5. Calculate the height of the flagpole. Show your work.30 MHR Chapter 1

Example1Find the Height of a TreeA pole 3 m tall casts a shadow 4 m long. A nearby tree casts a15 m shadow. What is the height of the tree? N N NSolutionUse h to represent the height of the tree. The two triangles aresimilar, so corresponding sides are proportional.15h 433 15h 4h 11.25The tree is 11.25 m tall.Example2Find the Length of a PondTo find the length of a pond, a surveyor took some measurements.She recorded them on this diagram. What is the length of the pond?, N N1 N ./SolutionThe triangles are similar, so the corresponding sides are proportional.5NP 12312 5NP 3NP 20The pond is 20 m long.Multiply both sides by 12.1.4 Solve Problems Using Similar Triangles MHR31

Example3Use a Mirror to Find HeightElizabeth’s eyes are 150 cm from the floor. She places a mirror onthe floor 18 m from the base of a climbing wall. She walks backward120 cm, until she sees the top of the wall in the mirror. What is theheight of the climbing wall?"INJSSPS# N% DN' DNSolutionLet h represent the height of the climbing wall. When a beam of lighthits a mirror, the angle at which the light hits the mirror, ACB,equals the angle at which the light reflects off the mirror, DCF. ABC DFC 90 BCA FCDSo, BAC FDCSince corresponding angles are equal, ABC DFC.BCAB So,DFFC1800Make sure all measures are given inh the same units. 18 m 1800 cm.150120150 1800h 120h 2250The height of the climbing wall is 2250 cm, or 22.5 m.32 MHR Chapter 1

Key Concepts Similar triangles can be used to find heights or distances thatare difficult to measure. Similar triangles have many practical applications.Discuss the ConceptsD1. On a sunny day, Sequoia and Banyan noticed that their shadowswere different lengths. Banyan’s shadow was 100 in. and Sequoia’sshadow 92 in. long. Which student do you think is taller, Sequoiaor Banyan? Why?D2. Describe how you can find the height of a 200 year old tree.Practise the ConceptsA1. List at least five objects whose measure could be found usingsimilar triangles.2. Choose one of the objects you listed in question 1. Explain howyou would use similar triangles to measure this object.Literacy Connect3. Sherlock Holmes uses similar triangles to determine the height ofa tree in The Adventure of the Musgrave Ritual. Look up the story,and explain why it was necessary to use this method instead ofmeasuring.Apply the ConceptsBFor help with question 4, refer to Example 1.4. On a sunny day Josée’s shadowis 2.9 m long, while the shadowIof a tower is 11.3 m long. IfJosée is 1.8 m tall, calculate N Nthe height of the tower. NFor help with question 5, refer to Example 2.5. To calculate the length of a marsh, a surveyor produced thefollowing diagram. Find the length of the marsh to the nearesttenth of a unit."# N&% N N 1.4 Solve Problems Using Similar Triangles MHR33

For help with question 6, refer to Example 3.6. A hiker, whose eye level is 2 m above the ground, wants to findthe height of a tree. He places a mirror horizontally on the ground20 m from the base of the tree, and finds that if he stands at apoint C, which is 4 m from the mirror B, he can see the reflectionof the top of the tree. How tall is the tree? N N N #7. Two ladders are leaned against a wall sothat they make the same angle with theground. The 10' ladder reaches 8' upthe wall. How much further up thewall does the 18' ladder reach?8. At a certain time of the day, the shadow of your friend who is5 ft tall measures 8 ft. At the same time, the shadow of a treemeasures 28 ft. Draw a diagram to represent the situation. Howtall is the tree?Chapter Problem9. To find the height of a tree, Darren measures the shadow of ametre stick to be 90 cm and the shadow of the tree to be 3.2 m.Draw a diagram to represent the situation. How tall is the tree?10. To find the width of a river, Jordan surveys the area and finds thefollowing measures. Find the width of the river. N N34 MHR Chapter 1 N

3FBTPOJOH BOE 1SPWJOH3FQSFTFOUJOH4FMFDUJOH 5PPMT1SPCMFN 4PMWJOH POOFDUJOH3FnFDUJOH11. Light travels in a straight line. The pinhole camera, or cameraobscura, makes use of this fact. When rays of light reflect off anobject, and pass through the pinhole in a camera, they cross andform an upside-down image. PNNVOJDBUJOHQJOIPMFPCKFDUJNBHFAn object is 3.6 m from the pinhole. Its image is 4.2 cm from theopposite side of the pinhole. The height of the image is 0.8 cm.What is the height of the object?For help with question 12, refer to Example 3.12. Logan places a mirror on the floor 220 cm from the base ofa wall. He holds a flashlight 130 cm above the ground, andshines the beam onto the mirror. How far must Logan standback from the mirror so that the height at which the light shineson the wall is 100 cm greater than the height at which Loganholds the flashlight?ëBTIMJHIUXBMMNJSSPS13. Use The Geometer’s Sketchpad to simulate finding the heightof a tree.a) Draw a horizontal line to represent the ground.b) Place two points on the line; one will represent your feet, theother will represent the base of the tree trunk.c) Construct perpendicular lines through these points.1.4 Solve Problems Using Similar Triangles MHR35

d) Construct a pointon each line, one torepresent the top ofyour head, the otherto represent the topof the tree.e) Construct segments joining the two points to the ground.Hide the original perpendicular lines.f) Construct a line fromthe sky above the treeto the ground. Thiswill represent a rayof sunlight.g) Construct two lines parallel to the ray of sunlight, one throughthe point representing the top of the tree, the other through thepoint representing the top of your head.h) Construct the pointson the ground wherethe rays of sunlightintersect the ground.3FBTPOJOH BOE 1SPWJOH3FQSFTFOUJOH4FMFDUJOH 5PPMT1SPCMFN 4PMWJOH POOFDUJOH3FnFDUJOH PNNVOJDBUJOH36 MHR Chapter 1i) Construct segments representing the shadows.j) Use the Measure menu to measure the lengths of the linesegments representing the heights of the person and of thetree, and the lengths of their shadows. Then, find the ratioscomparing corresponding sides of the triangles.k) Click and drag the line that represents the ray of sunlight tochange the angle of elevation of the sun. What happens to theratios from part j)? Explain.

Extend the ConceptsC14. A ski tow rises 39.5 m over a horizontal distance of 118.8 m.What vertical distance have you risen if you have travelled750.2 m horizontally?15. In the diagram, D A, AB 20 cm, CB 12 cm,and DF 10 cm. What is the measure of AF?"' DN DN% DN#16. Eratosthenes was a mathematicianwho lived around 230 b.c.e. Whileliving in Egypt, he learned that atnoon on the first day of summer o (approximately June 21 on the4ZFOF LN"MFYBOESJBmodern calendar), the sun shonedirectly down into a deep well inthe city of Syene. This meant the sunwas directly overhead. At the sametime, in Alexandria, approximately800 km almost due north of Syene,the sun’s rays hit the ground at anangle of 7.2 from the vertical.Eratosthenes used this information to estimate the circumferenceof Earth.8007.2 He set up the proportion360 circumference of Eartha) Solve the proportion to estimate the circumference of Earth.b) The actual circumference of Earth is approximately 40 000 km.How close was Eratosthenes’ estimate?c) Use your answer from part a) to estimate the diameter of Earth.1.4 Solve Problems Using Similar Triangles MHR37

Sketch and label a diagram similar to the one shown. Include triangles showing the locations of the objects and their shadows. 4. Explain why the two triangles are similar. 5. Calculate the height of the fl agpole. Show your work. Solve Problems Using 1.4 Similar Triangles 30 MHR Chapter 1

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