GY 111 Lecture Note Series - South Alabama
GY 111 Lecture NotesD. Haywick (2016-17)1GY 111 Lecture Note SeriesRocks and the Rock CycleLecture Goals:A) Types of RocksB) Igneous RocksC) Sedimentary RocksD) Metamorphic RocksE) The Rock CycleReference: Press et al. (2004), Chapter 4; Grotzinger et al. (2007) Chapter 3A) Types of RocksIf we haven’t already done so, we will eventually be talking about the chemistry of minerals. Bythen, you will learn that minerals are naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solids withunique chemical compositions. We also need to define rocks. Rocks are naturally occurringsolids containing more than one mineral. As it turns out, some times rocks will contain only onemineral. An example of this is a quartz sandstone. The only mineral it contains is quartz, but asmany separate grains rather than a single crystal. So perhaps the definition of a rock needs to berefined just a bit:Rocks are naturally occurring solids containing one or more minerals.Geologists recognize three broad groups of rocks:1) Igneous Rocks (literal translation: born fromfire): These are rocks that were formed fromoriginally molten states (see lava fountain, right)2) Sedimentary Rocks: These are rocks that wereformed initially through the accumulation ofsediment(e.g.,particles of oldrock and minerals; see image of Mississippi Delta to right), ornew minerals formed through the result of chemicalprecipitation or organic activity).3) Metamorphic Rocks: Pre-existing rocks that are affectedby pressure, substantial changes in temperature or bychemically active fluids (e.g., hot water), can be altered.These are the processes of metamorphism which can resultin minerals or fabric changes to rocks.Over the course of GY 111, we will spend a lot of timediscussing the details of each of these rock groups, but some basic understanding of each of theserocks is necessary now before we get into the rock cycle.
GY 111 Lecture NotesD. Haywick (2016-17)2B) Igneous RocksIgneous rocks come in 3 main types or classes.Those formed as molten rock that flows from avolcano are said to be extrusive igneous rocks orvolcanic igneous rocks. Like an iceberg, a lot ofthe “bulk” of a volcano is actually below theEarth’s surface. Molten rock resides withinchambers beneath volcanoes. It is from thesechambers that molten rock makes it to the surface.Molten rock on the surface of the Earth is knownas lava. Molten rock below the surface of theEarth is called magma. A significant proportionof igneous rock forms directly within magmachambers and these rocks are known as intrusive igneous rocks or plutonic igneous rocks.The last type of igneous rock results from explosive volcanic eruptions. Most of you recall theeruption of Mt. St. Helens. While some lava was produced, the majority of the eruption was in theform of volcanic ash. The magma that will eventually produce ash remains molten below thesurface of the Earth, but once it gets near the volcanic vent, it is blasted out of the volcano at highvelocity (See image of Mt. Ruapehu, New Zealand to right from http://203.86.194.7/Images/craigPotton/243.jpg). Rather than becoming lava, the molten rock is broken up into various sizedparticles that cools to solid almost instantly (only the finest stuff is called ash). The ash then fallsback to earth as small igneous rock fragments. This type of extrusive igneous rock is calledpyroclastic (literal translation: fire particles).C) Sedimentary RocksThe sedimentary rocks come in 4 main classes depending upon the origin of the particles thatcomprise them:1) Siliciclastic sedimentary rocks: particles came fromeroded pre-existing rocks2) Biochemical sedimentary rocks: particles came from theremains of organisms that left behind mineralized shells,tests or skeletons (see satellite image of reefs off of NWAustralia).3) Chemical sedimentary rocks: particles came fromminerals precipitated from water.4) Organic sedimentary rocks: particles came from theremains of plants.
GY 111 Lecture NotesD. Haywick (2016-17)3D) Metamorphic RocksMetamorphic rocks are classified according to the processes thatformed them and/or by the rock fabric that resulted from themetamorphism (see image of Gneiss to left fromhttp://jersey.uoregon.edu/ mstrick/myimages/Scanned/gneiss.gif).The three major classes are:1) Foliated metamorphic rocks: those with a prominent parallellayering2) Non-foliated metamorphic rocks: those without layering3) Cataclastic metamorphic rocks: those that are composed ofbroken up rocks and minerals.As stated earlier, all of these rocks will be discussed at length in upcoming lectures and labs. Themain thing to remember at this point of the course is that all of these rocks can be related togetherin a simple concept called the rock cycle.E) Rock CycleThe rock cycle, according to most text books, looks like this:
GY 111 Lecture NotesD. Haywick (2016-17)4But the cleaned up version that I’ll draw for you in class will be this one (at least initially)The version above is really quite good for highlighting how each type of rock can be “altered”into other rocks, but it often leads students into believing that the rock cycle is a one way road.This is not the case at all. The real rock cycle contains many loops. For example, the sedimentaryloop may see sediment/sedimentary rock recycled hundreds of time before metamorphism occurs.Some sedimentary rocks are melted rather than being metamorphosed. So I prefer the followingrock cycle. It looks a lot more complex (downright nasty!) but is a bit better for giving all of theoptions available in the rock cycle:Important terms/concepts from today’s lecture(Google any terms that you are not familiar with)RocksMineralsIgneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic Rocks
GY 111 Lecture NotesD. Haywick (2016-17)sedimentchemical precipitationagents of metamorphism (temperature, pressure, fluids)extrusive (volcanic) igneous rocksintrusive (plutonic) igneous rockslavamagmamagma chambervolcanic ventpyroclastic igneous rockssiliciclastic, biochemical, chemical and organic sedimentary rocksfoliated, non-foliated and cataclastic metamorphic rocksrock cycle5
Rocks and the Rock Cycle . Lecture Goals: A) Types of Rocks B) Igneous Rocks C) Sedimentary Rocks D) Metamorphic Rocks E) The Rock Cycle . Reference: Press et al. (2004), Chapter 4; Grotzinger et al. (2007) Chapter 3 . A) Types of Rocks If we haven’t already done so, we will eventually be talking about the chemistry of minerals. By
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