Prosperity Of Arabic Literature And Arts In Umayyad Era
EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCHVol. V, Issue 12/ March 2018ISSN 2286-4822www.euacademic.orgImpact Factor: 3.4546 (UIF)DRJI Value: 5.9 (B )Prosperity of Arabic Literature and Arts inUmayyad EraSALAHUDDIN MOHD. SHAMSUDDINProf. Dr. Arab-Islamic LiteratureIslamic University Sultan Sharif ʿAlī, Brunei DarussalamSITI SARA BINTI HJ. AHMADDr., Dean: Faculty of Arabic LanguageIslamic University Sultan Sharif ʿAlī, Brunei DarussalamAbstract:One of the strong factors of the prosperity of Arabic literatureand poetry in Umayyad era is that the Umayyads drowned Hijaz andits people with the money for the fear of revolution of the inhabitants inMedina and Mecca, including the characters of Quraysh and Ansar, sothey gave them the best of kindness. Emergence of Islamic influenceand religious values appeared in the different arts of poetry, such as inthe praise, including the multiplicity of cultural sources. Theemergence of a foreign trend was alongside the Jahili current andIslamic trend as well, because of the mixing of Arabs with the othernations in that era.As for the social relations between Arabs and Persians(loyalists), the rulers of Umayyad caliphs relied on the people,especially the people of conquered lands and gathered a great wealth.The grievances against the loyalists were the most severe and the mostterrible, because the imposition of tribute to those was inappropriate tothe Islamic law. It was normal to find some poets against this injusticeraising their other races like the Persians.State of Bani Umayyad was built after the stages of struggleand preparation. The successors of Bani Umayyah were keen to attractpoets who were praising them so that their state can live and theyrevive their memory in their poetry. Therefore they were giving to the6292
Salahuddin Mohd. Shamsuddin, Siti Sara Binti Hj. Ahmad- Prosperity of ArabicLiterature and Arts in Umayyad Erapoets a lot of rewards, so the political poetry and spinning flourished,as each poetry had its style and clear feature.Key words: Prosperity of Arabic literature in Umayyad era; Politicalpoetry; Poetry of antithesis; Yarn; Art of speech; Art of writing.1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDProsperity of Arabic literature and its arts in Umayyad Era is asubject that needs to be mentioned here as a historicalbackground to the Umayyad policy of establishing their state,because it is one of those factors that are directly related to theprosperity of literature and its arts at that time.After the death of the fourth caliph ʿAlī b. ʾAbī Ṭālib andthe establishment of a state by Muʿawiya b. ʼAbī Sufyān in theyear 40 H. the system of government in the Islamic Statechanged from Shura based on the principles of equality andwhere the rulers follow the Prophet, to a system of despoticmonarchy ruled by Umayya’s sons alone, as they weredominated by the Sultan and willingness, and the fanaticismemerged as an abhorrent hate, which had been destroyed byIslam and made all of the people in equal position on the basisof prophetic saying: "No one is preferred on the others, either heis an Arab or Ajami, but by the faith”.Sons of Umayyah were keen to provoke the fanaticismand disputes between the different tribes. They even demandedrevenge for ʿUthman b. ʿAffan, who made themselves the rightto avenge his murder on the grounds that they were his familyand his blood relatives, ignoring the right of the new caliph ʿAlībin ʾAbī Ṭālib, so they were the first who opened the door of thedivision between the Muslims on such a widlie scale. Thus theIslamic Group divided into various parties and Shiites, and allof the Shiites began to try to impose their principles andcirculate their views by various means. Hence the sect ofShiites arose, as well as Khawarij, they both (Shiites andEUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 12 / March 20186293
Salahuddin Mohd. Shamsuddin, Siti Sara Binti Hj. Ahmad- Prosperity of ArabicLiterature and Arts in Umayyad EraKhawarij) were supported by many of the poets, as well as theother poets were supporting ʿAbdullah b. al-Zubair and theparty of Umayyas and who were spining in their orbit from theprinces of emperors in the Arab-Islamic cities and manycommanders of their armies. Hence the political poetry as oneof the arts of the poetry emerged in the Umayyad community.As well as the poetry of two different images also grew up in thepoetry by stirring up inter-tribal fanaticism and preferring onetribe to another to preserve the band, to retain the state andthe power.The war that broke out between ʿAlī and his followerswho became the outsiders against him, was the cause of theseparation of Muslims and the emergence of various politicalparties, including the Kharijites.In the battle of Ṣiffīn the position was very hard for thesoldiers of Muʿawiya and his army was nearly to suffer a severedefeat in front of the soldiers of ʿAlī b. ʼAbī Ṭālib, but theyraised here the Qurʾan on the teeth of the spears for thearbitration of the book of God, and the idea of arbitration was atrick resorted by Muʿawiya to save his army from the defeat.After passing some of the time it became clear that thearbitration did not lead to a result on the issue of succession,and some of the soldiers of ʿAlī b. ʼAbī Ṭālib hated the principleof arbitration, as the rule of God is very clear and thearbitration expresses the doubt and confusion, and this doubt isnot permissible after the death of a lot of them.The number of outlaws was twelve thousand and theirslogan was "(The authority is only for God and not for themen)", and they chose a successor to them named ʿAbdullah b.Wahhāb al-Rāsibī, making him their leader in the jihad againstʿAlī and his companions. ʿAlī sent Ibn ʿAbbas to them tonigotiate with them, but they held their opinion and asked ʿAlīto repent until they return to him.Umayyads drowned Hijaz and its people with the moneyfor fear of the revolution of the inhabitants of Medina andEUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 12 / March 20186294
Salahuddin Mohd. Shamsuddin, Siti Sara Binti Hj. Ahmad- Prosperity of ArabicLiterature and Arts in Umayyad EraMecca, where the characters of Quraysh and the sons of Ansarwere living, Umayyas gave them a lot of money to prevent themfrom doing anything or taking any part in the rule. So theluxurious life was seen every where in the cities generally, asthe entertainment of music, singing and dancing. Hence thepoetry of spinning and entertainment that had its advantagesand clear features.Some of the poets were revolving around the kings ofBani Umayyah, their leaders and dignitaries of the state, sothat they can be loyal and rewarded. If their goal was achievedtheir praises were great and if they were tricked intosubmission, they were inclined to slander, as well as the otherarts such as jihad poetry, description, lamentations and theother arts of the poetry. [1]2. DEFINITION OF ARABIC LITERATUREThe word "literature" evolved with the development of Arab lifeand its transition from the stage of Bedouin to the stages ofculture and civilization, until it took its meaning, which comesto the mind today, is "the eloquent word that is meant toinfluence the emotions of readers and listeners, whether it isused in the poetry or prose.If we return to the pre-Islamic era to know the word:"literature" we did not find it on the tongues of poets, but in thesense of calling for the feast, it came on the tongue of Ṭarfa b.al-ʿAbd:“When we call the people to the feast in the winter do notdifferetiate among them.” [2]Here this word is taken in the sense of "feast" to which peopleare called. Then the word in the pre-Islamic era moved fromthis sense to another meaning, until it was used on the tongueof the Messenger of Allah in the sense of moral cleansing. As itEUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 12 / March 20186295
Salahuddin Mohd. Shamsuddin, Siti Sara Binti Hj. Ahmad- Prosperity of ArabicLiterature and Arts in Umayyad Erais mentioned in the Ḥadith of Prophet that my God taught mein the best way.” [3]The word may have been used in the pre-Islamic era inthis moral sense, but we have not received the texts thatsupport this view. Nalino went on to say that it was used in theJāhiliyyah in the sense of the history and biography, assumingthat it was inverted on the system of “invertion” in Arabic. [4]However, it is a far-fetched imposition, and closer to the wordhas moved from the sensual meaning of calling for the feast tothe mental meaning.If we go through the pre-Islamic period we find the wordrevolving in the moral and cultural meaning, adding anothernew meaning, which is an educational meaning. There was agroup of teachers called “Literary teachers” who taught thechildren of the caliphs of Bani Umayyad the poetry, thespeeches and the news of Arabs, their descendants and theirdays in ignorance period and Islam. This word was used againstthe word "science", which was then called on Islamic law andrelated study to the jurisprudence, Ḥadith and interpretation ofQurʾan. [5]3.FACTORS OF THE PROSPERITY OF LITERATUREAND POETRY IN UMAYYAD ERA1. Mixing of Arabs with the other nationsArabs were keen to spread the teachings of Islam. In the era ofʿUmar they rushed to open the provinces of Persia, Syria, Egyptand the other nations, and some Arab tribes moved to thosenations, and those nations began to learn Arabic, as thelanguage of conquerors and rulers, but they did not ge themastery in Arabic in all of their situations, hence the standardArabic speech and Arab rhythms gradually weakened.The emergence of melody was one of the reasons for thedevelopment of grammatical science as it is known. The poetsEUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 12 / March 20186296
Salahuddin Mohd. Shamsuddin, Siti Sara Binti Hj. Ahmad- Prosperity of ArabicLiterature and Arts in Umayyad Erawere getting fed up with the remarks of grammarians, as this isFarazdaq’s saying in ʿAbdullah b. ʼAbī Isḥaq al-Ḥaḍramī:“If ʿAbdullah had been one of the Persian peoples Isatirized him, but ʿAbdullah was the master of the Persianpeoples”.ʿAbdullah b. ʼAbī Isḥaq said to Farazdaq: “It was betterto say so ”.There are some very interesting examples alsomentioned in the books: (Statement and Clarification) by AlJāḥiẓ, (The songs) by Al-Aṣfahānī and (Layers of the greatpoets) by Muḥammad b. Sallam al-Jumḥī.2. Impact of Islamic ReligionEmergence of Islam had an impact on the different arts of thepoetry in Arabic. There was a lot of issues related to theresurrection and propagation, calculation, paradise and hell, aswell as some poets became far away from the dirty spinningand playful music that created the appearance of a new kind ofyarn attributed to Qais and Jumayyil and the other poetsbelonged to the tribe of Banī ʿUḏra. The religious speeches alsoappeared in the poetry of the praise and enthusiasm, urging toleave the abandonment of the world and its luxeriousdecorations.3. Multiple Cultural SourcesThe cultural sources had multiplied in this age, bacause of themixing of Arabs with the other nations and the emergence of aforeign current alongside the Jāhilī current and the Islamictrend as well.If the ignorance period with its traditions, fanaticism,days of battles and its feats had disappeared in the beginning ofIslam, because of its tolerant teachings, the positions of theProphet and the righteous caliphs, the fight against thefanaticism and obscenity, and the call for the brotherhood,equality, forgiveness and amnesty, but the spelling, pride andEUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 12 / March 20186297
Salahuddin Mohd. Shamsuddin, Siti Sara Binti Hj. Ahmad- Prosperity of ArabicLiterature and Arts in Umayyad Eraobscenity returned in the saying as it was before in the preIslamic era, even it increased in some cases.The foreign current appeared in the construction ofbuildings, opening of the canals, methods of collection of taxesand writing of the divans, and its impact began to be evident inmany of the debates that took place among the people ofdifferent sects.4. Social links between Arabs and Persian loyalistsThe governors of Umayyad caliphs pretend outperform people,especially the people of the conquered nations, as theyaccumulated a great wealth. The grievances of the loyalistswere the most severe and the most terrible, but ʿUmar b.ʿAbdul ʿAzīz ordered the tax deduction of those loyalists whoaccepted Islam, as he ordered to remove many grievances andlevies, and many of the pious and righteous supported him inthat, because the imposition of tribute to those wasinappropriate to the Islamic law.It was normal to find some poets narrowing thisinjustice, and dispraising the Arabs by raising the other raceslike Persians, such as Isma'il b. Yasār the poet of Medina. Hehas many poems glorify his Persian people and underestimatethe Arabs. Some of the poets of the loyalists lived a happy life inthe shadow of the successors and rulers of Bani Umayyad suchas Ziyād al-Aʿjam and Mūsa the brother of Isma'il b. Yasār.5. Encouraging by CaliphsOne of the factors affecting the prosperity of literature, poetryand language in this age was the position of the caliphs to theliterature and authors. The successors of Bani Umayyad wereArabs who tasted the poetry and literature and made it a fun.They had some rich councils full of the poets seeking andcompeting the caliph and listeners in the criticism and scrutiny.EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 12 / March 20186298
Salahuddin Mohd. Shamsuddin, Siti Sara Binti Hj. Ahmad- Prosperity of ArabicLiterature and Arts in Umayyad Era6. Multiplicity of Arab CitiesIn the era of Bni Umayyad there were multiple capitle citiesand towns in the Arab-Islamic state. There were centers ofpoetry, literature and language in those capitle cities, and eachcity rose by its messege and characterized by its poets.In Mecca, Medina and the other cities of Hijaz theluxurious life and singing councils appeared and the poetry ofyarn flourished. There were some wel-known poets such asʿUmar b. ʼAbī Rabiʻa, Al-Ḥarith b. Khalid al-Makhzūmī, AlʼAḥwaṣ and the others, as we see there were some other poetssuch as ʿAbdul Raḥmān b. al-Ḥakam, and ʿAbdul Raḥmān b.Ḥassān b. Thabit, Muūsa Shahwāt and Isma'il b. Yasār.The councils of Sakīna Bint Al-Ḥusain was full of thepoetry, literature and criticism. She had remembered manypoems, as the poets were going to her and benefited by heropinions in the criticism, and Al-Farazdaq was one of those wholistened to her.Kufa and Basra had had gotten their fam, as ʿAlī b. ʼAbīṬālib made Kufa his capitle city during his war with Khawārij,and Basra received a great attention from the successors ofBani Umayyad. The councils of Jarir and Farazdaq in Basrahad a significant impact on the poetry and language. Khawarijand shiites had an audible voice, which was represented by thepoetry of Jarir, ʿImran b. Ḥatān, Kumait b. Zaid and the others.The writers of Arab rhetoric have written that the causes of thepoetics fam of Kumait is that his originilty is the literaryenvironment of Kufa, in which there many great poets andauthors were found. The attention of scientists to the poetryincreased, as well as there was a market in Kufa, which had animpact on the renaissance of the poetry and its prosperity.In Egypt, the poetry was active in the state of ʿAbdulʿAzīz b. Marwān who was praised by Kuthayyir, Nasib and theother poets who were foreigner poets came to prais thegovernor, and certainly their poetry had an impact on thehearts of Arabs in Egypt. Here we find some poems mentionedEUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 12 / March 20186299
Salahuddin Mohd. Shamsuddin, Siti Sara Binti Hj. Ahmad- Prosperity of ArabicLiterature and Arts in Umayyad Erain the books of history indicate the events in Egypt, but did nothave the beauty of the poetry of Hijaz and the poetry of Kufa orBasra. [6]There was no literature in Syria except what wastransmitted to it with the arrivals of people from Iraq and Hijazto the caliphs, because the large number of Arabs that wereresiding were from Yemen had no luck in the fluency orstandard Arabic language and had nothing like ʿAdnanianʿArabs who had this productive mood inherited from the preIslamic and Islamic literature. [7]The status of literature in these centers varied accordingto their political, natural and economic affairs. As forDamascus, the capitle of caliphate has become a centre for thedelegations of dozens of poets, in which ʿUday b. al-Ruqayatwas very famous, as well as, there were some other poets fromthe house of Umayyad, such as Yazid b. Mu'awiya who hadplayed a role in inciting some poets.Thus, we see the multiplicity of cities in the state had asignificant impact on the poetry and literature, had providedthe poets a wide way to say, and the multiplicity of doors fortheir sayings, hence the competition among the poets wasintensified.4. 1. POLITICAL POETRY AND FACTORS OF ITSPROSPERITYThis new political poetry was a stage that was passed by thepoetry in Arabic in some aspects. The rivalry was among thetribes in ignorance period, where the poets were sayingdefending their tribes or instigating them in war and fightingor calling them for the peace and reconciliation. The rivalryarose also among Muslims themselves when the political strifeemerged in the days of ʿUsman where the poetry was said.Political poetry was the result of the natural evolution of thisEUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 12 / March 20186300
Salahuddin Mohd. Shamsuddin, Siti Sara Binti Hj. Ahmad- Prosperity of ArabicLiterature and Arts in Umayyad Erapoetry, which was said in the rivalries among the tribes andgroups. [8]State of Bani Umayyad was built after the stages ofstruggle and preparation. Their successors were keen to attractthe poets, to convince the praises until their state can remainforever because of the poetry, and revive their memory, andsupport their supporters. Therefore they were awarding thepoets enriching them and improving their reward.The poets in the support of Bani Umayyad believed thatthe succession of Bani Umayyad is an infallibility of sedition,and a security of turmoil and anxiety. The revolutions ofKharijites, and the kidnapping of the lives of peoplecontiniously, as well as the revolutions of Shiites and the otherenemies of the Umayyad state were frightening to many people.They belived that the state of Bani Umayyad is a strong andsafe bond for all Muslims. Successors of Bani Umayyadmarched in the Islamic conquests in the east and west andthere were many conquests seen under their reign such asAndalusia and the others.Taking allegiance was an innovation and an area forsaying the poetry, which is one of the topics of political poetry,and hence there was an area for poets to compete.The subject of political poetry -as it is clear from its titleis a political issue with all of its dimensions and areas, sincethat era the political poetry is said in the support to theallegiance of the Crown Prince, the elimination of sedition, thetalk about the Caliph sponsored the Sharia, theimplementation of the provisions of religion, dispraise thepolitical enemies of the caliphate, the legacy of the deceasedheroes of Politicians, advocating the ideology of a party, callingfor it and so on.EUROPEAN ACADEMIC RESEARCH - Vol. V, Issue 12 / March 20186301
Salahuddin Mohd. Shamsuddin, Siti Sara Binti Hj. Ahmad- Prosperity of ArabicLiterature and Arts in Umayyad Era4. 2. POETRY OF ANTITHESIS AND FACTORS OF ITSPROSPERITYA. Poetry of the antithesisThe poems exchanged by the two poets in the spelling werenamed (the antithesis). This type of the poetry in the Umayyadperiod was very common. Originally, this poetry is that a poetsays a poem that his opponent retracts or responds to it, andwhich is committed to what the owner has committed to theweight and rhyme, and often presents the same meanings thatthe poet intended to deny or accept or corrupt in any way. [9]B. Poetry of the antithesis and its prosperityThe poetry of antithesis was found between al-Aw
2. DEFINITION OF ARABIC LITERATURE The word "literature" evolved with the development of Arab life and its transition from the stage of Bedouin to the stages of culture and civilization, until it took its meaning, which comes to the mind today, is "the eloquent word that is meant to
113 70 0645 arabic letter meem 114 71 06ba arabic letter dotless noon 115 72 0646 arabic letter noon 116 73 0648 arabic letter waw 117 74 0624 arabic letter hamzah on waw . 121 78 0649 arabic letter alef maqsurah 122 79 06d2 arabic letter ya barree 123 7a 06be arabic letter knotted ha 124 7b a
ﺑﺮﻌﻟا The Beginner's Guide to Arabic GUIDE TO STUDYING ARABIC 2 WHY STUDY ARABIC 2 HOW TO STUDY ARABIC 3 WHERE TO STUDY ARABIC 4 WHAT YOU NEED BEFORE YOU START 4 THE ARABIC ALPHABET 5 INTRODUCTION TO THE ALPHABET 5 THE LETTERS 6 THE VOWELS 11 SOME BASIC VOCABULARY 13 RESOURCES FOR LEARNING ARABIC 17 ONLINE 17 RECOMMENDED BOOKS 18 OUR NEWSLETTERS 19 by Mohtanick Jamil . Guide to .
Arabic Courses ARABIC 110 Elementary Arabic I Credits: 5 Fundamentals of the language, essentials of conversation, grammar, practical vocabulary, useful phrases, and the ability to understand, read and write simple classical Arabic. ARABIC 110 - MOTR LANG 105: Foreign Language I ARABIC 120 Elementary Arabic I
Classical Arabic to Modern standard Arabic Focusing on the main reason for changes within the Arabic language. Then it discusses the Arabic dialects focusing on the phenomenon of diglossia, which is the existence and use of two or more types of Arabic in an Arabic-speaking country, the reasons for its existence and its effect
0644 arabic letter lam 0645 arabic letter meem 0646 arabic letter noon 0647 arabic letter heh 0648 arabic letter waw 0649 arabic letter alef maksura 064a arabic letter yeh tashkil from iso 8859
Syllabus - Department of Arabic, L. U. ARABIC B. A. III, Paper III History of Arabic Literature and Composition M. M. 50 (Outlines) (A) UNIT-I Pre-Islamic Period and Umayyad Period UNIT-II Abbasid Period, Modern Period (B) UNIT-III Translation from Arabic into English/Urdu and Vice Versa UNIT-IV Letter Writing or Essay on any topic in Arabic .
PROSPERITY MADE E-Z 6 PROSPERITY MADE E-Z Lesson 3 Barrier to Prosperity – 2: Thinking Lack Prosperity Principle: Think prosperously to produce prosperous conditions. If you believe something other than a consciousness of God is your sup ply, you believe in lack and limitation. This is closely akin to judging by appearances, which was discussed in the previous lesson.
Arabic fonts with suitable sizes to print on flexible packaging using flexographic printing. 2. Literature Review 2.1 Arabic Alphabet The origin of the Arabic script goes back to the first alphabet created by the Phoenicians. The Phoenician alphabet is the mother of both Latin and Arabic scripts. The Arabic Alphabet consists of 29 consonants
