Review End-Unit 2 - Lessons 4-5-6
Name DateEnd-Unit 2 – Study GuideEnd-Unit 2Lessons 4, 5, 6, 7Unit ReviewLessons 4, 5, 6 & 72.4 Essential Questions: How are traits inherited?How do dominant and recessive traits differ?What is the relationship between genes and alleles?What did Mendel determine from his pea plant experiments?What is the difference between complete dominance, incomplete dominance and codominance?What is the difference between inherited and acquired characteristics?2.4 Learning Goals and ConceptsMENDEL’S WORK Summarize Mendel’s findings. Explain how dominant and recessive traits differ.Gregor Mendel crossed pea plants that had certain traits.Mendel observed that some traits were always present from one generation to the next; he called thesedominant traits.Other traits seemed to disappear between generations; he called these recessive traits.Mendel’s theory explains the pattern of inheritance called complete dominance.DNA’S ROLE IN INHERITANCE Describe DNA’s role in determining traits.Identify the relationship between genes and alleles.Identify the relationship between genotype and phenotype.Every organism has a set of instructions (DNA) that determines its traits.A gene is an instruction for a characteristic.An allele is one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a trait.A genotype is the alleles inherited; a phenotype is the observable traits that result.GENES, TRAITS, AND CHARACTERISTICS Describe the relationship among genes, traits, and characteristics. Discuss complete and incomplete dominance and codominance. Distinguish between inherited and acquired characteristics. Provide examples of environmental factors that may affect phenotype.One gene can be responsible for many different characteristics, and many genes may contribute to asingle characteristic.In complete dominance, only the dominant allele contributes to the phenotype of the heterozygousindividual, but in incomplete dominance and codominance, both alleles contribute to the phenotype of anindividual.While many characteristics are inherited through DNA, some characteristics are acquired or learned.Environmental factors can affect the phenotype of some characteristics.2.4 Vocabulary:HeredityGeneAlleleGenotypeUnit Review Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyPhenotypeDominant15RecessiveIncomplete dominanceCodominanceFRY - Module A Assessment Guide
Name DateEnd-Unit 2Lessons 4, 5, 6, 72.5 Essential Questions: How are traits inherited?Where do the parent alleles go in a Punnett square?Where do the offspring alleles go in a Punnett square?What is the purpose of a Punnett square?What does a ratio show?What is the purpose of a pedigree?What is the difference between sex-linked disorders and other inherited genetic disorders?2.5 Learning Goals and ConceptsPUNNETT SQUARES Define Punnett square. Use a Punnett square to find combinations of alleles in potential offspring. Define ratio. Define probability.A Punnett square illustrates how the parents’ alleles may be passed on to offspring.The top of the Punnett square shows one parent’s alleles for the trait; the side of the Punnett squareshows the other parent’s alleles for the same trait. Each box in the Punnett square shows a way thealleles from each parent could combine in offspring.A ratio compares, or shows the relationship between, two quantities.Probability is the likelihood, or chance, of a specific outcome in relation to the total number ofpossible outcomes.PEDIGREES Define pedigree. Explain what a sex-linked disorder is. Give examples of sex-linked disorders. Use a pedigree to trace a genetic trait.A pedigree is a diagram of family relationships that includes two or more generations.A sex-linked disorder is associated with an allele on a sex chromosome. Females can be carriers andnot express the gene as they may have a normal allele that gives them a normal phenotype.Sex-linked disorders include hemophilia, sickle cell anemia, and color blindness.In a typical pedigree, boxes represent males and circles represent females. Shading indicates that aperson shows the trait; white indicates that a person does not. Half-shaded shows that a personcarries the trait. Lines connect mates and children.STEPS OF MEIOSIS Describe the steps of meiosis. Identify the results of meiosis I and meiosis II.During meiosis I, chromosomes condense and pairs line up, then separate randomly and aredistributed to one of the two new nuclei. The two new cells each have one duplicated homologouschromosome from each pair.During meiosis II, duplicated chromosomes separate, resulting in four haploid cells.2.5 Vocabulary:Punnett squareUnit Review Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyProbabilityRatio15PedigreeFRY - Module A Assessment Guide
Name DateEnd-Unit 2Lessons 4, 5, 6, 72.6 Essential Questions: What is DNA?What is DNA?What is a mutation?What are the three types of DNA mutations?What is the purpose of DNA replication?Accurately identify the structure of DNA.2.6 Learning Goals and ConceptsDNA STRUCTURE Define DNA and list the components of DNA Describe Chargaff’s rules concerning bases. Explain Rosalind Franklin’s and Watson and Crick’s contributions to knowledge aboutthe structure of DNA.DNA is the material that determines inherited characteristics in all living things. DNA is made up of compoundscalled nucleotides, which consist of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base.Chargaff’s rule states that in DNA, the base adenine (A) pairs with thymine (T) and the base cytosine (C) pairswith guanine (G).Franklin used x-ray diffraction to image the DNA molecule and show its spiral shape; Watson and Crick createdthe double-helix model of DNA.DNA REPLICATION Explain how DNA makes copies of itself. Describe when DNA replication occurs.During replication, a DNA molecule separates into two strands; the bases on each side are used as a pattern forthe two new strands.DNA replication occurs prior to cell division.MUTATIONS Define mutation and list three different types of mutations. Describe some consequences of mutations. Explain why mutations occur.A mutation is a change in the number, type or order of bases. Mutations include deletions, substitutions, andinsertions.A mutation may have no effect, a beneficial effect, or a deleterious effect.Mutations can be caused by random errors or by physical or chemical agents.DNA TRANSCRIPTION AND TRANSLATION Define the role of RNA. Compare RNA to DNA.RNA helps make proteins.RNA is a single-stranded molecule with a sugar-phosphate backbone and the bases adenine (A), guanine (G),cytosine (C), and uracil (U).2.6 Vocabulary:DNAMutationUnit Review Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyNucleotideRNAReplicationRibosome15FRY - Module A Assessment Guide
End-Unit 2Lessons 4, 5, 6, 7Name Date2.7 Essential Questions: How does biotechnology impact our world?What is biotechnology?Distinguish between artificial selection, genetic engineering, and cloning.Identify how biotechnology can benefit society.2.7 Learning Goals and ConceptsAPPLICATIONS OF BIOTECHNOLOGY Define biotechnology. Identify examples of biotechnology, including cloning, genetic engineering, andartificial selection (selective breeding).Biotechnology is the use and application of living things and biological processes.Genetic engineering is the process in which the genome of a living cell is modified for medical or industrial use.Artificial selection, also called selective breeding, is the human practice of breeding animals or plants to havecertain desired traits. It is used to develop new varieties of plants and domesticated animals.A clone is an organism, cell, or piece of genetic material that is genetically identical to one from which it wasderived. Cloning refers to any process in which a genetic duplicate is made.BIOTECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY Identify biotechnology’s impact on individuals, society, and the environment.Biotechnology can affect individuals, society and the environment. Scientists, policymakers, and citizens weighthese impacts and consider the risks, benefits, and ethical concerns associated with different forms ofbiotechnology.2.7 Vocabulary:BiotechnologyUnit Review Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing CompanyArtificial selectionGenetic engineering15CloneFRY - Module A Assessment Guide
End-Unit 2Lessons 4, 5, 6, 7Name DateUnit 2: Reproduction and HeredityVocabularyFill in each blank with the term that best completes the following sentences.1. The genetic material of all cells is .2. A compares or shows the relationship between two quantities.3. A is an organism, cell, or piece of genetic material that is genetically identical toone from which it was derived.4. A is a building block of DNA made from a sugar, a base and a phosphate.5. A genetic disorder is one that is associated with the sex chromosomes.6. The different forms of a trait are called .Key ConceptsRead each question below, and circle the best answer.7. A mouse breeder mates a black-furred mouse with a white-furred mouse. All the offspring have gray fur. How isthe trait of fur color inherited in mice?A. sex-linked inheritanceB. co-dominance inheritanceC. complete dominance inheritanceD. incomplete dominance inheritance8. The following diagram shows one way a mutation can form during DNA replication.What kind of mutation has occurred during the DNA replication shown in the diagram?A. deletionC. substitutionB. insertionD. transcriptionUnit Review Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company15FRY - Module A Assessment Guide
End-Unit 2Lessons 4, 5, 6, 7Name Date9. How does a sex cell differ from a body cell?A. A sex cell does not contain chromosomes.B. A sex cell contains homologous chromosomes.C. A sex cell has the same number of chromosomes as a body cell.D. A sex cell has half the amount of genetic material as a body cell.10. The following table shows the percentage of each base in a sample of DNA.BasePercentage of Total BasesA12%C38%T12%G38%Which of the following statements explains the data in the table?A. A pairs only with C, and T pairs only with G.B. A pairs only with T, and C pairs only with G.C. DNA is made up of nucleotides that consist of a sugar, a phosphate, and a base.D. The bases in DNA are arranged in the interior of a double helix, like rungs of a ladder.11. The diagram below shows a cross that is similar to one of Mendel’s pea plant crosses.How is blue flower color inherited in the cross shown?A. as a co-dominant traitC. as a dominant traitB. as a recessive traitD. as an incompletely dominant traitUnit Review Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company15FRY - Module A Assessment Guide
Name DateEnd-Unit 2Lessons 4, 5, 6, 712. If the sequence of bases in one strand of DNA is ATTCGAC, what will be the base sequence on the strand that isformed during replication?A. ATTCGACC. UAAGCUGB. TAAGCTGD. AUUCGACCritical ThinkingAnswer the following questions in the space provided.13. Jake made a pedigree to trace the traits of straight and curly hair in his family.A shaded circle or square in Jake’s pedigree represents a person with straight hair. Is straight hair controlled by adominant allele or a recessive allele? What led to your conclusion? How do you know that straight hair is not sexlinked?Unit Review Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company15FRY - Module A Assessment Guide
Name DateEnd-Unit 2Lessons 4, 5, 6, 7ESSENTIAL QUESTIONSLessons 4 and 5Answer the following question in the space provided.14. The following diagram shows a Punnett square made to predict the earlobe shape of the offspring of two parents.(A) stands for the trait of free-hanging earlobes and (a) stands for the trait of attached earlobes. Write the genotypeof each offspring on the first line in each box of the Punnett square. What will be the phenotype of each offspring?Write either attached or free-hanging on the second line in each box. Describe how the trait of free-hangingearlobes is inherited. What is the expected ratio of free-hanging earlobes to attached earlobes in the offspring?Complete the following review pages in the book: pg. 133, 145, 157 and 169Punnett Square PracticeUnit Review Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company15FRY - Module A Assessment Guide
End-Unit 2Lessons 4, 5, 6, 7Name DatePart A: VocabularyMatch the definitions on the left with the terms on the right.1. genotypes made of the same allelesA. alleles2. different forms of genes for a single traitB. dominant3. gene that is always expressedC. heterozygous4. gene that is expressed only in the homozygous stateD. homozygous5. genotypes made of two different allelesE. recessiveCircle the choices that are examples of each of those words.6. Homozygous dominantAAGgKKmmuuRrTT7. Homozygous recessiveeeFfHHOoqqUuww8. Genotypes in which the dominant gene must showAA9. Genotypes in which the recessive gene must showaaDdGgEEFfffKKJjrrRRSsOoTtPart B: Punnett Squares10. Examine the following Punnett squares and circle those that are correct.Unit Review Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company15FRY - Module A Assessment Guide
Name DateEnd-Unit 2Lessons 4, 5, 6, 711. What do the letters on the outside of the Punnett square stand for?12. What do the letters on the inside of the Punnett square stand for?13. In corn plants, normal height (N) is dominant to short height (n). Complete these four Punnett squares showingdifferent crosses. Then, circle all of the homozygous dominant offspring. Put an X through all the heterozygousoffspring. Leave all the homozygous recessive offspring unshaded.14. In guinea pigs, short hair (S) is dominant to long hair (s). Complete the following Punnett squares according to thedirections given. Then, fill in the blanks beside each Punnett square with the correct numbers.a. One guinea pig is Ss and one is ss.Expected number of offspring:Short hair (SS or Ss)Long hair (ss)b. Both guinea pigs are heterozygous for short hair.Expected number of offspring:Short hairLong hairUnit Review Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company15FRY - Module A Assessment Guide
End-Unit 2Lessons 4, 5, 6, 7Name DatePart C: Monohybrid Cross ProblemsMake a pPunnett square to show your work.15. Hornless (H) in cattle is dominant over horned (h). A homozygous hornless bull is mated with a homozygoushorned cow. What will be the genotype and phenotype of the offspring?GenotypePhenotype16. In tomatoes, red fruit (R) is dominant over yellow fruit (r). A plant that is homozygous for red fruit is crossed witha plant that has yellow fruit. What will be the genotype and phenotype of the offspring?GenotypePhenotype17. In humans, being a tongue roller (R) is dominant over non-roller (r). A man who is a non-roller marries a womanwho is heterozygous for tongue rolling.Father’s phenotypeMother’s phenotypeFather’s genotypeMother’s genotypeWhat is the probability of this couple having a child who is a tongue roller?Unit Review Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company15FRY - Module A Assessment Guide
Name DateEnd-Unit 2Lessons 4, 5, 6, 718. Brown eyes in humans are dominant to blue eyes. A brown-eyed man, whose mother was blue-eyed, marries abrown-eyed woman whose father had blue eyes.What is the probability that this couple will have a blue-eyed child?19. In pea plants, round (R) is dominant to wrinkled (r). A heterozygous female is crossed with a wrinkled male.Make a Punnett Square to determine the possible offspring.What are the possible genotypes of the offspring?What are the possible phenotypes of the offspring?What is the probability of having an offspring that is round?What is the probability of having an offspring that is homozygous?20. In humans colorblindness (b) is an example of a sex-linked recessive trait. In this problem, a male withcolorblindness marries a female who is not colorblind but carries the (b) allele. Using a Punnett square, determinethe genotypic and phenotypic probabilities for their potential offspring.Genotype of offspring:Phenotype of offspring:Unit Review Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company15FRY - Module A Assessment Guide
End-Unit 2Lessons 4, 5, 6, 7Name DatePedigree PracticeA. Interpreting a human pedigree.Use Figure A to answer the questions below.1. Number all individuals on the pedigree at the top of each shape.2. In a pedigree, a square represents a male. If it is darkened he hashemophilia; if clear, he had normal blood clotting.a. How many males are there?b. How many males have hemophilia?3. A circle represents a female. If it is darkened, she has hemophilia;if open she is normal.a. How many female are there?b. How many females have hemophilia?4. A marriage is indicated by a horizontal line connecting a circle to a square.a. How many marriages are there?5. A line perpendicular to a marriage line indicates the offspring. If the line ends with either a circle or a square,the couple had only one child. However, if the line is connected to another horizontal line, then severalchildren were produced, each indicated by a short vertical line connected to the horizontal line. The first childborn appears to the left and the last born to the right.a. How many children did the first couple (couple in row I) have?b. How many children did the third couple (couple in row III) have?6. Level I represent the first generation, level II represents the second generation.a. How many generations are there?b. How many members are there in the fourth generation?7. The genotypes of the males in a pedigree for sex-linked inheritance are easy to determine since normal bloodclotting (N) is dominant and hemophilia is recessive (n). Since these alleles are on the X chromosome only, amale represented by a clear square will have the genotype XNY. A darkened square will be XnY. Label undereach individual on the pedigree.a. What is the genotype for Individual #1? Phenotype?b. What is the genotype for Individual #10? Phenotype?c. What is the genotype for the first born male in generation III? Phenotype?Unit Review Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company15FRY - Module A Assessment Guide
End-Unit 2Lessons 4, 5, 6, 7Name Date8. Females with hemophilia have an easy genotype to identify. They are all XnXn. Both recessive alleles mustbe present for a female to have hemophilia. If one dominant allele is present (XN), the individual would benormal for clotting.a. How many females have the genotype XnXn?9. Females who do not show the trait for hemophilia may be homozygous dominant (XNXN) or heterozygous(XNXn). A heterozygous female is called a carrier. Examination of offspring can often determine whichgenotype the parents have. If any child (son or daughter) has hemophilia, then the female must beheterozygous. If her son has hemophilia, he has genotype XnY. He inherited the Y from the father, so theother allele is his genotype (Xn) had to come from the mother. If a daughter has hemophilia (XnXn), sheinherited an Xn from each parent, thus making the genotype for the normal mother XNXn.a. What would be the genotype for the female who marries into the family in generation III?B. Determining the pattern of inheritance and assigning genotypes.When working through a pedigree, the first thing you need to do is figure out which characteristic is dominant-theshaded one or the open one. Then you need to choose a letter (let’s use A) and begin assigning genotypes.Remember that recessive individuals are always homozygous, so assign their genotypes first. Then go back and lookat all of the dominant individuals. For some, you will only be able to determine one allele of the genotype, so justwrite the one capital allele followed by a dash (A- ).Fur Color in Mice10. Which characteristic is dominant?.Which characteristic isrecessive?.11. Determine the genotypes of allindividuals. You will have white female black female white male black malethree (A-)s. Write yourgenotypes beneath eachindividualC. Create Your Own PedigreeUnit Review Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company15FRY - Module A Assessment Guide
Name DateEnd-Unit 2Lessons 4, 5, 6, 7In the space below, use colored pencils to create a pedigree with the following information. Follow the guidelines for apedigree when creating this one.Ray and Elaine were married in 1970. They both had normal vision. They had 2 daughters and then a son. Bothdaughters, Alicia and Candace, had normal vision and never had any children of their own. The son, Mike, wascolorblind. The son married Beth who also had normal vision and they had 2 children of their own, first Greg thenVictoria. Victoria was colorblind, but Greg was not. Colorblindness is a sex-linked recessive trait.Do not forget what shapes are male and female. Place the names and genotypes of the people under their shape.Color your individuals the following:Red- for colorblindnessWhite- for regular visionBlue- for individuals with regular vision but are carriersGreen- unknown genotypeUnit Review Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company15FRY - Module A Assessment Guide
Use a Punnett square to find combinations of alleles in potential offspring. Define ratio . Define probability . A Punnett square illustrates how the parents’ alleles may be passed on to offspring. The top of the Punnett square shows one parent’s alleles for the trait; the side of the Punnett square
TOPIC 12 Understand Fractions as Numbers 8 LESSONS 13 DAYS TOPIC 13 Fraction Equivalence and Comparison 8 LESSONS 12 DAYS TOPIC 14 Solve Time, Capacity, and Mass Problems 9 LESSONS 11 DAYS TOPIC 15 Attributes of Two-Dimensional Shapes* 5 LESSONS 9 DAYS TOPIC 16 Solve Perimeter Problems 6 LESSONS 8 DAYS Step Up Lessons 10 LESSONS 10 DAYS TOTAL .
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