SORGHUM PRODUTION TRAINING MANUAL
SORGHUM PRODUTION TRAINING MANUALPage 1
Contents. 7A GUIDE TO THE TRAINER . 7Adult learning . 7The role of the Facilitator. 7Facilitation & Learning techniques . 7Training Materials . 8Training Evaluation Method . 8SESSION ONE: INTRODUCTION . 9Learning outcomes . 9Duration: 1 hour . 9Methodology: Plenary/Presentation/Discussion/Brainstorming . 9Materials required . 9Discussion points: - Include the information below as you discuss with the farmers, ask as much asyou can to open up for discussion. . 9IMPORTANCE OF SORGHUM. 9SORGHUM PRODUCTION . 10ADDRESSING SORGHUM PRODUCTION CONSTRAINTS IN ZIMBABWE . 10Closing the session. 10SESSION TWO: CROP REQUIREMENTS AND VARIETIES . 11Learning outcomes . 11Duration: 2 hours . 11Methodology: Plenary/Presentation/Discussion . 11Materials required . 11Discussion points: - Include the information below as you discuss with the farmers, ask as much asyou can to open up for discussion. . 11THE SORGHUM CROP . 11AGRO-CLIMATIC AND SOIL REQUIREMENTS . 13THE SORGHUM VARIETIES . 13Closing the session. 14SESSION 3: LAND PREPARATION . 15Learning outcomes . 15Duration: 4 hours . 15Methodology: Plenary/Presentation/Discussion/Brainstorming /Demonstration . 15Page 2
Materials required . 15TILLAGE SYSTEMS . 15CONSERVATION/MINIMUM TILLAGE . 16Closing the session. 17SESSION FOUR: BASAL FERTILIZER APPLICATION AND PLANTING . 18Learning outcomes . 181.Explain the importance of planting early in the season . 182.Explain the various planting methods which can be used under sorghum production . 18Duration: 4 hours . 18Methodology: Plenary/Presentation/Discussion and Demonstration . 18Materials required . 18PLANTING TIME . 18BASAL FERTILIZER APPLICATION. 19Ideally, the amount of fertilizer and lime to apply should be determined through soil testing.However, as a general rule, the recommended rate of basal fertilizer application for optimal yieldsis 200 kg/ha. Basal fertilizer should always be applied before or at planting, under the seed,making sure that it does not get into direct contact with the seed. This is achieved by covering thefertilizer with a layer of soil (1-2 cm thick) before seeding. . 19The different methods of manure and basal fertilizer application are indicated in table 4.1. . 19Basin method . 19Ripper-tine method . 19Conventional method . 19 Apply 1-2 handfuls of well-rotted manure/compost in each basin and mix with the soil . 19 Apply 2 heaped beer bottle caps (equivalent of 200 kg/ha) of basal fertilizer per basin . 19 Apply 1-2 handfuls of well- rotted manure/compost over 30 cm along each plantingline/furrow . 19 Apply 2 heaped beer bottle caps (equivalent of 200 kg/ha) of basal fertilizer over 30 cm alongthe furrow/planting line . 19 Apply 1-2 handfuls of well- rotted manure/compost over 30 cm along each plantingline/furrow . 19 Apply 2 heaped beer bottle caps (equivalent of 200 kg/ha) of basal fertilizer over 30 cm alongthe furrow/planting line . 19PLANT SPACING, DEPTH AND POPULATION . 19PLANTING METHOD . 20The different methods of planting sorghum are described in table 4.2 . 21Table 4.2: Different sorghum planting methods . 21Basin method . 21Page 3
Ripper-tine method . 21Conventional method . 21 Plant 5 pips per basin . 21 Cover the seeds with 2-3 cm of clod-free soil . 21 Drill the seed thinly in the planting furrow so that individual seeds are 10-15 cm apart. 21 Cover the seeds with 2-3 cm of clod-free soil . 21 Seeds can also be drilled using a direct seeder calibrated for the particular crop. 21 The same method can be used on planting furrows dug using hoes. . 21 Drill the seed thinly in the planting furrow so that individual seeds are 10-15 cm apart. 21 Cover the seeds with 2-3 cm of clod-free soil . 21 Seeds can also be drilled using a direct seeder calibrated for sorghum. . 21THINNING. 21Closing the session. 22SESSION FIVE: CROP NUTRITION . 23Learning outcomes . 23Duration: . 23Methodology: plenary/presentation/discussion/ and demonstration . 23Materials required . 23SORGHUM NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS . 23Discussion Points: . 23 Utilising a cereal – legume rotation can be beneficial. Sorghum – sun hemp rotation has beenfound to work well. . 23USE OF ORGANIC MANURE . 24BASAL FERTILIZERS . 24 Compound D: (100 to 300 kg of 7.14.7 per ha) is recommended and should be appliedbefore planting. The fertilizer should be placed under the seed, making sure that it does not getinto direct contact with the seed by having 1-2cm layer of soil between them. 24 Basin method: Apply 2 heaped beer bottle caps (equivalent of 200 kg/ha) of basal fertilizerper basin. Ensure that there is no direct contact between the fertilizer and seed. . 24TOP DRESSING . 24 A top dressing of 100 to 200 kg per ha of 28 - 34% N fertilizer is recommended and should beapplied at 4-6 weeks from crop emergence date. . 24Symptoms of deficiencies . 25Closing the session. 26SESSION SIX: WEED MANAGEMENT . 27Learning outcomes . 27Page 4
1. Understand and appreciate the importance of timely weeding. . 272. Identify the common problem weeds in sorghum . 273. Appreciate and understand the different control methods for common weeds. . 27Duration: 2 hours . 27Methodology: Plenary/Presentation/Discussion and Demonstration . 27Materials required . 27Discussion Points: . 27WHY AND WHEN SHOULD WEED MANAGEMENT BE DONE . 27Types of Weeds . 28COMMON WEEDS IN SORGHUM. 28METHODS OF CONTROLLING WEEDS . 29HERBICIDE APPLICATION . 29Closing the session. 30SESSION SEVEN: PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT . 31Learning outcomes . 311. Identify the major sorghum pests and diseases. . 312. Appreciate and understand the management of the major pests and diseases. . 31Duration: 2 hours . 31Methodology: plenary/presentation/discussion/ and demonstration . 31Materials required . 31Discussion Points: . 31MAJOR PESTS OF SORGHUM AND MANAGEMENT . 31MAJOR DISEASES OF SORGHUM . 32Closing the session. 34SESSION EIGHT: HARVESTING & POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT . 35Learning outcomes . 351. Identify signs of physiological maturity for sorghum and when harvesting should practically bedone . 352. Appreciate and understand the different sorghum harvesting methods and post-harvestmanagement practices . 35Duration: 2 hours . 35Methodology: Plenary/Presentation/Discussion and Demonstration . 35Materials required . 35Discussion Points: . 35HARVESTING SORGHUM . 35Page 5
YIELDS . 36POST HARVEST MANAGEMENT FOR SORGHUM . 36Drying . 37Drying should target to reduce the moisture content to 12-12.5% . 37Threshing . 37IMPROVED STORAGE STRUCTURES . 37Closing the session. 40SESSION NINE: MARKETING . 41ANNEXES . 42Annex 1: Sorghum gross margin budget . 42Page 6
A GUIDE TO THE TRAINERIn facilitating training it is essential to understand how adults learn, the role of the facilitator andparticipatory learning techniques that can be applied. Facilitators have an important task to deliverkey messages which must excite interest and enthusiasm among the target group to learn and makedecisions that lead to positive actions. The Agriculture Extension Worker and the Lead Farmers arecentral to the Farmer to Farmer Extension approach used by LFSP and their role as Trainers/Facilitatorsis critical in enhancing access to technical support to smallholder farmers for increased productionand productivity.The following highlights are a guide for these facilitators to deliver trainings that lead to positivechange in farming practices and improve farmers’ livelihoods.Adult learningWhen you hearThe target audience (farmers) in trainings are adults and have experience,you forget; whenyou see youknowledge and skills. Each adult brings to the learning experience, preconceivedremember andthoughts and feelings that will be influenced by motivation, the amoun
Training Materials Such materials as markers, flip charts, masking tape, training manual, and a session guide for guidance during the training are needed for each session of the training. . Fact sheets are particularly important especially if they are written in vernacular. The use of visual training aids such as pictures is also encouraged.
1.1 Industrial production source breakdown 2 1.2 Sorghum malt usage 2 3.1 Sorghum malting SWIs 11 3.2 Sorghum brewing SWIs 12 3.3 Malting water usage breakdown 13 3.4 Breakdown of brewing SWI 15 3.5 Malting: Effluent discharge percentage 16 3.6 Final effluent analysis - sorghum malting 17 3.7 Sorghum maltsters pollution load 18
Sorghum as an Energy Source R. E. Schaffert and L. M. Gourley* The use of sweet sorghum for energy production, principally ethanol production, is discussed. An example of an integrated food, feed, energy, and biofertilizer system is presented. As sorghum is one of the most efficient plants in terms of photosynthesis andas sorghum directly produces
Innovative use of Sweet sorghum juice in the beverage industry Abstract Sweet sorghum juice, obtained from low water consuming, drought resistant, short duration and seed-propagated sweet sorghum crop, was explored as a source to obtain syrup which can be used as sugar alternative for meeting certain requirements of the beverage industry. Value
U.S. Corn and Sorghum Sales to China Bode Well for Exports . As of the last week in July, combined U.S. old-crop corn and sorghum commitments (accumulated exports plus outstanding sales) to China stand at 5.6 million tons for delivery in 2019/20, the highest level since 2013/14. Much sorghum has already been shipped,
Cooperative Extension Service, University of Arkansas Grain Sorghum Production Handbook guidelines and recommendations are based upon research funded, in part, by Arkansas Grain Sorghum Grower - . development, panicle initiation and reproduction. The time required for the plant to go through each
Handbook Kansas State University Agricultural Experiment Station and Cooperative Extension Service Manhattan, Kansas. 1 Contents Growth and Development of the Sorghum Plant Richard Vanderlip, Research Agronomist, Crop Production 3 Selection of Grain Sorghum Hybrids
juice samples, in case of both cultivars, ICSV 93046 and CSH 22SS (Table 2). It is concluded that temperature of 15-18 C would be ideal for storage of fresh sweet sorghum juice after crushing. Table 2. Storage conditions of fresh sweet sorghum juice of two different cultivars, ICSV 93046 and CSH 22SS, at different time and temperature intervals.
Agile Software Development is not new, in fact it was introduced in the 1990s as a way to reduce costs, minimize risks and ensure that the final product is truly what customers requested. The idea behind the Agile approach is that instead of building a release that is huge in functionality (and often late to market), an organization would adapt to dynamic changing conditions by breaking a .
