The Future Of The Western Cape Agricultural Sector In The .
The future of the Western Cape agricultural sectorin the context of the Fourth Industrial RevolutionSynthesis report
ForewordThe University of Stellenbosch Business School (USB) is committed to research-basedmanagement education and consultation advice. We are therefore proud to present thisreport in close collaboration with the Department of Agriculture in the Western Cape.The report is significant: It brings together the rapid changes brought about by theFourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) and the crucial contribution of the agricultural sectortoward food-security, employment, and economic growth.In business today, we know that the future will not be a mere prolongation of the past.We are living in a disruptive context. Success and prosperity will come to those withagile adaptive strategies. It gives USB great satisfaction to play a role in this regard. Wewish our partners every success.Piet NaudéUSB directorContributorsMain authors and core research team: Prof. M. Ungerer, A. Bowmaker-Falconer, Dr. C. Oosthuizen, Dr.V. Phehane, Dr. A. Strever Advisory team: Prof. P. Naudé, Dr. M. Mostert, WCDoA Steering CommitteeSpecialist advisory team: Dr. W. De Clercq, Dr. J. Morrison, Dr. L. Seeliger, M. Stannard, W. van der Post, Dr. J.Volschenk Administration support: S. Agenbag, S. Diedericks, R. GallieContent and editing: J. Bonthuys, E. MaraisDesign and layout: R. le Roux, K. KeetDisclaimerThe University of Stellenbosch Business School (USB) has approved this report for publication. Approvaldoes not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the views and policies of the USB, nor does mention oftrade names or commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. The Western Cape Department of Agriculture (WCDoA), together with the University of StellenboschBusiness School (USB), 2018 – All rights reserved.
ContentsOverview2Executive summary3The context6The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR)6The rise of technology in the 4IR8Evolution of agriculture in the 4IR9Agriculture in the Western Cape in the 4IR10Drivers and megatrends set to disrupt farming13Opportunities and challenges14Future scenarios for the Western Cape16The rise of agricultural technologies18Taking a closer look18The technology matrix19Overview and applications20What does this mean for farming in the Western Cape?26Future disruptions in agriculture28The findings30About the findings30Change accelerators that drive agriculture innovation32Emerging technologies and innovations that could change farming34Opportunities and challenges38The path ahead: Shaping the future of farming40Change management to support 4IR possibilities43Conclusion and recommendations44No. 1 Agri renaissance as the desired end-state45No. 2 Engage with the rising influence of consumers46No. 3 Accelerate technology adoption in agriculture46No. 4 Support smallholder commercial farming48No. 5 Reposition the agricultural sector’s brand for the 4IR49Endnotes and referencesAnnexures50Annexure A: 4IR Western Cape summaryAnnexure B: AgTech 26 technologiesAnnexure C: Western Cape agricultural systems summaryAnnexure D: Research methodology descriptionAnnexure E: Change approachAnnexure F: Interview discussion framework1
The future of the Western Cape agricultural sector in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Synthesis reportOverviewThe FourthIndustrialRevolution (4IR)wherein role players embrace technologysupport skills development; (4) businessthrough the adoption of, amongst others,education to develop commercial acumen;farm-management software, precisionand (5) financial assistance throughagriculture, predictive data analyticsrent or buy options and other fundingIndustrial revolutions occur when newand genetics. This enables producers toalternatives. Smallholder farmers andtechnologies and world views introducemonitor crop health, the weather andgovernment must work together to unlocksignificant shifts in economic systemssoil quality by using robotics and drones.the sector’s full potential.and social structures.1 The FourthTogether with smart irrigation, this resultsIndustrial Revolution (4IR), currentlyin higher yields, cost reductions andThe agricultural ‘brand’ needsunder way, differs fundamentally from itsimprovement of food’s nutritional value.repositioning in the context of the 4IR.predecessors – its scope is much broaderThe accelerated adoption of agriculturalCurrently, this sector is not well brandedthan mere smart and connected machinestechnology (AgTech) offers new, efficientas a prime career destination. Theand systems. We are pivoting towardsand sustainable ways of farming and isformulation of a narrative and strategya fusion of the physical and the virtualleading to increased competition amongstto attract young talent to the sector isworld. Interoperability, advanced artificialproducers in a new, AgTech-enabledrequired. The core message could centreintelligence and autonomy are becomingnormal.on rapid evolution in agriculture in theintegral parts of a new industrial era (seecontext of the 4IR. Tertiary education2Figure 1).Increased access to information aboutinstitutions engaged in agriculturalfarming practices allows consumerseducation, training and developmentInterconnected technologies in the contextto be better-informed than ever. Thisshould strengthen their curricula byof the 4IR are now an inescapable realityinformation is available throughout theincluding theory, skills and technologies– it is monitoring our cities, our factoriesentire agricultural value chain. Informedrelated to the 4IR. This differentiationand even our homes, and promises toconsumers are changing the demand forwould create competitive advantagesbenefit us all. This report indicates howproducts due to concerns about foodfor the first adopters. President Cyrilthe Western Cape agricultural sectorquality and nutrition, its traceabilityRamaphosa illustrated the importancecan harvest the benefits of this ongoingto origin, and the use of herbicides,of the latter when he introduced thechange. The 4IR will directly affect thepesticides, fungicides (crops) andDigital Industrial Revolution Commissionagricultural industry. Technology is aantibiotics (livestock) in production andin his first State of the Nation Addresscritical part of the 4IR, but aspects likeprocessing. Meeting these demandsin 2018. He stated, “Our prosperity as aenergy and the environment, economicsrequires investing in new technologies.nation depends on our ability to take fulland policy, the consumer and socialIt is imperative to create conduciveThis means that we urgently need tochange (see Figures 4 and 8).conditions for smallholder farmers todevelop our capabilities in the areas ofbecome commercially sustainable. Suchscience, technology and innovation.”3Key messages2advantage of rapid technological change.change are also integral drivers of futureconditions include: (1) an incubation periodfocused on developing new entrantsThe gains of the 4IR in the Western CapeThe 4IR creates an opportunity for theand creating a productive mindset;will be realised through leadership. Weagricultural sector to evolve into an(2) education on technology, farmingmust shape the future we want to live in.‘Agri Renaissance’ desired end state,practices, and biology; (3) mentorships to
Executive summaryExecutive summaryAbout this report Overall findingsoutput with fewer resources. DigitalKey trends reshaping thefarming futurecommunication will facilitate innovationsDepartment of Agriculture (WCDoA). TheClimate change and waterThe consumer will continue to influencebrief was to develop a view on agricultureThe effects of climate change on water andongoing innovation in farming practices.in the province in the context of the 4IR.water-management practices will continueThis document reflects the content of astudy commissioned by the Western CapeStructure ofthis reportin market structures. Successful pilotstudies will promote technology adoption.chain and particularly at the productionSeven key technologies foragriculture in the Western Capestage where the quantity and quality ofEmerging technologies that will transformto shape global agriculture across the valuewater will influence cultivar and technologyagricultural practices will be relatedThis report comprises four main sections.selection. Given the envisaged higherto water-management and relatedThe ‘context’ section provides an overviewtemperature conditions, new varieties andtechnologies, automation, the Internetof the 4IR, the evolution of agriculture,practices will be required in future.of Things and sensor technology, remotethe key drivers and trends to disruptsensing, precision agriculture and smartfarming, genetics, AI and machineof agricultural technologies’ sectionGlobal agriculturaltechnologiesprovides an overview of AgTech andBig data, artificial intelligence (AI),will catalyse Western Cape agriculture.its applications. The ‘findings’ sectionmachine learning, automation, andexplores trends shaping the farmingprecision farming will become prominentfuture, emerging technologies andtechnologies. Data collection and analysisTechnology, skills and futuretalentinnovations that could change farming,will drive optimisation. Automation andThe concern that technology will resultand opportunities and challengesmechanisation will add efficiency within job losses is possibly valid for semi-associated with the sector. ‘Conclusionsprecision farming delivering higher yields,skilled and unskilled labour categories.and recommendations’ covers five keysuperior quality products and productionYet, technology itself enables new types ofthemes.sustainability. Genetic technologiesjobs, resulting in the potential to retrain andwill continue to produce more resilientreskill the labour force. Farming as a careervarieties that deliver better yields andneeds rebranding to attract future talent.farming, and future scenarios. The ‘riseMethodologyThis study provides a strategic outlook onlearning. Collectively, these technologiesmore nutritious food.Other contextual issuesthe future of agriculture in the context ofthe 4IR. It does not develop new theory.The consumerCost: The cost of technology is decreasingIts underpinning research focused on theConsumers will increasingly demandworldwide, yet South Africa remains a netconstruction of possibilities that couldknowledge on production, the nutritionalimporter of most technologies. Cultivarsbe argued on the ground of currentvalue of agricultural products andand seed are often protected by patentstrends and future perspectives. The studyits traceability to origin. Farming willand plant breeders’ rights owned by largeconsists of an extensive literature reviewrequire a balance between ethical andglobal companies, making local accesson the 4IR and its impact on agriculture.environmental sustainability practices, andmore expensive.Opinions of experts, practitioners andeconomically viable production.key stakeholders were elicited throughResearch and information issues:To facilitate technology adoption, theThe study deployed a qualitative researchChange accelerators forinnovationapproach as detailed in Annexure D.Innovation in the global agricultural sectoragribusiness and the WCDoA, shouldwill be driven by the need to increaseprovide and disseminate validatedinterviews and focus group dialogues.scientific community, together with3
The future of the Western Cape agricultural sector in the context of the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Synthesis reportinformation about the availability, benefitslist products on the blockchain as andatabases. The dissemination of informationand integration of different technologies.opportunity that will allow the tracking ofalso includes linking data from all partiesResearch efforts should not only focus onfood origins for complete transparency.in the agricultural value chain to expandsingle technologies and their uses but theintegration of technologies.the variety, denseness and volume to theFor producers processorsbenefit of stakeholders. Other opportunities2.2 Agri-producers and processorsinclude opening up the databases ofThe adoption of technologies: The identifiedshould use innovations in packagingoriginal equipment manufacturers (e.g.obstacles to technology adoption must be(biopackaging and recycled materials) thatJohn Deere) for sharing information aboutovercome to optimise opportunities.are environmentally centric and reducelocal agricultural production (planting andstorage space in logistics and packing.harvesting) and related information with moreAnother opportunity is related to foodthan just its customers. Original equipmentThe recommendations are grouped intopreservation, namely organically packagedmanufacturers could be requested to makefive themes with each recommendationfood in the form of bio-derivativethis information available. Alternatively, thisaimed at a stakeholder to facilitate action.packaging. This provides ready-packedcould be legislated. This and other importantHere, an abbreviated version of theseproduce through automation, with smartagricultural data should become part of arecommendations follows. More detail isindicators towards freshness.shared information platform.Recommendationsincluded elsewhere in the report.For consumers3.3 The WCDoA needs to support theNo. 1 ‘Agri Renaissance’ as thedesired end-state2.3 Consumers should use currentdissemination of information related tolegislation to enforce their right toagricultural technologies and associatedFor governmentaccurate and truthful information fromsupporting systems, establish technology1.1 The WCDoA’s strategic positioningretailers and producers regarding quality,demonstration farms, run trials on the farmsshould align with and support the ‘Agriproduction practices, health and nutrition.of existing participating farmers across theRenaissance’ desired end-state, i.e. thevalue chain, and share this information ondepartment’s vision should reflect thisFor government agribusinesses accessible platforms, which should havescenario with strategic initiatives toscientists producers retailersmaintenance support.accelerate growth in agri-economic outputs.2.4 The WCDoA, agribusinesses andthe science community must be jointly3.4 The department should coordinate the1.2 The department should cooperate withaccountable for responsibly informingcreation of a capacity to develop businesstertiary institutions and the Departmentconsumers about genetic engineeringcases for investing in technology. This requiresof Telecommunications to develop digitaltechnologies.independent, verifiable information on returnskills and capability for the agriculturalon investment and associated benefits andproductivity improvements. This should bedigital quotient and digital license coursesNo. 3 Accelerate technologyadoption in agricultureand certification available to the sector.For suppliers scientists government for practitioners to use in the development ofReskilling and retraining opportunities areproducerstheir investment business cases.vital to growing the number of employed3.1 Suppliers, scientists, government andworkers in the sector.producers should disseminate information3.5 Together with technology serviceabout the above-mentioned sevenproviders, the department should investigateFor academic institutionstechnologies in a transparent, open-sourceoptions to reduce the cost of acquiring new1.3 Tertiary education institutions shouldand equitable basis covering all categoriestechnology for smallholder farmers. Optionsstrengthen their current curricula byof commercial farmers. Relevant forums,include shared platforms, financing schemes,including theory, skills and technologiesinterest groups, and tertiary institutionsservicing solutions, and subsidised internetrelated to the 4IR.should be leveraged to communicate andservices.sector. Tertiary institutions should makeindependently determined and made publicinform stakeholders.4No. 2 Engage with the risinginfluence of consumersFor government agri-suppliers agri-advisors industryFor producers3.2 The WCDoA should lead initiativesbodies2.1 Producers in the supply chain shouldfor expanding and improving current3.6 All role players in the value chain canFor government producers scientists
Executive Summaryand data analytic services. To attractspecialists must be able to demonstrateNo. 4 Smallholder commercialfarming developmenttechnologies and communicate itsFor government investors producersestablish an annual AgTech innovationbenefits, proper application and system4.1 The department should develop ancompetition aimed at supplying servicesrequirements. This should involve theintegrated framework for the on-boardingto smallholder farmers.matching of farmer needs and technologyand development of new entrants into theproducts in the market. Agribusiness-sector. This must include the five enabling4.6 The department should stimulate thebased advisors and specialists shouldconditions described above. Aspects ofcreation of business cases in the domainstrengthen their market intelligence andthis framework can also be relevant for theof the sharing economy and crowdfundingshare this with their clients.support of existing smallholder farmers.through innovation challenges, ideasupply extension services. Extensionagri-entrepreneurs, the WCDoA shouldfairs and competitions. This should be inFor scientists4.2 The provincial government, togethercollaboration with both academic-based3.7 The agri-science community shouldwith financial institutions, should developand private sector technology accelerators.stimulate technology adoption. Thefinancing schemes targeting smallholderscientific community should providefarmers. The WCDoA, together with4.7 Smallholder farmers should exploreinputs on the availability and integrationthe Department of Rural Developmenthigh-value niche market products to bepossibilities of technologies. Researchand Land Reform, should facilitate thecultivated in smaller quantities. There isefforts should not only focus on singleacquisition of title deeds by individualsalso the opportunity to define and supplytechnologies and their uses but more onor entities or explore other forms ofspecific local markets and communitiesthe integration of technologies into thecollateral. Smallholder farmers shouldwith home-grown commodities.farming system and value chain.organise collectively to present a bigger3.8 Financial institutions should developFor agribusinesses smallholder farmersNo 5. Reposition theagricultural sector’s brand forthe 4IRfinancing products suitable not only4.3 Agribusinesses and smallholder farmersFor government industry associations for large farmers but specifically forshould continue to create partnerships toacademic institutionsnew entrants and smallholder farmers.facilitate access to financing, markets and5.1 Industry associations, academicSuccessful and sustainable farmingtechnology. This should be encouragedinstitutions and the department mustrequires investment on an annualisedthrough incentives such as increasingformulate a collective narrative and strategybasis. This is a critical success factor fordam capacities, greater access to riverfor attracting future talent. The coredeveloping the sector.catchment systems, and infrastructuremessage could centre on rapid evolution inbusiness case to gain access to finance.For investors For producersdevelopment (roads, energy and railways)agriculture in the context of the 4IR and beFor government businesses to increase production capacity. Enablingdistributed on social media platforms.entrepreneurs investors industry bodiesmarket access and participation in market3.9 Agri-entrepreneurs, investors, thestructures by smallholder farmers through5.2 The department should cooperatedepartment and industry bodies shouldpartnerships with large agribusinesseswith tertiary institutions and industrycollaborate to stimulat
Agriculture in the Western Cape in the 4IR 10 Drivers and megatrends set to disrupt farming 13 Opportunities and challenges 14 Future scenarios for the Western Cape 16 The rise of agricultural technologies 18 Taking a closer look 18 The technology matrix 19 Overview and applications 20 What does this mean for farming in the Western Cape? 26
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Le genou de Lucy. Odile Jacob. 1999. Coppens Y. Pré-textes. L’homme préhistorique en morceaux. Eds Odile Jacob. 2011. Costentin J., Delaveau P. Café, thé, chocolat, les bons effets sur le cerveau et pour le corps. Editions Odile Jacob. 2010. 3 Crawford M., Marsh D. The driving force : food in human evolution and the future.
