DRAMATIC EXPRESSION IN THIRTY MUSICAL SETTINGS ' THESIS .
DRAMATIC EXPRESSION IN THIRTY MUSICAL SETTINGS 'OF GOETHE'S "DER ERLKONIG"THESISPresented to the Graduate Council of theNorth Texas State University in PartialFulfillment of the RequirementsFor the Degree ofMASTER OF MUSICByMary Eileen McDaniel, B. M.Denton, TexasMay, 1973
McDaniel, Mary Eileen, Dramatic Expression in ThirtyMusical Settings of Goethe!s "Per Erlkonig."Master ofMusic (Musicology), May, 1973, 1 8 pp., 33 tables, 51examples, bibliography, 30 titles.This study is an investigation of the dramatic expressionin thirty musical settings of Goethe's "Erlkonig," to attemptto determine why the works by Franz Schubert and Carl Loewehave achieved such popularity.Chapter I Includes a historyof Goethe's ballad, and shows how the poet influenced severalcomposers who used his "Erlkonig" as a subject for theirmusic.Chapter II is a comparison of the thirty settings, anddeals with dramatic expression in relation to the musicalaspects of form, tonality, rhythm, melody, and harmony.Several of these elements have further subdivisions.Thesection on rhythm Includes a diseussion of meter, length ofcomposition, tempo, the coordination of poetic accent withmusical accent, and salient rhythmic patterns.Severalpoints are covered in the study of melody, including tessitura and range, type of melodic movement, intervals,dynamics, and diatonicism versus chromaticism.The dis-cussion of harmony deals primarily with the altered chordsused by the thirty composers to achieve dramatic effect.
The conclusions reached in Chapter III confirm thatthe Schubert and Loevje ballads deserve the greater recognition they have received.These two works surpass allother Erlkonig settings in each of the aspects examined.'While many of the other compositions do not rise above thelevel of folksong, Schubert's and Loewe 1 s ballads becomethe models of true dramatic art song.
DRAMATIC EXPRESSION IN THIRTY MUSICAL SETTINGS 'OF GOETHE'S "DER ERLKONIG"THESISPresented to the Graduate Council of theNorth Texas State University in PartialFulfillment of the RequirementsFor the Degree ofMASTER OF MUSICByMary Eileen McDaniel, B. M.Denton, TexasMay, 1973
TABLE OP CONTENTSP&0*0LIST OP TABLESivLIST OF EXAMPLES.viChapterI.INTRODUCTION1History of the BalladII.III.COMPARISON OP THIRTY MUSICAL SETTINGSOP GOETHE'S NS DRAWN FROM THE COMPARISON13103APPENDIX107BIBLIOGRAPHY146
LIST OP TABLESTableI.PageSectional Form of Reichardt's "Erlkonig"19Sectional Form of Zelter's "Erlkonig"20Sectional Form of Harder's "Erlkonig" . . . . . .21IV.Sectional Form of Romberg's "Erlkonig"21V.Sectional Form of Callcott's "Erl-King"23Sectional Form of Schlottmann's "Erlkonig". . . .25Sectional Form of Miltitz's "Erlkonig"26Sectional Form of Gaul's "Erl-King"27Sectional Form of Schneider's "Erlkonig"27Sectional Form of Klein's "Erlkonig"28Sectional Form of Eckert's "Erlkonig" . . . . . .29XII.Sectional Form of Tomaschek's "Erlkonig"29XIII.Sectional Form of Petschke's "ErlkSnig"30Sectional Form of Brah-Muller's "Erlkonig". . . .31Sectional Form of Loewe's "Erlenkonig"31XVI.Sectional Form of Mayer's "Erlkonig"32XVII.Sectional Form of Cowell's "Erl-King"32Sectional Form of Becker's"Erlkonig"33Sectional Form of Schubert's "Erlkonig" . . . . .35Sectional Form of Noch's "Erlkonig"36Sectional Form of Reissiger's I.XIX.XX.XXI.XXII.Sectional Farm of Spohr's "Erlkonig".37
TableXXIII.PageComparison of Sectional Form of ThirtyErlkonig Settings. . .XXIV.Zelter's TonalitiesXXV.Klein's Tonalities39. .XXVI. Tomaschek's TonalitiesXXVII.Cowell's Tonalities44454546XXVIII. Schubert's Tonalities46XXIX. Loewe's Tonalities47XXX.XXXI.Principal Modes and Keys of the Thirty Settings . 48Lengths and Meters of the Thirty Settings . . . .55XXXII. Tempo Markings of the Thirty Erlkonig Settings. . 58XXXIII. Vocal Parts Used by Callcott for the PourCharacters8l
LIST OF EXAMPLESExamplePage1.Schroter's "Erlkonig"142.Gronland's "ErlkSnig".3.Tappert's "Erlkonig"184.Romberg's "Erlkonig"225.Beethoven's Erlkonig Sketch6.Eberwein's Harmonic Progressions4l7.Miltitz, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 76-79 28.Romberg, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 58-62 ,439.Becker, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 38-40 67-69 . . . .5310.Czerny, "Der Erlkonig," mea. 66011.Czerny, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 51-536012.Czerny, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 130, 1316l13.Zelter, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 2-46214.Zelter, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 24-266215.Zelter, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 63-656316.Schneider, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 10-126417.Reissiger, "Der Erlkonig," mea. 24 . . . . . . .18.Reissiger, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 355 366519.Becker, "Der Erlkonig," mea. 8l6520.Miltitz, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 26-286621.Tomaschek, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 43-506722.Tomaschek, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 104-10868. . . . .17. 34.64
ExamplePage23.Spohr, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 47-506824.Noch, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 131-1366925.Klein, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 13I-I356926.Klein, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 119-1257127.Loewe, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 3,4; 27-317228.Schubert, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 57-617429.Klein, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 98-IO67630.Zelter, "Der Erlkonig," Stanza 5 .8231.Loewe, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 1, 28432.Schubert, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 72-76: 97-101:123-1278633.Krich, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 27-318834.Klein, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 107-1118835.Becker, "Der Erlkonig," mea. 48936.Becker, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 32-349037.Eckert, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 20, 219138.Eckert, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 30-32; 129-131 . . .9239-Loewe, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 18-209340.Loewe, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 40, 4l41.Loewe, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 87, 889442.Loewe, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 90-929443.Noch, "Der Erlk&nig," meas. 1-99544.Noch, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 65-699645.Schneider, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 86-899746.Schubert, "Der Erlkonig," meas. 14-17.98.93
ExamplePageSchubert, "Der Erlkonig," meas . 24-27. . . . . . .48.Schubert, "Der Erlkonig," meas . 42-49. . . .49.Schubert, "Der Erlkonig," meas . 142-144. . . . . .OinSchubert, "Der Erlkonig," meas . 146-148. . .51.Eberwein, "Der Erlkonig," mea. 47.viii98100
CHAPTER IINTRODUCTIONGoethe's ballad, "Der Erlkonig," written in 1776 andlater included in his Singspiel, Die Fischerin, has been setto music at least seventy times since Goethe conceived thepoem.Of these seventy settings, only two, those by FranzSchubert and Carl Loewe, are reasonably well known.Themerits of these two works have been a source of argument forover a century, while the other Erlkonig compositions haverarely been discussed or performed.Such obscurity may bejustly deserved; however, this neglected music needs reconsideration if for no other reason than to establish why theworks by Schubert and Loewe have been preferred over otherErlkonig ballads.This study is primarily concerned with those musicalelements which, when combined with the text, create a dramaticwhole.The composers whose Erlkonig compositions were mostsuccessful are those who best expressed the relationship between the poetry and the music.The main aspects examinedhere are form, tonality, rhythm, melody, and harmony, withsubdivisions under each of these general headings.Goethe's conception of how his poem should have been setto music is an important factor to consider when comparingthese works. ' Through his friendship with several composers
who used his "Erlkonig" as a subject for their music, he influenced the type of composition they created.Of the seventy known settings of "Der Erlkonig," lessthan half seem to be currently available.thirty have been examined in this study.Of this numberA list of the com-posers of these works will be found in the appendix.History of the BalladThe original inspiration for Goethe's "Erlkonig" comesfrom a sixteenth-century manuscript of the Danish ballad "SirOluf and the Elf-King's D a u g h t e r . I n this folksong SirOluf, riding out to invite guests to his wedding, encountersin the woods a maiden, the Elf-King's daughter, who asks himto dance with her.When he refuses she casts a spell overhim and sends him home to his mother a dying man.The orig-inal ballad goes on to recount the deaths of the knight'sbride and his mother.In 1773-79 the German critic and philosopher JohannGottfried von Herder published a two-volume collection ofpfolksongs entitled Volkslieder.This anthology containstranslations of folk poetry of several nations.3in the Frederick W. Sternfeld. Goethe and Music (New York, TheNew York Public Library, 1954), p. 127. After his death, editors changed this title to Stimmender Volker in Liedern.3Eric Blom, "Erl-King," Groves' Dictionary o Music andMusicians, 5th ed. Vol. II (London, the Macmlllan Company,1954)'.
3work Herder included a translation of the Danish ballad, "SirOluf and the Elf-King's Daughter."However, the Danish"Ellerkong" (modern "Elverkong"), literally "Elf-King," Herder mistranslated into German as "Erlkonig," literally"Alder-King" or "King of the Alder trees."Herder's translation, entitled "Erlkonigs Tbchter," differed in both content and form from the Danish original.Inthe German, parts of several stanzas are omitted, as is therefrain which recurs after each stanza.In the followingexcerpt the portions omitted by Herder are bracketed.Danish Folksong"Sir Oluf and the Elf-King's Daughter"Stanza 1(Solo)Sir Oluf rode by East and West. T o bid his friends to his bridal-feast.T(Chorus) Gay goes the dance by the greenwood tree.jStanza 14(Solo)She struck him twixt his shoulders broad,It pierced his heart-roots like keenest swordj(Chorus) Gay goes the dance by the greenwood tree. JA more lengthy exclusion is the omission of the last threestanzas of the original which related the death of SirOluf's bride and his mother.5Herder's "Erlkonig's Tochter"Herr Oluf reitet spat und weitZu bieten auf seine Hochzeitsleut. Sternfeld, op. c i t p . 123. Ibid., p. 127.
Da tanzen1 die Elfen auf grunem Land,Erlkonig s Tochter reicht ihm die Hand "Willkommen, Herr Oluf, was eilst von hier?Tritt her in den Reihen und tanz mit mip.n"Ich darf nicht tanzen, nicht tanzen ich mag,Fruhmorgen ist mein Hochzeitstag.""HOP an, Herr Oluf, tritt tanzen mit mir,Zwei giildne Sporne schenk ich dir.Ein Hemd von Seide so weiss und fein,Meine Mutter bleicht's mit Mondenschein." "Ich darf nicht tanzen, nicht tanzen ich mag,Fruhmorgen ist mein Hochzeitstag.""Hor an, Herr Oluf, tritt tanzen mit mir,Einen Haufen Goldes schenk ich dir.""Einen Haufen Goldes nahm ich wohl;Doch tanzen ich nicht darf und soil,""Und willt, Herr Oluf, nicht tanzen mit mir,Soli Seuch und Krankheit folgen dip."Sie tat einen Schlag ihn auf sein Hepz,Noch nimmer fuhlt' er solchen Schmerz,Sie hob ihn bleichend auf sein Pferd,"Reit heim nun zu dein'm Fraulein wert."Und als er kam vor Hauses Tiip,Seine Mutter zitternd strand dafur."Hor an, mein Sohn, sag an mir gleich,Wie ist dein Farbe blass und bleich?"Und sollt sie nicht sein blass und bleich,Ich traf in Erlkonigs Reich."Hor an, mein Sohn, so lieb und traut,Was soli ich nun sagen deiner Braut?""Sag ihr, ich sei im Wald zur Stund,Zu proben da mein Pferd und Hund."Fruhmorgen und als es Tag kaum war,Da kam die Braut mit der Hochzeitschar.
Sie schenkten Met, sie Schenkten Wein,"Wo ist Herr Oiuf, der Braut' gam mein?""Herr Oluf, er ritt in Wald zur Stund,Er probt allda sein Pferd und Hund,"Die Braut hob auf den Scharlach rot,Da lag Herr Oluf, und er war tot,6Goethe (.1749-1832) seems to have been unaware of theoriginal Danish tale, since he entitled his version of the.ballad "Der Erlkonig," thus perpetuating Herder's mistranslation.His ballad, like Herder's, also lacks the refrain,as well as the stanzas containing the deaths of the knight'sbride and mother, which were an integral part of the original.These similarities suggest that Goethe was familiar withHerder's version only.Goethe, however, made some significant changes of hiaown.In his poem the principal characters are not the Erl-konig 's daughter and a knight, but the Erlkonig himself anda small boy.Goethe only briefly mentioned the Erlkonig'sdaughter and added another character to the plotsfather.the child'sIn his book, The Music of Schubert, Gerald Abrahamsuggests that an actual incident witnessed by the poet was areason for this change of conflict.One autumn evening Goethe saw, from his garden, a ridergo by the gate at full gallop. He found, on enquiry,that the man was a farmer taking his sick child to thedoctor; it was this incident that fired his imagination.7 Theodor Matthias, editor, Herders Werke, Vol. II(Leipzig and Vienna, Bibliographisches Institut, n.d.),pp. 407-409. Gerald Abraham, The Music of Schubert (New York, W.W.Norton and Company, 1947)* PP.lb4.
Goethe1s "Der Erlkonig"eWer reitet so spat durch Nacht und Wind?Es 1st der Vater mit seinem Kind;Er hat den Khaben wohl in dem Arm,Er fasst ihn sicher, er halt ihn warm.Mein Sohn, was birgst du so bang dein Gesicht?Siehst, Vater, du den Erlkonig nicht?Den Erlenkonig mit Kron' und Schweif?Mein Sohn, es ist ein Nebelstreif."Du liebes Kind, komm, geh mit mir.Gar schone Spiele spiel' ich mit dir;Manch1 bunte Blumen sind an dem Strand:Meine Mutter hat manch' gulden Gewand.Mein Vater, mein Vater, und horest du nicht,Was Erlenkonig mir leise verspricht?Sei ruhig, bleibe ruhig, mein Kind.In diirren Blattern sauselt der Wind."Willst, feiner Khabe, du mit mir gehn?Meine Tochter sollen dich warten schon;Meine Tochter ftihren den nSchtlichen Re ihnUnd wiegen und tanzen und singen dich ein."Mein Vater, mein Vater, und siehst du nicht dortErlkonigs Tochter am dustern Ort?Mein Sohn, mein Sohn, ich seh' es genaujEs scheinen die alten Weiden so grau."Ich liebe dich, mich reizt deine schone Gestalt:Und bist du nicht willig, so brauch' ich Gewalt.Mein Vater, mein Vater, jetzt fasst er mich an.Erlkonig hat mir ein Leids getan.Dem Vater grauset's, er reitet geschwind,Er halt in Armen das achzende Kind,Erreicht den Hof mit Muhe und NotiIn seinen Armen das Kind war tot. Goethe's formal construction of the ballad also differsfrom Herder's form.While the latter's poem consists oftwenty-one rhymed couplets, or forty-two lines, Goethe'sRJohann Wolfgang von Goethe, Goethe's Poems (New York,Appleton-Century-Crofts, Inc., l§4l), pp.5b, 59.
ballacl contains eight stanzas composed of pairs of rhymedcouplets, or thirty-two lines. Both works, however, end ina similar fashion with the death of the principal character,and both emphasize the death by a rhyme on the final, word ."tot."HerderDie Braut hob auf den Scharlach rotDa lag Herr Oluf, und er war tot.GoetheErreicht den Hof mit Muhe und Not;In seinen Armen das Kind war tot.9In 1797 Walter Scott, a Scottish poet and novelist,translated Goethe's "Der Erlkonig" into English, He titledhis work, not "Alder-King," which would have been a literaltranslation of Goethe's title, but "Erl-King," a term which,in English, is meaningless. His narrative, however, followsthe same format as that of Goethe. Like its model, the "ErlKing" contains eight stanzas, each consisting of two rhymedcouplets.Scott's "The Erl-King"OJ Who rides by night through the woodland so wild?It is the fond father embracing his child;And close the boy nestles within his loved arm,From the blast of the tempest to keep himself warm."0 fatherI see yonder, see yonderI" he says."My boy, upon what dost thou fearfully gaze?""0, 'tis the Erl-King with his staff and his shroud I""No, my love I it is but a dark wreath of the cloud."."01 Wilt thou go with me, thou loveliest child?By many gay sports shall thy hours be beguiled;My mother keeps for thee full many a fair toy,And many a fine flower shall she pluck for my boy."9sternfeld, op. cit., p. 129.
8"0 fatherI my father! and did you not hearThe Erl-King whisper so close in ray ear?""Be still, my loved darling, my child, be at ease JIt was but the wild blast as it hurled through the trees.""01 Wilt thou go with me, thou loveliest boylMy daughter shall tend thee with care and with joy;She shall bear thee so lightly through wet and through wild,And hug thee, and kiss thee, and sing to my child*""0 father I my fatherI and saw you not plainThe Erl-King's pale daughter glide past through the rain?""0 no, my heart's treasure I I knew it full soon.It was the gray willow that danced on the moon."Come with me, come with me, no longer delay!Or else, silly child, I will drag thee away.""0 father! 0 father! now, now, keep your hold!The Erl-King has seized me—his grasp is so cold."Sore trembled the father; he spurred through the wildClasping close to his bosom his shuddering child.He reaches- his dwelling in doubt and in dreadiBut, clasped to his bosom, the infant was dead J 10 'No musical settings of Herder's "Erlkonig's Tochter"are known.Goethe's version, however, was widely used inthe nineteenth century as a song text, as was Scott's"Erl-King."Although Goethe wrote "Der Erlkonig" in 1776, it wasnot until 1782 that he incorporated the ballad into his Singspiel, Die Fischerin.Goethe's ballad had no organicSir Walter Scott, The Complete Poetical Works of SirWalter Scott, Cambridge Edition (Boston and New York, Houghton Mifflin Company, 1900), pp. 8, 9 . A table showing the textual alterations of Goethe'sand Scott's ballads, which were employed by the thirty composers, appears in the appendix. No alterations were madewhich have a significant effect on the emotional elements ofthe poem. The primary variations are the lengthening orabbreviating of a word, or the repetition of a phrase.12Goethe, opc cit., p. 163: The work received its firstperformance in Tiefurt park by the river Ilm near Weimar on.T11I v 92. 1782.
connection to the plot of the Singspiel.The poet offersthese comments at the beginning of the play:"Under tallaldersl3 by the river stand scattered fishermen's huts.is night and quiet.ItPots are sitting on a little fire, netsand fishing equipment are set up all around."1 As Act I be-gins, Dortchen, the heroine who is engaged to Niklas, is seenmending nets and singing "Der ErlktSnig," which she sings frombeginning to end.When finished she says, "Now I have sungpractically all my songs twice through out of impatience andit looks as though I'll have to sing them a third time. . ." 5From this remark one can discern that Dortchen is merelysinging a song from memory to pass the time and that thesongs she sings are not essential to the drama.IndeedGoethe stated this idea in the preface to the work when hesaid:We see the fishergirl sings while she works, half mechanically, a song long familiar to her, similar to howGretchen sings to herself the "KOnig von Thule." Thus"Der Erlk 5nig" is one of those songs whose themes wesuppose the singer to have learned at some earlier time,and which he might use on another occasion.1 1Q-This is the only reference to alder trees that Goethemade. The trees referred to in the poem are willows.1 ii„Max Friedlaender, Gedichte von Goethe in Compositionen seiner Zeitgenossen," Schriften der Goethe-Gesellschaft,II (November, 1896), l4l. *-5jack M, Stein, Poem and Music in the German Lied fromGluck to Hugo Wolf (Cambridge, HassacEusetts, Harvard tJnivsTEy-press7T97IT7 pp. 63, §4.1 fiFriedlaender, op. cit.
10In keeping with the situation in the play, Goeth§ pp@«ferred a simple atrophic? setting for "Dep Eplkonig«"In aletter in which he expressed his ideas on songs in SiogspieliiGoethe remarkeds"These songs can and must have character istic, distinct, and well-formed melodies which attraetattention, and which everyone easily rememberst"3TCer&naSchroter, the soprano who played the pole of Portehen in thsfirst production of Die Fischer in in Weimar, also comp§§§3all of the incidental music for the Singspiel, Her strophi§eight-measure setting of "Per Erlkonig" met Goethe's requirt»ments exactly. The effect of this simple, easily pememb§?§3melody on stage was excellent,1 Friedlaender went §P fa? l§to say that none of the later, more significant compositionsof the poem would have made a similar impression at thispoint in th
Musical !Settings of Goethes "Per Erlkonig." Master of Music (Musicology), May, 1973, 1 8 pp., 33 tables, 51 examples, bibliography, 30 titles. This study is an investigation of the dramatic expression in thirty musical settings of Goethe's "Erlkonig," to attempt to determine why the works by Franz Schubert and Carl Loewe
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