Moral Theories

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Moral TheoriesSeptember 3, 2012MoralPhilosophy – 1

Ethical Theories — Philosophies of MoralityApproaches to Ethics TheoriesRelativismLawDivine CommandsNatural LawSocial ContractUtilitarianismDeontologyVirtue EthicsMoralPhilosophy – 2

Ethical Theories — Philosophies of MoralityApproaches to Ethics Theories1. RelativismRelativismLawDivine CommandsNatural LawSocial ContractUtilitarianismDeontologyVirtue EthicsMoralPhilosophy – 2

Ethical Theories — Philosophies of MoralityApproaches to Ethics Theories1. RelativismRelativism2. LegalismLawDivine CommandsNatural LawSocial ContractUtilitarianismDeontologyVirtue EthicsMoralPhilosophy – 2

Ethical Theories — Philosophies of MoralityApproaches to Ethics Theories1. RelativismRelativism2. LegalismLawDivine Commands3. Divine CommandsNatural LawSocial ContractUtilitarianismDeontologyVirtue EthicsMoralPhilosophy – 2

Ethical Theories — Philosophies of MoralityApproaches to Ethics Theories1. RelativismRelativism2. LegalismLawDivine Commands3. Divine CommandsNatural LawSocial Contract4. Natural LawUtilitarianismDeontologyVirtue EthicsMoralPhilosophy – 2

Ethical Theories — Philosophies of MoralityApproaches to Ethics Theories1. RelativismRelativism2. LegalismLawDivine Commands3. Divine CommandsNatural LawSocial ContractUtilitarianismDeontology4. Natural Law5. The Social ContractVirtue EthicsMoralPhilosophy – 2

Ethical Theories — Philosophies of MoralityApproaches to Ethics Theories1. RelativismRelativism2. LegalismLawDivine Commands3. Divine CommandsNatural LawSocial ContractUtilitarianismDeontologyVirtue EthicsMoral4. Natural Law5. The Social Contract6. EgoismPhilosophy – 2

Ethical Theories — Philosophies of MoralityApproaches to Ethics Theories1. RelativismRelativism2. LegalismLawDivine Commands3. Divine CommandsNatural LawSocial ContractUtilitarianismDeontologyVirtue Ethics4. Natural Law5. The Social Contract6. Egoism7. UtilitarianismMoralPhilosophy – 2

Ethical Theories — Philosophies of MoralityApproaches to Ethics Theories1. RelativismRelativism2. LegalismLawDivine Commands3. Divine CommandsNatural LawSocial ContractUtilitarianismDeontologyVirtue Ethics4. Natural Law5. The Social Contract6. Egoism7. Utilitarianism8. Deontology (Kant)MoralPhilosophy – 2

Ethical Theories — Philosophies of MoralityApproaches to Ethics Theories1. RelativismRelativism2. LegalismLawDivine Commands3. Divine CommandsNatural LawSocial ContractUtilitarianismDeontologyVirtue Ethics4. Natural Law5. The Social Contract6. Egoism7. Utilitarianism8. Deontology (Kant)9. Rights and JusticeMoralPhilosophy – 2

Ethical Theories — Philosophies of MoralityApproaches to Ethics Theories1. RelativismRelativism2. LegalismLawDivine Commands3. Divine CommandsNatural LawSocial ContractUtilitarianismDeontologyVirtue Ethics4. Natural Law5. The Social Contract6. Egoism7. Utilitarianism8. Deontology (Kant)9. Rights and Justice10. Virtue EthicsMoralPhilosophy – 2

RelativismApproaches to Ethics Right and wrong are relative to the customs of ones society.Relativism Relativism Herodotus1 Herodotus2LawDivine CommandsNatural LawSocial ContractUtilitarianismDeontologyVirtue EthicsMoralPhilosophy – 3

RelativismApproaches to EthicsRelativism Relativism Herodotus1 Herodotus2LawDivine CommandsNatural LawSocial Contract Right and wrong are relative to the customs of ones society. Cultural relativists appeal to anthropological data indicatingthat moral rightness and wrongness vary from place to placeand that there are no absolute or universal moral standardsthat could apply to all persons at all times.UtilitarianismDeontologyVirtue EthicsMoralPhilosophy – 3

From HerodotusOthers of the Indians, dwelling to the East of these, are pastoral and eat rawflesh: these are called Padaians, and they practice the followingcustoms:—whenever any of their tribe falls ill, whether it be a woman or aman, if a man then the men who are his nearest associates put him to death,saying that he is wasting away with the disease and his flesh is being spoiltfor them: and meanwhile he denies stoutly and says that he is not ill, butthey do not agree with him; and after they have killed him they feast uponhis flesh: but if it be a woman who falls ill, the women who are her greatestintimates do to her in the same manner as the men do in the other case. Forin fact even if a man has come to old age they slay him and feast upon him;but very few of them come to be reckoned as old, for they kill every onewho falls into sickness, before he reaches old age (Book 3).MoralPhilosophy – 4

From Herodotus (cont)Each marries a wife, but they have their wives in common; for that whichthe Hellenes say that the Scythians do, is not in fact done by the Scythiansbut by the Massagetai, that is to say, whatever woman a man of theMassagetai may desire he hangs up his quiver in front of the waggon andhas commerce with her freely. They have no precise limit of age laid downfor their life, but when a man becomes very old, his nearest of kin cometogether and slaughter him solemnly and cattle also with him; and thenafter that they boil the flesh and banquet upon it. This is considered bythem the happiest lot; but him who has ended his life by disease they do noteat, but cover him up in the earth, counting it a misfortune that he did notattain to being slaughtered. They sow no crops but live on cattle and onfish, which last they get in abundance from the river Araxes; moreover theyare drinkers of milk. Of gods they reverence the Sun alone, and to him theysacrifice horses: and the rule of the sacrifice is this: – to the swiftest of thegods they assign the swiftest of all mortal things (Book I).MoralPhilosophy – 5

Morality and LawApproaches to Ethics Are rules of law moral rules?RelativismLaw LawDivine CommandsNatural LawSocial ContractUtilitarianismDeontologyVirtue EthicsMoralPhilosophy – 6

Morality and LawApproaches to Ethics Are rules of law moral rules? Can an action be legal but morally wrong?RelativismLaw LawDivine CommandsNatural LawSocial ContractUtilitarianismDeontologyVirtue EthicsMoralPhilosophy – 6

Morality and LawApproaches to Ethics Are rules of law moral rules? Can an action be legal but morally wrong? Can an action be illegal but morally right?RelativismLaw LawDivine CommandsNatural LawSocial ContractUtilitarianismDeontologyVirtue EthicsMoralPhilosophy – 6

Divine Commands MoralMoral living consists in obedience to divine commands.Philosophy – 7

Divine Commands Moral living consists in obedience to divine commands. How are we supposed to know what the gods command?MoralPhilosophy – 7

Divine Commands Moral living consists in obedience to divine commands. How are we supposed to know what the gods command? MoralProphetsPhilosophy – 7

Divine Commands Moral living consists in obedience to divine commands. How are we supposed to know what the gods command?Moral Prophets ScripturesPhilosophy – 7

Divine Commands Moral living consists in obedience to divine commands. How are we supposed to know what the gods command? Prophets ScripturesAbraham Lincoln said of the Bible: “This Great Book . . . is the bestgift God has given to man. All the good the Saviour gave to theworld was communicated through this book. But for it we could notknow right from wrong” (Speeches and Writings, 1859–1865[1989], 628).MoralPhilosophy – 7

Divine Commands Moral living consists in obedience to divine commands. How are we supposed to know what the gods command?Moral Prophets Scriptures TraditionPhilosophy – 7

Divine Commands and ReasonApproaches to Ethics What if the gods have no reason for their commands?RelativismLawDivine Commands Divine Divine1Natural LawSocial ContractUtilitarianismDeontologyVirtue EthicsMoralPhilosophy – 8

Divine Commands and ReasonApproaches to Ethics What if the gods have no reason for their commands?RelativismLawDivine Commands Divine Divine1 The commands are arbitrary and we have no reason tofollow them.Natural LawSocial ContractUtilitarianismDeontologyVirtue EthicsMoralPhilosophy – 8

Divine Commands and ReasonApproaches to Ethics What if the gods have no reason for their commands?Relativism LawDivine Commands Divine Divine1The commands are arbitrary and we have no reason tofollow them.Natural LawSocial ContractUtilitarianism What if the gods have some good reason for their commands?DeontologyVirtue EthicsMoralPhilosophy – 8

Divine Commands and ReasonApproaches to Ethics What if the gods have no reason for their commands?Relativism LawDivine Commands Divine Divine1The commands are arbitrary and we have no reason tofollow them.Natural LawSocial ContractUtilitarianismDeontologyVirtue EthicsMoral What if the gods have some good reason for their commands? Then we have admitted there is a standard ofrighteousness independent of their commands.Philosophy – 8

Divine Commands and ReasonApproaches to Ethics What if the gods have no reason for their commands?Relativism LawDivine Commands Divine Divine1The commands are arbitrary and we have no reason tofollow them.Natural LawSocial ContractUtilitarianism Deontology Virtue Ethics MoralWhat if the gods have some good reason for their commands?Then we have admitted there is a standard ofrighteousness independent of their commands.What then is the pupose of a divine command?Philosophy – 8

Natural LawApproaches to EthicsRelativismLawDivine CommandsNatural Law Natural Cicero AquinasSocial ContractUtilitarianismDeontologyVirtue EthicsMoralPhilosophy – 9

Natural LawApproaches to Ethics Universe is governed by reason or rational principle.RelativismLawDivine CommandsNatural Law Natural Cicero AquinasSocial ContractUtilitarianismDeontologyVirtue EthicsMoralPhilosophy – 9

Natural LawApproaches to Ethics Universe is governed by reason or rational principle. Humans have reason within them and can therefore know andobey its law.RelativismLawDivine CommandsNatural Law Natural Cicero AquinasSocial ContractUtilitarianismDeontologyVirtue EthicsMoralPhilosophy – 9

Natural LawApproaches to Ethics Universe is governed by reason or rational principle. Humans have reason within them and can therefore know andobey its law. Because humans have the faculty of choice they will notnecessarily obey the law.RelativismLawDivine CommandsNatural Law Natural Cicero AquinasSocial ContractUtilitarianismDeontologyVirtue EthicsMoralPhilosophy – 9

Natural LawApproaches to EthicsRelativismCiceroLawDivine CommandsNatural Law Natural Cicero AquinasSocial ContractUtilitarianismDeontologyVirtue EthicsMoralPhilosophy – 10

Natural LawApproaches to EthicsRelativismLawDivine CommandsNatural Law Natural Cicero AquinasSocial ContractCicero. . . right reason in agreement with nature, of universalapplication, unchanging and everlasting. There will not be adifferent law at Rome and at Athens, and different law now andin the future, but one eternal and unchangeable law for all nationsand for all times.UtilitarianismDeontologyVirtue EthicsMoralPhilosophy – 10

Thomas Aquinas on Natural LawMoralPhilosophy – 11

Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law1. The natural law is given by God.MoralPhilosophy – 11

Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law1. The natural law is given by God. . . nothing other than the light of understanding infused in us by Godwhereby we see what is to be done and what is not to be done.MoralPhilosophy – 11

Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law1. The natural law is given by God.Only God can answer the question about the good, because he is theGood. But God has already given an answer to this question: he did soby creating man and ordering him with wisdom and love to his finalend, through the law which is inscribed in his heart (cf. Rom 2:15), the“natural law”. The latter “is nothing other than the light ofunderstanding infused in us by God, whereby we understand whatmust be done and what must be avoided. God gave this light and thislaw to man at creation.” Veriatis Splendor—Pope John Paul IIMoralPhilosophy – 11

Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law1. The natural law is given by God.2. It is naturally authoritative over all human beings.MoralPhilosophy – 11

Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law1. The natural law is given by God.2. It is naturally authoritative over all human beings.3. It is naturally knowable by all human beings.MoralPhilosophy – 11

Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law1. The natural law is given by God.2. It is naturally authoritative over all human beings.3. It is naturally knowable by all human beings.4. The good is prior to the right.MoralPhilosophy – 11

Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law1. The natural law is given by God.2. It is naturally authoritative over all human beings.3. It is naturally knowable by all human beings.4. The good is prior to the right.Examples of things that are good include: MoralLifePhilosophy – 11

Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law1. The natural law is given by God.2. It is naturally authoritative over all human beings.3. It is naturally knowable by all human beings.4. The good is prior to the right.Examples of things that are good include: MoralLifeProcreationPhilosophy – 11

Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law1. The natural law is given by God.2. It is naturally authoritative over all human beings.3. It is naturally knowable by all human beings.4. The good is prior to the right.Examples of things that are good include: MoralLifeProcreationTheoretical and practical knowledgePhilosophy – 11

Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law1. The natural law is given by God.2. It is naturally authoritative over all human beings.3. It is naturally knowable by all human beings.4. The good is prior to the right.Examples of things that are good include: MoralLifeProcreationTheoretical and practical knowledgeSocial lifePhilosophy – 11

Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law1. The natural law is given by God.2. It is naturally authoritative over all human beings.3. It is naturally knowable by all human beings.4. The good is prior to the right.Examples of things that are good include: MoralLifeProcreationTheoretical and practical knowledgeSocial lifeJusticePhilosophy – 11

Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law1. The natural law is given by God.2. It is naturally authoritative over all human beings.3. It is naturally knowable by all human beings.4. The good is prior to the right.5. Right action is action that responds nondefectively to the good.MoralPhilosophy – 11

Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law1. The natural law is given by God.2. It is naturally authoritative over all human beings.3. It is naturally knowable by all human beings.4. The good is prior to the right.5. Right action is action that responds nondefectively to the good.In what ways is an act defective or intrinsically flawed?MoralPhilosophy – 11

Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law1. The natural law is given by God.2. It is naturally authoritative over all human beings.3. It is naturally knowable by all human beings.4. The good is prior to the right.5. Right action is action that responds nondefectively to the good.In what ways is an act defective or intrinsically flawed?a. Incomplete, not according to designMoralPhilosophy – 11

Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law1. The natural law is given by God.2. It is naturally authoritative over all human beings.3. It is naturally knowable by all human beings.4. The good is prior to the right.5. Right action is action that responds nondefectively to the good.In what ways is an act defective or intrinsically flawed?a. Incomplete, not according to designWhat is good for an oak is what is completing or perfective of theoak.MoralPhilosophy – 11

Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law1. The natural law is given by God.2. It is naturally authoritative over all human beings.3. It is naturally knowable by all human beings.4. The good is prior to the right.5. Right action is action that responds nondefectively to the good.In what ways is an act defective or intrinsically flawed?a. Incomplete, not according to designWhat is good for a person is what is completing or perfective ofthe person.MoralPhilosophy – 11

Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law1. The natural law is given by God.2. It is naturally authoritative over all human beings.3. It is naturally knowable by all human beings.4. The good is prior to the right.5. Right action is action that responds nondefectively to the good.In what ways is an act defective or intrinsically flawed?a. Incomplete, not according to designb. Mismatch between objects and endsMoralPhilosophy – 11

Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law1. The natural law is given by God.2. It is naturally authoritative over all human beings.3. It is naturally knowable by all human beings.4. The good is prior to the right.5. Right action is action that responds nondefectively to the good.In what ways is an act defective or intrinsically flawed?a. Incomplete, not according to designb. Mismatch between objects and endsAn example would be trying to become closer to God becauseone wants a favor or boon from him.MoralPhilosophy – 11

Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law1. The natural law is given by God.2. It is naturally authoritative over all human beings.3. It is naturally knowable by all human beings.4. The good is prior to the right.5. Right action is action that responds nondefectively to the good.In what ways is an act defective or intrinsically flawed?a. Incomplete, not according to designb. Mismatch between objects and endsAn example would be trying to gain advantage in business bymaking large donations to the local homeless shelter, school, orMasonic lodge.MoralPhilosophy – 11

Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law1. The natural law is given by God.2. It is naturally authoritative over all human beings.3. It is naturally knowable by all human beings.4. The good is prior to the right.5. Right action is action that responds nondefectively to the good.In what ways is an act defective or intrinsically flawed?a. Incomplete, not according to designb. Mismatch between objects and endsc. Application in inappropriate circumstancesMoralPhilosophy – 11

Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law1. The natural law is given by God.2. It is naturally authoritative over all human beings.3. It is naturally knowable by all human beings.4. The good is prior to the right.5. Right action is action that responds nondefectively to the good.In what ways is an act defective or intrinsically flawed?a. Incomplete, not according to designb. Mismatch between objects and endsc. Application in inappropriate circumstancesAn example would be the case where telling the truth getssomeone killed.MoralPhilosophy – 11

Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law1. The natural law is given by God.2. It is naturally authoritative over all human beings.3. It is naturally knowable by all human beings.4. The good is prior to the right.5. Right action is action that responds nondefectively to the good.In what ways is an act defective or intrinsically flawed?a. Incomplete, not according to designb. Mismatch between objects and endsc. Application in inappropriate circumstancesAn example might be that sexual relations are good in themselvesbut not with someone who is not a spouse.MoralPhilosophy – 11

Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law1. The natural law is given by God.2. It is naturally authoritative over all human beings.3. It is naturally knowable by all human beings.4. The good is prior to the right.5. Right action is action that responds nondefectively to the good.In what ways is an act defective or intrinsically flawed?a.b.c.d.MoralIncomplete, not according to designMismatch between objects and endsApplication in inappropriate circumstancesIntention is not for goodPhilosophy – 11

Thomas Aquinas on Natural Law1. The natural law is given by God.2. It is naturally authoritative over all human beings.3. It is naturally knowable by all human beings.4. The good is prior to the right.5. Right action is action that responds nondefectively

Virtue Ethics Moral Philosophy – 8 What if the gods have no reason for their commands? The commands are arbitrary and we have no reason to follow them. What if the gods have some good reason for their commands? Then we have admitted there is a standard of righteousness independent of their commands.

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