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LE Regents reviewECOLOGYStarts on p. 12 of your review packet

Definition: Ecology- The interaction oforganisms in and with theirenvironment.Affects OrganismEnvironment

HABITAT Where an organism lives; includes theenvironment and also any nests,burrows, etc.

NICHE Is the habitat plus the role (job) inthe environment: A worm lives in the soil, creates tunnels,helps decompose dead material A red-tailed hawk lives near open fields, isa predator that hunts by day, keeps rodentpopulations under control

Two species will not occupythe same niche in the sameplace at the same time: The more the niches overlap, thegreater the competition:Swallows eatinsectsBats eatinsectsHunt duringthe dayHunt duringthe night

Competition Is a struggle for resources: food,water, shelter, reproduction It may be direct, but often isindirect The fiercest competition is betweenorganisms of the same species

Food Web wordsProducer/Autotroph: sedge, algaeConsumers/heterotrophs:Herbivoresdaphnia, tadpole,geeseCarnivores-frogs,lizard, kookaburra

SYMBIOSIS-any closeassociation between two species MutualismBenefitsSpecies #1Benefits Species #2ParasitismHarmsSpecies #1Species #2BenefitsCommensalismSpecies #1 Doesn’tSpecies #2matterBenefits

ABIOTIC factors Are non-living factors that affectthe organism living there:

BIOTIC factors-factorsfrom living organisms PredationDecompositionShadeBeaver damsDisease

Ecology is . . .http://www.phschool.com/science/ca sci exp transparencies/earth sci unit5.pdf

CARRYING CAPACITY The amount of organisms anecosystem can support» The amount of organisms entering (birth,immigration) will equal those leaving (death,emigration)

The carrying capacity is Determined by limiting factors suchas amount of light, water, space(abiotic) and The amount of food (biotic) These are LIMITING FACTORS-– Sometimes limiting factors prevent aspecies from living there at all: too cold,too dry, etc.

Overpopulation will cause adramatic decrease in population numbers

Energy flows through daryConsumerLoss

The loss of energy ateach trophic levelresults in an energypyramid.Secondary ConsumerPrimary ConsumerProducerOnly 10% of theenergy is passedfrom one level tothe next.10100100010,000Sun

BIODIVERSITY-GOOD Low diversity-bad Ecosystems that have highbiodiversity are more stable andcan recover more quickly thanthose with low diversity Think food chain compared to foodweb:

ECOLOGICALSUCCESSION– Communities will change over time,replacing each other until a stable stageis reached.– The stable stage is called the climaxcommunity. It will continue unlessdisrupted.

HUMAN IMPACTS The cause of some of these issues isburning fossil fuels: Acid Rain Global Climate change

So, the solution is To use less fossil fuels by carpooling,turning down the thermostat in the winter,etc. A better solution is to use alternativefuels- wind, solar, geothermal, nuclear-donot emit air pollutants Most electricity is produced using fossilfuels so that is NOT an “alternative”energy source

OZONE DEPLETION Is caused mostly by using CFC’s inaerosols, refrigerants, packaging etc. The solution is to use thealternatives that have beendeveloped Careful recycling is also a goodsolution

INDUSTRIALIZATION Was caused by consumer demand formany cars, appliances, conveniences It has caused air pollution fromburning fossil fuels and waterpollution from chemicals used inprocessing Reducing, reusing, and recycling canalleviate some of the impact fromindustrialization

LOSS OF HABITAT Results from deforestation-usingwood for paper and building products And clearing land for development The negative effect is interruptedfood chains, more carbon dioxide inthe atmosphere, water pollution The solution can be reuse, reduce,recycle.

LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY Is caused by deforestation, acid rain,pesticide use, water pollution The effect is endangered species, lessclean water for human use, loss ofrecreation Again, less use of fossil fuel and recyclingwould help alleviate the situation.

INTRODUCED SPECIES Were usually caused by accidental orirresponsible importation of non-nativespecies to an area The effects are endangered species, lossof biodiversity, clogged water pipes, unnavigable waters, loss of forests. The solution is to wash off hulls of boatsand canoes before taking to a new area,finding biological ways of controllingpopulations

The next several pages are for you touse when you study this afternoonfor the exam

LE Regents review ECOLOGY Starts on p. 12 of your review packet . Definition: Ecology- The interaction of organisms in and with their environment. Organism Environment Affects . HABITAT Where an organism lives; includes the .

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