02 - Aggregate Gradation - Memphis
Aggregate Gradation
Important PropertiesGradationRelative density and absorptionHardness (resistance to wear)Durability (resistance to weathering)Shape and surface textureDeleterious substancesCrushing strengthSoft and lightweight particlesChemical stabilityCIVL 31372
Gradation AnalysisA gradation analysis (or sieve analysis) is a procedureused to assess the particle size distribution (gradation)of a granular material by allowing the material topass through a series of sieves of progressivelysmaller mesh size and weighing the amount ofmaterial that is stopped by each sieve as a fraction ofthe whole mass. The size distribution is often ofcritical importance to the way the material performsin use.CIVL 31373
Gradation Analysispercent coarserorpercent retainedpercent finerorpercent passingCIVL 3137 Percentagesare calculatedby mass4
Gradation Chart(typically used for soil)Percent Passing1008060Total mass percent passing each sieve40200100104.7510.10.01Opening Size (mm)CIVL 31375
Gradation Chart(typically used for aggregate)Percent Passing1008060Total mass percent passing each sieve402000.010.114.75 10100Opening Size (mm)CIVL 31376
Sieve ShakersMary Ann ShakerCIVL 31377
Screen ShakersGilson ShakerCIVL 31378
Sieve Sizes Used in ConstructionCIVL 31379
Sieve Sizes Used in ConstructionOpenings vary bya factor of twoCIVL 313710
Gradation Chart1½" ¾"Percent Passing (%)1003/ "848163050100 2008060402001001010.10.01Opening Size (mm)CIVL 313711
Gradation ExampleCIVL 313712
Gradation ExampleCIVL 313713
Typical Aggregate GradationsUniformly graded aggregateAll of the particles are approximately the same sizeOpen-graded aggregateVery little fine aggregate thus lots of void space between particlesGap-graded aggregateVery little aggregate in the medium size rangeDense-graded aggregateLots of different particle sizes thus very little void spaceCIVL 313714
Uniformly Graded Aggregate1½" ¾"Percent Passing1003/ "848163050100 .01Opening Size (mm)CIVL 313715
Uniformly Graded AggregateNarrow range of sizesGrain-to-grain contactHigh void contentHigh permeabilityLow stabilityDifficult to compactCIVL 313716
Open-Graded Aggregate1½" ¾"Percent Passing1003/ "848163050100 200Opengradedsand8060Opengradedgravel4020Few fines0100101Few fines0.10.01Opening Size (mm)CIVL 313717
Open-Graded AggregateDecent range of sizesVery few fine particlesGrain-to-grain contactHigh void contentHigh permeabilityHigh stabilityDifficult to compactCIVL 313718
Gap-Graded Aggregate1½" ¾"Percent Passing1003/ gravel4020100 200Gapgradedblend01001010.10.01Opening Size (mm)CIVL 313719
Gap-Graded AggregateWide range of sizesMissing middle sizesNo grain-to-grain contactModerate void contentModerate permeabilityLow stabilityEasy to compactCIVL 313720
Dense-Graded Aggregate1½" ¾"Percent Passing1003/ "848163050100 200806040Densegradedgravel2001001010.10.01Opening Size (mm)CIVL 313721
Dense-Graded AggregateWide range of sizesGrain-to-grain contactLow void contentLow permeabilityHigh stabilityDifficult to compactCIVL 313722
Fuller’s CurveFuller, W.B. and Thompson, S.E. “The laws ofproportioning concrete," Transactions of theASCE, v. 159, 1907. di pi D 0.50pi percent passing ith sievedi opening size of ith sieveD maximum particle sizeProduces the highest density and lowest void contentCIVL 313723
Aggregate gradation curves: (a) maximum density gradations for 37.5 and4.75 mm sizes based on the Fuller relationship; (b) a uniform aggregate;(c) a gap-graded aggregate; (d) screenings.CIVL 313724
FHWA Maximum Density CurveIn 1962 FHWA published a modified version ofFuller’s equation with a different exponent. di pi D 0.450.50pi percent passing ith sievedi opening size of ith sieveD maximum particle sizeProduces the highest density and lowest void contentCIVL 313725
Maximum density curves on Federal Highway Administration 0.45 power gradation chart.CIVL 313726
Dense-Graded Aggregate1½" ¾"Percent Passing1003/ "848163050100 20080TDOT g Size (mm)CIVL 313729
Dense-Graded Aggregate200Percent Passing1001/ " 5/ "2880TDOT 411-D6040MaximumDensityCurve200012345Opening Size (mm) Raised to the 0.45 PowerCIVL 313730
Gradation Analysis . Gap-graded aggregate Uniformly graded aggregate Dense-graded aggregate All of the particles are approximately the same size Very little fine aggregate thus lots of void space between particles . Microsoft
Concrete property Test description Test method Comments Workability Aggregate gradation ASTM C 136 / AASHTO T 27 ASTM C 566 /AASHTO T 255 Use the individual gradations and proportions to calculate the combined gradation. Combined gradation Tarantula curve Adjust combined gradation to achieve optimum workability
The sieve analysis, commonly known as the gradation test, is a basic essential test for determination of the gradation of a polydisperse aggregate. Gradation is the term used for the distribution of aggregate particles, by size, within a given sample. In practice a known weight of material, the
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803.6 Aggregate for Plant Mix Wearing Course 655 803.7 Aggregate for Microsurfacing 656 803.8 Aggregate for Chip Seal 656 803.9 Aggregate for Blotter 657 803.10 Aggregate for Bed Course Material 658 803.11 Gravel for Drains 658 803.12 Aggregate for Maintenance Stockpiles 658 803.13 Aggregate for Pervious Backfill Material 660
Crushed stone aggregate was obtained from nearby stone crusher plants of Visakhapatnam. After brushing the aggregate it was washed and dried. A set of sieves such as 53mm, 26.5mm, 9.5mm etc. have identified for the gradation of stone aggregate and for the fine aggregate 4.75mm, 2.36mm, 0.425mm, 0.075mm sizes were identified. Various percentages of
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