Final Basic Electronics Unit-1 (Class-XI) 22-01-2018
BASIC ELECTRONICSStudent HandbookClass - XICENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATIONShiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110092
BASIC ELECTRONICSStudent HandbookClass - XICENTRAL BOARD OF SECONDARY EDUCATIONShiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110092
Basic ElectronicsStudent Handbook, Class - XIPrice: First Edition : January 2018, CBSENo. of Copies :Paper Used : 80 GSM CBSE Water Mark White Maplitho“This book or part thereof may not be reproduced by any personany agency in any manner.”Published By: The Secretary, Central Board of Secondary Education,Shiksha Kendra, 2, Community Centre, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110092Design Layout&Composed By: Vijaylakshmi Printing Works Pvt. Ltd.,B-117, Sector-5, Noida-201301(U.P.)
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THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIAPREAMBLEWE, THE PEOPLE OF INDIA, having solemnly resolved to constitute India into a 1SOVEREIGNSOCIALIST SECULAR DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC and to secure to all its citizens :JUSTICE, social, economic and political;LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship;EQUALITY of status and of opportunity; and to promote among them allFRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the2 unity and integrity of the Nation;IN OUR CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY this twenty-sixth day of November, 1949, do HEREBY ADOPT,ENACT AND GIVE TO OURSELVES THIS CONSTITUTION.1.Subs, by the Constitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Act. 1976, sec. 2, for "Sovereign Democratic Republic” (w.e.f. 3.1.1977)2.Subs, by the Constitution (Forty-Second Amendment) Act. 1976, sec. 2, for "unity of the Nation” (w.e.f. 3.1.1977)THE CONSTITUTION OF INDIAChapter IV AFUNDAMENTAL DUTIESARTICLE 51AFundamental Duties - It shall be the duty of every citizen of India(a) to abide by the Constitution and respect its ideals and institutions, the National Flag and the NationalAnthem;(b) to cherish and follow the noble ideals which inspired our national struggle for freedom;(c) to uphold and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India;(d) to defend the country and render national service when called upon to do so;(e) to promote harmony and the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people of India transcendingreligious, linguistic and regional or sectional diversities; to renounce practices derogatory to the dignity ofwomen;(f)to value and preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture;(g) to protect and improve the natural environment including forests, lakes, rivers, wild life and to havecompassion for living creatures;(h) to develop the scientific temper, humanism and the spirit of inquiry and reform;(i)to safeguard public property and to abjure violence;(j)to strive towards excellence in all spheres of individual and collective activity so that the nation constantlyrises to higher levels of endeavour and achievement;1(k) to provide opportunities for education to his/her child or, as the case may be, ward between age of 6 and 14years.1.Subs. by the Constitution (Eighty - Sixth Amendment) Act, 2002
PrefaceThe technology is changing very fast. The invention of Electron was breakthrough towardsthe modernized shape of Electrical, Analog Electronics, Digital Electronics andNanotechnology. From Electron to Electronics, from Diode to Transistor, from Transistor toLogic Gates from Logic Gates to Chips (Integrated Circuits) and further advancements inNanotechnology and applications of Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) hasrevolutionized the electronics area.Any advanced technology is basically dependent on basic concepts. Keeping this inperspective CBSE has introduced Electronics Technology as a Vocational Course at SeniorSecondary level in class-XI (Level-3) and class-XII (Level-4). The Basic Electronics,Student Handbook for class XI has been designed to help the students to understand thebasics of electronics. The units of the book have been designed in a way that students can getthe concept of basics in sequence.The Student Handbook encompasses the evolution of electronics, atoms and element, atomicenergy level, field intensity, current density, electric field, magnetic field and cathode rayoscilloscope etc. The units relate to voltage and current where fundamentals of current,resistors, voltage source, battery etc., have been discussed. In addition, it focuses on basics ofsemiconductors which give an insight into metals, semiconductors, insulators, PN Junctiondiode, rectifiers etc. The content provides information about various configurations ofJunction Transistor, FET, MOSFET Transistor amplifier and its applications, SCR, DIACand TRIAC etc.The language used in this book is simple and easily understandable to the student at class XIlevel. Relevant pictorial illustrations, examples and simplified concepts help the student tolearn with ease and comfort.This book is authored by competent educationists in the field of Electronics andCommunication in association with CBSE focussing on helping the students to learn withoutany difficulty and use this book as a tool for easy learning.Chairperson, CBSE
AcknowledgementsADVISORS·Smt.Anita Karwal, IAS, Chairperson, CBSECONTENT DEVELOPED BY·Sh. Rakesh Kr. Dhammi, HOD, Department of Mechatronics, Delhi - (Convener)·Smt. Monika Garg, Assistant Professor, GP Pant Government Engineering College,Okhla, New Delhi·Smt. Charu Gaur, Assistant Professor, Department of Physics, Delhi Institute of ToolEngineering, Govt. of Delhi, Okhla, New DelhiEDITING & COORDINATION·Dr. Biswajit Saha, Director (Vocational & Training), CBSE
33.43.53.63.73.8Overview of Atom, Sub Atomic Particles & CROUnit Overview and DescriptionBrief History of ElectronicsAtoms and its ElementsBohr’s Atomic ModelAtomic Energy LevelElectronField IntensityPotential EnergyCurrent and Current DensityElectric FieldMagnetic FieldMotion of Charged Particles in Electric FieldCathode Ray 545455565657.5858Voltage & CurrentUnit Overview and DescriptionCurrent Flow TheoriesResistors2.2.1 Fixed Resistors2.2.2 Variable ResistorsIntroduction to CapacitorsThe InductorsVoltage SourceBattery (Electricity)Basics of SemiconductorUnit Overview and DescriptionSemiconductor MaterialsEnergy BandMaterial StructureEnergy GapField and Photo Electric EmissionIntrinsic & Extrinsic Semiconductor(n-type & p-type Semiconductors)Drift CurrentDiffusion Current
13.223.23Effects of Temperature on Conductivity of SemiconductorPN Junction Diode (Semiconductor Diode)Depletion LayerPotential BarrierForward & Reverse BiasingV-I Characteristic of SemiconductorResistance LevelBreakdown in Junction DiodeZener DiodePhoto DiodeLED (Light Emitting Diode)Diode as a RectifierVoltage MultipliersZener Diode RegulatorSpecial Information (Introduction to Filters, Clippers, 0.8591.9395969797989999100102Unit - 4 Bipolar Junction Transistor4.04.14.24.34.44.54.6Unit Overview and DescriptionBipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)BJT BiasingCB, CE and CC ConfigurationCharacteristics and Transistor Parameters for CB, CE, CC,ConfigurationIntroduction to FET, JFET, MOSFET, CMOS and VMOSCharacteristics of Various TransistorsUnit - 5 Transistor Amplifier and Applications5.05.15.25.35.45.55.65.75.85.9Unit Overview and DescriptionIntroduction to AmplifiersSingle and Multistage AmplifiersAmplifier CharacteristicsFeedbacks in AmplifiersIntroduction to OscillatorsMultivibrators (MVS)Signal GeneratorThyristorsLight Activated SCR (LASCR)
UNIT1Overview of Atom, Sub-Atomic Particles & CRO1.0 Unit Overview and Description?Overview?Knowledge and Skill Outcomes?Assessment Plan?Learning Outcomes?Resource Material?Topics CoveredBrief History of Electronics, Atoms and its Elements, Atomic Energy Level, Electron, FieldIntensity, Potential Energy, Current and Current Density, Electric Field, Magnetic Field, Motionof Charged Particles in Electric Field, Cathode Ray Oscilloscope.OverviewThis unit starts with the understanding of History of Electronics and Fundamentals Elements suchas Atoms and its Elements, Atomic Energy Level, Electron, Field Intensity, Potential Energy,Current and Current Density, Electric Field, Magnetic Field, Motion of Charged Particles inElectric Field, Cathode Ray Oscilloscope.Knowledge and Skill Outcomesi)Understanding of fundamentals of basic electronics elements.ii)Understanding of all about the atom and electron.iii)Knowledge of various types of fields.iv)Knowledge of Cathode Ray Oscilloscope.Assessment Plan: (For the Teachers)Unit-1TopicBrief History of Electronics, Atoms andits Elements, Bohr’s Atomic Model,Atomic Energy Level.Electron, Field Intensity, PotentialEnergy, Current and Current Density.Electric Field, Magnetic Field, Motionof Charged Particles in Electric Field,Cathode Ray Oscilloscope.Basic ElectronicsAssessmentMethodExercise:Question &AnswerExercise:Question &AnswerExercise:Question &AnswerTimePlanTwo HoursRemarksTwo HoursTwo Hours1
Learning OutcomesUnit-1 Overview of Atom, Sub-Atomic Particles & CRO OutcomesBrief History of Electronics.(i) Understanding the Brief Historyof Electronics.Overview of Atoms.(ii) Understanding the Atoms and itsElements.Sub-Atomic Particles.(i) Identification of Sub-AtomicParticles.CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope).(i) Understanding of Cathode RayOscilloscope.1.1 Brief History of ElectronicsThe word ‘Electronics’ is originated from the word electron which is a branch of science dealingwith theory and use of devices in which the electrons travel through a vacuum, gas or asemiconductor medium. Electronics is that field of science which deals with the motion ofelectrons under the influence of applied electric and/or magnetic field. Electronics can beclassified into two branches: Physical Electronics and Electronics Engineering. Physicalelectronics deals with the motion of electronics in a vacuum, gas or semiconductor. Whereas,electronics engineering deals with the design, fabrication and application of electronic devices.Alternatively we can define Electronics as the science of how to control the electric energy,energy in which the electrons have a fundamental role. Electronics deals with electrical circuitsthat involve active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes, integratedcircuits, and associated passive electrical components and interconnection technologies.Commonly, electronic devices contain circuitry consisting primarily or exclusively of activesemiconductors supplemented with passive elements; such a circuit is described as an electroniccircuit.Electronics has evolved around three components; vacuum tubes, transistor, and integratedcircuits. In 1883, Thomas Alva Edison discovered that electrons will flow from one metalconductor to another through vacuum. This discovery of conductor is known as Edison Effect. In1897, John Fleming applied Edison Effect in inventing a two- element electron tube called diode.In 1906, Lee de Forest utilized Edison Effect to invent a three-element tube called triode. Diodeand triode were instrumental in amplification and transmission of electrical energy. But vacuumtubes were bulky, fragile and had high power consumption. Therefore, it gave rise to anotherinvention, and it was a prominent development in the field of electronics. In 1948 John Bardeen,Walter Brattain and William Shockley at Bell Laboratories developed Transistor and they receivedNobel Prize for their creation. These metal transistors replaced vacuum tubes as thissemiconductor device are compact in size, light in weight, low cost, less power consumption, fastand have longer life if operated within same operating conditions.The concept of the integrated circuit was proposed in 1952 by Geoffrey W. A. Dummer, a Britishelectronics expert with the Royal Radar Establishment. Throughout the 1950s, transistors were2
mass produced on single wafers and cut apart. The total semiconductor circuit was a simple stepaway from this; it combined transistors and diodes (active devices) and capacitors and resistors(passive devices) on a planar unit or chip. The semiconductor industry and the silicon integratedcircuit (SIC) evolved simultaneously at Texas Instruments and Fairchild Semiconductor Company.By 1961, integrated circuits were in full production at a number of firms, and designs ofequipment changed rapidly and in several directions to adapt to the technoloy. Bipolar transistorsand digital integrated circuits were made first, but analog ICs, large-scale integration (LSI), andvery-large-scale integration (VLSI) followed by the mid-1970s. VLSI consists of thousands ofcircuits with on-and-off switches or gates between them on a single chip. Microcomputers,medical equipment, video cameras, and communication satellites are only examples of devicesmade possible by integrated circuits.The history of electronics can be summarized as:Evolution of Electronics1890: Hertz performed experiment on generation of electromagnetic waves.1894: Sir J. C. Bose discovered the propagation of radio waves.1895: H. A. Lorentz postulated the existence of electron.1897: J. J. Thomson experimentally verified the existence of electron.1897: Braun invented first electron tube.1904: Fleming invented diode.1906: De Forest invented triode.1912: Application of radio and birth of Institute of Radio Engineers at USA.1930: Monochrome Television invented.1950: Colour TV came to existence.1963: IEEE introduced.Evolution of Transistors1948: Brattain, Bardeen invented point contact transistor.1948: Shockley discovered junction transistor.1951: Commercial production of transistor.1958: Kilby (Texas Instruments, USA) gave idea of monolithic.1961: Fairchild and Texas Instruments commercially produced Integrated Circuits(IC).Evolution of ICs1960: Small Scale Integration (SSI) ( 100 components per chip).1966: Medium Scale Integration (MSI) ( 100 and 1000 components per chip).1969: Large Scale Integration (LSI) ( 1000 and 10000 components per chip).1975: Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) ( 10000 components per chip).Basic Electronics3
1.2 Atoms and its Elements1.2.1 Definition of AtomAtom is the smallest unit of matter that defines the chemical element. Every solid, liquid, gas andplasma is made up of atom. The atoms are very small: the size of atoms is measured in picometers– trillionths (10–12) of a meter. Every atom is composed of a nucleus and one or more electronsthat orbit the nucleus. Protons and neutrons are called nucleons. Over 99.94% of the atom’s massis in the nucleus. The protons have a positive electric charge, the electrons have a negative electriccharge, and the neutrons have no electric charge. If the number of protons and electrons are equal,that atom is electrically neutral. If an atom has a surplus or deficit of electrons relative to protons,then it has an overall positive or negative charge, and is called an ion.1.2.2 Elements of AtomElements consist of only one kind of atom and can’t be decomposed into simpler substance.Therefore, atom is the most fundamental unit of matter which is capable of independent existencein the atom is defined as its element. An atom consists of a central unit called nucleus aroundwhich a number of smaller particles move around the nucleus. The nuclei of all the elements(except hydrogen which has only one proton in its nucleus) contains two types of particles calledprotons and neutrons. The protons and neutrons have same mass. Protons are positively chargedparticles whereas neutrons are electrically neutral. The mass of an atom is concentrated in itsnucleus. The electrons revolving around the nucleus are very light in weight. An electron is 1850times lighter than a proton or neutron. An electron has same amount of charge as proton.However, the charge on electron is negative. Since matter in its normal state is electrically neutral,therefore the atom should be neutral. In an atom, the number of orbiting electron must be the sameas the number of protons in its nucleus.1.3 Bohr’s Atomic ModelBy early 1900s, the scientists understood that matter is composed of atoms and that the atom ofHydrogen contained positive charge e at its centre and –e outside at its centre. However, no oneunderstood why the electrical attraction between the electron and positive charge did not cause thetwo to collapse. One clue came from the fact that a hydrogen atom cannot emit and absorb allwavelengths of visible light. Rather, it can emit and absorb only four particular wavelengths ofvisible range. Johann Balmer devised a formula that gave those wavelengths:111for n 3,4,5, and 6.(1.1) R 2 – 2λ2nHere R is constant. No one knew why this formula gave the right wavelength or why no othervisible wavelengths are emitted or absorbed until 1913 when Bohr saw Balmer’s equation andquickly realized that he could derive it after few assumptions:1.The electron in hydrogen atom orbits the nucleus in a circle.2.The magnitude of angular momentum L of electron in its orbit is restricted to the valuesL nh (nh – bar) for n 1,2,3 .(1.2)Where h (h – bar) is h/2ð and n is the quantum number.Let us consider the simplest example of hydrogen atom, which contains an electron that is trappedto be near proton, which forms atom’s nucleus. We will not consider about nucleus, in fact, we4
will use the fact that negatively charged electron is attracted by coulomb force to positivelycharged proton. As the mass of proton is greater than mass of electron, we assume that proton isfixed in place.We know that electron energy E and change in en
electronics engineering deals with the design, fabrication and application of electronic devices. Alternatively we can define Electronics as the science of how to control the electric energy, energy in which the electrons have a fundamental role. Electronics deals with electrical circuits
LG Electronics V10 10 LG Electronics V20 10 LG Electronics V30 30 LG Electronics V40 ThinQ Dual SIM 80 LG Electronics V50 ThinQ 160 LG Electronics VELVET 4G 100 LG Electronics VELVET 5G 120 LG Electronics X Powe
Analogue Electronics: 24 hours of lectures and tutorials (12 weeks 2 hours/week) Assessment for analogue electronics: Mid-semester test in November, analogue electronics only, 1 hour, 8% of the final mark. Final examination in January, analogue & digital electronics, 2 hours, 50% of the final mark.
BASIC WIRING TABLE OF CONTENTS Unit I: Occupational Introduction 1 Unit II: General Safety 15 Unit III: Electrical Safety 71 Unit IV: Hand Tools 101 Unit V: Specialty Tools and Equipment 195 Unit VI: Using Trade Information 307 Unit VII: Basic Equipment 343 Unit VIII: Basic Theory 415 Unit IX: DC Circuits 469 Unit X: AC Circuits 533 Unit XI: Wiring Methods 641 Unit XII: Conductors 685
Medical Electronics Lab This Lab facilitates two major skills development: 1. Basic Analog & Digital Electronics 2. Medical Electronics ( Application of electronics in biomedical ) For Basic Electronics skills development the Lab is equipped with Com3 Kits which have electronics trainer boards interfaced with software on PC. This
Trigonometry Unit 4 Unit 4 WB Unit 4 Unit 4 5 Free Particle Interactions: Weight and Friction Unit 5 Unit 5 ZA-Chapter 3 pp. 39-57 pp. 103-106 WB Unit 5 Unit 5 6 Constant Force Particle: Acceleration Unit 6 Unit 6 and ZA-Chapter 3 pp. 57-72 WB Unit 6 Parts C&B 6 Constant Force Particle: Acceleration Unit 6 Unit 6 and WB Unit 6 Unit 6
4. Basic Electronics(7 th Edition)-Malvino and Bates 5. Electronics Fundamentals and Applications-D. Chattopadhyay and P.G.Rakshit, 6. Electronics: Fundamentals of Analog circuits-Thomas L. Floyd, David Buchla, 7. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory-Robert Boylestad, Louis Nashelsky 8. Basic Electronics-Debashis De 9. Basic Electronics .
Final Exam Answers just a click away ECO 372 Final Exam ECO 561 Final Exam FIN 571 Final Exam FIN 571 Connect Problems FIN 575 Final Exam LAW 421 Final Exam ACC 291 Final Exam . LDR 531 Final Exam MKT 571 Final Exam QNT 561 Final Exam OPS 571
employment as an electronics technician should have a broad background in basic electronics. The Pre-employment Test screens applicants basic electronics knowledge. The basic skills and knowledge are . Evaluate faults in electrical circuits using basic theory of motors and generators . 9) Digital Electronics. a) Develop the Truth Tables for .
