ElEctricity - Troop 109
BOY SCOUTS OF AMERICAMERIT BADGE SERIESElectricity
Requirements1. Demonstrate that you know how to respond to electricalemergencies by doing the following:a. Show how to rescue a person touching a live wire inthe home.b. Show how to render first aid to a person who isunconscious from electrical shock.c. Show how to treat an electrical burn.d. Explain what to do in an electrical storm.e. Explain what to do in the event of an electrical fire.2. Complete an electrical home safety inspection of yourhome, using the checklist found in this pamphlet or oneapproved by your counselor. Discuss what you find withyour counselor.3. Make a simple electromagnet and use it to show magneticattraction and repulsion.4. Explain the difference between direct current andalternating current.5. Make a simple drawing to show how a battery and anelectric bell work.6. Explain why a fuse blows or a circuit breaker trips. Tellhow to find a blown fuse or tripped circuit breaker in yourhome. Show how to safely reset the circuit breaker.7. Explain what overloading an electric circuit means. Tellwhat you have done to make sure your home circuits arenot overloaded.35886ISBN 978-0-8395-3408-2 2004 Boy Scouts of America2010 PrintingBANG/Brainerd, MN1-2010/059230
8. On a floor plan of a room in your home, make a wiringdiagram of the lights, switches, and outlets. Show whichfuse or circuit breaker protects each one.9. Do the following:a. Read an electric meter and, using your family’s electricbill, determine the energy cost from the meter readings.b. Discuss with your counselor five ways in which yourfamily can conserve energy.10. Explain the following electrical terms: volt, ampere, watt,ohm, resistance, potential difference, rectifier, rheostat,conductor, ground, circuit, and short circuit.11. Do any TWO of the following:a. Connect a buzzer, bell, or light with a battery. Have akey or switch in the line.b. Make and run a simple electric motor (not from a kit).c. Build a simple rheostat. Show that it works.d. Build a single-pole, double-throw switch. Show thatit works.e. Hook a model electric train layout to a house circuit.Tell how it works.electricity3
ContentsWhat Is Electricity?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Forms of Electricity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9Common Electrical Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24Current in Motion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29Responding to Electrical Emergencies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53Electricity Resources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62electricity5
What Is Electricity?.What Is Electricity?The wordelectricity comesfrom electron,the Greek wordfor amber.Electricity is a powerful and fascinating force of nature. Asearly as 600 b.c., observers of the physical world suspectedthat electricity existed but did not have a name for it. In fact,real progress in unraveling the mystery of electricity has comeonly within the last 250 years. Important discoveries by scientists such as Benjamin Franklin, who proved that lightning is atremendously powerful electrical spark, have given us a morecomplete picture of what electricity is and how we can harnessits power.To begin to understand electricity as an awesome force,one must start with the basics. Electricity is a rapid transfer ofcharged particles called electrons, which create levels of energydepending upon how they transfer.AtomsAll things are made of tiny particles called atoms. You are madeof atoms, and so are your friends, your clothes, the food youeat, and the air you breathe. Atoms are so small that it takesmillions of them to form the period at the end of this sentence.Every atom is made up of even tinier particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons. Protons are positively charged,and neutrons are neutral—they have no charge. Together,protons and neutrons form the nucleus, or core, of an atom.Electrons, which are negatively charged, speed around thenucleus, orbiting it in layers called shells.The positive charge of the protons in the nucleus equals thetotal negative charge of the electrons in orbit. This makes theatom neutral, or balanced. Protons and electrons have a naturalattraction to each other, which helps to keep the atom stable.Much as the gravitational force of the sun holds planets in theirorbits, electrical forces hold electrons around the nucleus.6electricity
.What Is Electricity?neutronprotonelectronTo picture the structureof an atom, think aboutthe arrangement of oursolar system. Just asplanets orbit the sun,electrons move aroundthe nucleus of an atom.AtomIt is important to understand the atom’s structure becausethe electrical charge of the electron is the basic unit of electricity.The position and movement of positively and negatively chargedparticles cause the electric and magnetic effects you will beworking on to earn your Electricity merit badge.Ions and BalanceOutermost shellThe bond that holds electrons in orbitis weakest in the atom’s outermostshells. A free-moving electron canbump into and knock electrons outof an atom’s outermost shell. Theseloose electrons, in turn, can bumpinto still other atoms and dislodgemore electrons. Moving together, theseHydrogen atomfreed electrons form electric current.Electrons are easily dislodgedfrom, or rubbed off of, an atom because they are lightweightand, in the outermost shells, accessible. (Protons are heavy anddo not rub off easily.) Imagine electrons as grains of dust spinning swiftly around a central core of iron. You can see why thelightweight, negatively charged electrons are constantly rubbingoff or being lifted by nearby atoms and ions.Oxygen atomWhen an atom loses one or more of its electrons, the atom becomespositively charged, or out of balance. If an atom gains free-movingelectrons, it becomes negatively charged, and also out of balance.Out-of-balance atoms are called ions.electricity7
.Forms of ElectricityForms of ElectricityHave you ever watched with wonder as lightning lit up thenight sky during a thunderstorm? Have you ever combed yourhair on a cold day and heard it crackle? Have you ever pulleda clingy sock away from your T-shirt as it was removed from awarm dryer? All these phenomena are examples of electricity.Static ElectricityTry this experiment. Shuffle across a thick carpet on a dry dayand then lightly touch a doorknob. You will jump. You mighteven see a spark. The crackling noises and sparks indicate thepresence of static electricity.Thales of Miletus (625–547 b.c.), an ancient Greekphilosopher, knew rubbing amber, or fossilized treeresin, with a piece of wool or fur would make asmall, lightweight object like a feather fly up andcling to it. Rubbing makes the amber electricallynegative and able to exert force over a distance, likea magnet. As the charge is lost, the amber loses itsattraction and the feather floats back down.While Thales did not completely understand theforce that attracted a feather to rubbed amber, herecorded some of the first observations of magnetismand electricity.Static electricity is electricity transferred by rubbing objectstogether. It can be stored on the surface of materials like rubber,glass, cloth, and amber. The electrical charge builds up until itdischarges, or jumps. The sparks and crackling noises are staticelectricity in motion.electricity9
Forms of Electricity.When you comb your hair and produce static electricity,loose electrons are rubbing off the hair atoms and clinging tothe atoms of the comb. Losing electrons leaves the hair atomspositively charged; gaining extra electrons makes the combnegatively charged. Because different (unlike) charges attracteach other, your hair tries to stick to the comb.Unlike charges attract; like charges repel, similar tothe way unlike poles of magnets attract while thelike poles repel. Try this experiment: Rub two inflatedballoons against your sweater and tie them to a stickwith the rubbed sides facing each other. Becauseboth balloons have the same charge they will swingaway from, or repel, one another.Rubbing, or friction, does not create static electricity; itmerely separates negative and positive charges and transfersthem onto different bodies, or onto different parts of thesame body.A static charge is an accumulated electrical chargeon an object. It is capable of producing a spark thatcan cause an explosion. For example, when fillingthe gas tank of a car or boat, you must keep the pumpnozzle in constant contact with the fill pipe to preventa static charge (a spark) from igniting gas fumes.When objects out of electrical balance approach eachother, a spark may jump from one to the other, which is whathappened when you shuffled across the carpet and touched thedoorknob. Electrons jumped from an object overcharged withelectrons to an object short of electrons.10electricity
.Forms of ElectricityLightningLightning is caused by static electricity. As positive and negativecharges become separated during a thunderstorm, they buildup in different parts of the clouds. Eventually, they jump thegap between regions of opposite charge, discharging theirbuildup. The discharge is lightning—a mighty stream ofelectrons leaping through the sky. Some lightning bolts strikethe ground, but most jump from one part of a cloud to another.Electrostatic GeneratorsElectrostatic generators, created in England by FrancisHauksbee (1666–1713), generated significant amounts ofelectrical charge. One such machine used the friction createdfrom leather pressing on a revolving glass cylinder to producean electrical charge, which in turn was transferred to a metalcomb. The electrical charge then traveled from the comb toan attached metal ball, and then into a Leyden jar for storage.Ben Franklin’s KiteAfter watching lightning jump from cloud to cloudand from cloud to ground, American statesman andscientist Benjamin Franklin (1706–1790) determinedthat an electrical charge was like a fluid seepingthrough an object, and that it could jump to anotherobject, making a spark. To prove his point, he tieda metal key to a kite and flew it in a sky threateninga thunderstorm. The electrical charge from lightningleapt to the key and produced a spark of electricity.Franklin was lucky to survive the risky experiment, but he proved that lightning is aform of electricity. After his experiment, he invented the lightningrod, an iron rod that wouldsafely conduct lightning fromthe top of a building tothe ground.Ben Franklin’soriginal lightningrod, above;modern-daylightningrod, belowelectricity11
Forms of Electricity.Named for the university in the Netherlandswhere it was invented, the Leyden jar was thefirst storage container for electricity. The chargecould not pass through the glass so it built upinside. If a metal rod was held near the jar, thecharge leapt from a metal ball on top through adischarger to the outer metal coating on the jar,causing a spark.Modern devices that store electrical chargeare called capacitors. They are found insidemany household appliances, from washingmachines to CD players. Though most are thesize of a dime, they generally follow the sameprinciple as a Leyden jar.MagnetismElectricity and magnetism, although they seem quite different,are actually two forms of the same force. An electric currentproduces magnetism. To put it another way, whenever electricitymoves, magnetism is produced. And whenever a magnetic forcefield changes, electricity is produced.William Gilbert (1544–1603), a doctor to England’s royal family, wroteabout magnetism and electricity in 1600. He was the first person to usethe word “electric,” and he invented what is believed to be the earliestelectrical instrument. The device had a pointer, which would swingtoward objects like straw and paper that carried an electrical chargewhen rubbed. He named objects that attracted the pointer “electrics,”and those that did not “nonelectrics.”Gilbert believed there were two types of electricity. Glass rubbedwith silk made what he called vitreous electricity. Amber rubbed withfur made resinous electricity. Gilbert showed that objects with the sametype of electricity repelled each other, while those containing differentkinds attracted each other.12electricity
.Forms of ElectricityElectromagnetismItalian Alessandro Volta (1745–1827) thought electricity cameonly from contact between two metals; he called it metallicelectricity. He was not absolutely correct, either. But Volta didinvent the earliest electric cell, which became known as thevoltaic pile. It used two different metals, separated by moistchemicals, to produce a continuous transfer of electrical charge.When the charge transferred along wires, the chemicalsseparated out more electrical charge. By piling up lots of cells,Volta created the first battery, with every set of cells producingslightly more than 1 volt of electricity.Volt, the modern unit of electric potential, is the strength orelectric push of the transferring charge. Today’s high-voltagepower lines operate at 500,000 volts or more while a modernhouse circuit operates at 110 or 220 volts.With Volta’s invention of the battery in 1800, scientistsfinally had a source of steadily transferring electric current.Twenty years later, Copenhagen researcher Hans ChristianOersted (1777–1851) linked electricity and magnetism, observingthat a metal wire carrying electrical current affected a magneticcompass needle. Instead of following Earth’s north-south magnetic field, the needle aligned itself with the electrified wire’smagnetic field. Oersted’s discovery that the electric current hadproduced magnetism became known as electromagnetism. Thisnew scientific field would become the springboard for development of the electric motor and the electromagnet.Making ConnectionsInspired by Oersted’s discovery, André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836), a Frenchman, set out to explain the connection betweenelectricity and magnetism. Ampère’s work led to a much fullerunderstanding of the relationship between electricity and magnetism, which eventually led to important applications such asthe telegraph and electromagnet.electricity13
Forms of Electricity.He found that when electricity passed through a metalwire onto a card containing iron filings, and the card wastapped lightly, the filings lined up in a circular patternaround the magnetic field created by the electrifiedwire. When the electric current was turned off, thefilings again relaxed into their random arrangementon the card.The AmpEREWith further experimentation, Ampère discoveredthat two parallel electric currents running in the samedirection attract each other, and that parallel currents running in opposite directions repel each other. The modern unit ofcurrent, the ampere, was named in his honor.ElectromagnetsIn 1825, William Sturgeon (1783–1850) wound a coil of wirearound an iron rod and built one of the first electromagnets.It differed from a permanent magnet as its magnetism couldbe switched on and off by electrical current.Demonstrations of electricity’s properties were of great scientificinterest in the 18th century.Stephen Gray (1666–1736), a British scientist, figured out that anyobject that touches an electrified object will itself become electrified.This process—transferring a charge from one substance to another—is known as electrical conduction.14electricity
.Forms of ElectricityImportant Safety NotesIn your experiments, always usebatteries as the power source. Do NOTuse electricity from household circuits;it is dangerous and can cause serious injury. The onlyexception is for requirement 11e, hooking a model electric train layout to a household circuit. Never work onhousehold circuits without first turning off the circuitbreaker or removing the fuse, and always work onelectricity with the help of an electrician or an otherwisequalified adult.Wires. To prepare insulated wires for experiments,you must carefully strip some of the plastic coating(insulation) from each end to expose the metal. Usean electrician’s wire stripper, or gently cut the plasticwith a pocketknife. If you use stranded wire ratherthan solid-core, twist the strands tightly clockwise.Connections. Join wires and batteries together withelectrician’s tape, metal paper clips, or alligator clips.Make sure metal parts touch tightly or your experiments will not work.electricity15
Forms of Electricity.Make a Simple ElectromagnetThis experiment shows that a wire carrying a current issurrounded by an invisible magnetic field, or force, and itillustrates how closely electricity and magnetism are related.Step 1—Wrap a lengthof insulated (plasticcoated) wire around acardboard tube.Plastic-coated wireStep 2—Connect thewire to a 4.5-volt or6-volt battery andto a switch.Step 3—Slide a smallcompass into the middleof the cardboard tube.Step 4—Swivel thepaper clip against andaway from the thumbtack to switch the electric circuit on and off.Circuit is closed.Watch what happens to the compass needle as you openand close the circuit. When you close the circuit, the electriccurrent produces magnetism in the coil of wire. The magnetismall around the wire makes the compass needle swing. Whenthe circuit is broken (you open the paper-clip switch), nomagnetism is produced so the needle again points north.Magnet EarthDid you know that you live on what is essentially a hugemagnet? Earth, like any magnet, has magnetic north and southpoles. What we call the magnetic north pole is located nearBathurst Island, north of Hudson Bay in Canada—more than athousand miles south of the geographic North Pole. What wecommonly call the magnetic south pole is near the Adélie Coastof Antarctica, about 1,600 miles from the geographic South Pole.16electricity
.Forms of ElectricityNatural and Artificial MagnetsMagnetic iron ore is found in different parts of Earth. Thismagnetite, or lodestone, is one example of a natural magnet.In the early Middle Ages, sailors learned that when a slenderpiece of iron was rubbed on a chunk of magnetite, the ironwould become temporarily magnetized. If a piece of hard steelis rubbed on lodestone, the steel will remain magnetized for along time, becoming a permanent artificial magnet.Magnets are either permanent or temporary.Permanent magnets are made of hard steel and retaintheir magnetic effect for a long time. Temporary magnets are made of soft iron or a soft grade of steel andretain their magnetism only when they are in contactwith another magnet or are being energized by anelectric current.Magnetic Attraction and RepulsionOne end of a magnet is its south pole; the other end, its northpole. If you hang a magnet on a string, one end will alwayspoint north. You can use a hanging magnet to demonstrate thelaw of attraction and repulsion. Bring the north pole of anothermagnet toward the north pole of a magnet on a string. Thehanging magnet will spin around until its south pole meets thenorth pole of the magnet in your hand. Like poles repel eachother. Unlike poles attract.Because ofchanges in Earth’smagnetic field, themagnetic polesare not specificlocations butgeneral areas.Studies over aperiod of manyyears show thatthe magneticpoles changelocation with time.Try this experiment: Stick a magnetizedneedle through a small cork, then floatit in a saucer of water. Hold anothermagnet over the floating needle andnotice how you can control it, throughattraction and repulsion, by turning themagnet in your hand.electricity17
Forms of Electricity.When you cutoff the electriccurrent from anelectromagnet,it is no longermagnetized. Anelectromagnetcore is whatIron filings scattered on an index card or stiff paper andheld over a horseshoe magnet will arrange themselveslike this. The lines are called lines of magnetic force.operates door-The Magnetic Fieldbells, buzzers, CDIn the floating needle experiment, you found what seemed likean invisible circle of po
Electricity is a powerful and fascinating force of nature. As early as 600 b.c., observers of the physical world suspected that electricity existed but did not have a name for it. In fact, real progress in unraveling the mystery of electricity has come only within the last 250 years. Important discoveries by scien-
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Division 1 - Electricity safety officers 107. Interpretation of Part 7 108. Appointment of electricity safety officers 109. Entity and retailer to keep and maintain register 110. Reporting to Director 111. Electricity safety officer identity card 112. Electricity safety officers may enter land or premises in relation to electricity .
What is the difference between static electricity and current electricity? Static electricity is stationary or collects on the surface of an object, whereas current electricity is flowing very rapidly through a conductor. The flow of electricity in current electricity has electrical pressure or voltage. Electric charges flow from an areaFile Size: 767KB
2 The Adventures of Tom Sawyer. already through with his part of the work (picking up chips), for he was a quiet boy, and had no adventurous, troublesome ways. While Tom was eating his supper, and stealing sugar as opportunity offered, Aunt Polly asked him questions that were full of guile, and very deep for she wanted to trap him into damaging revealments. Like many other simple-hearted souls .
