O S E 1 N FISHES OF NEW YORK
SECTION1FISHES OFNEW YORKNew York State is home to more than 165freshwater fish species, including some thatwere around when dinosaurs roamed theland. These fish come in all different sizes,from two-inch darters to sturgeon that cangrow to more than seven feet. They comein all different shapes, too. Sunfish havecompressed bodies, whereas commoncarp are fat and round. Pike and pickerelare long and narrow. The different sizes,shapes and colors are not accidental—eachhas a purpose in helping a fish surviveand reproduce.Beginners’ Guide to Freshwater Fishing1
FISHES OF NEW YORKWHAT MAKES A FISH A FISH? It lives in water. It has fins. It has gills.FISH FEATURESFins – Fins help fish move through the water. Thecaudal (tail) fin pushes the fish forward, while the otherfins are used for steering and balance. They allow thefish to stay in one place and to dive to the bottom orrise to the surface. It is cold-blooded.pectoral findorsal fincaudal (tail) finGills – We use our lungs to get oxygen from theair. Fish use their gills to get oxygen from the water.Without gills, fish cannot live. The gill cover protects thesensitive gills from injury.Scales – Most fish have scales that cover all or aportion of their bodies, protecting them against injury.Some fish are completely scaleless, such as catfishand lamprey.gill coverpelvic finanal finSpines – Some fish, like sunfish and perch, have spines in their fins to protectthem against predators. Always be careful when handling these types of fish.Go to page 23 for tips on how to hold the fish you catch.Slime – Have you ever held a fish? What does it feel like? Slimy? Slippery?The slime is there for a reason—to protect fish against diseases and helpthem glide through the water. So before you hold a fish, always wet yourhands. That way, the slime will stay where it belongs.Rock BassHOW OLD AM I?annular rings2haveha300 field ofvisionBiologists can use scales or otoliths(ear stones) to age fish. Just as youcan age a tree by the rings in a crosssection of the trunk, you can estimatea fish’s age by looking at its scalesor otoliths.Fish use most of the senseshumans do to help them survivein their environment.FisFISH SENSESSightThe next time you look at a fish,see how its eyes bulge out ofits head. While humans can onlysee about 180 degrees aroundthemselves, fish have a muchbroader field of vision and cansee 300 degrees.60 blindUnlike warm-blooded birds and mammals whose body temperature changes verylittle, the body temperature of cold-blooded animals, such as fish and reptiles,changes with the temperature of the environment. That’s a big reason why youshould retrieve your lure slowly when the water is cold.Beginners’ Guide to Freshwater Fishing
FISHES OF NEW YORKHearingEven though you can’t see them, fish have an inner ear on each side of theirheads that aids in balance and allows them to sense vibrations caused bysounds in the water. That’s why fish spook so easily if you make too muchnoise when fishing.naresLateral LineFish have a lateral line that runsdown the length of their bodies.This row of special cells helpsthem sense vibrations caused byother animals in the water.lateral lineSmellEven though they’re underwater, fish have nostrils, or nares, that they use toseek out food. Some fish even use their sense of smell to return to their birthstreams to spawn (reproduce).TastebarbelsMost fish have taste buds in their mouths, but some fish have them in theirgills and barbels (whiskers). Catfish, with their very small eyes and poor vision,rely on their barbels to locate food. Despite myths you may have heard,barbels don’t sting!SWIMBLADDERBrown BullheadDID YOU KNOWWe know fins help fish move about, but what is it that keeps them suspendedwithin a waterbody instead of floating to the top or sinking to the bottom?It’s an organ called the swim bladder. This gas-filled sac can be inflated ordeflated by the fish. When it is filled just right, the fish is “neutrally buoyant,”meaning it won’t sink or float. This helps the fish stay exactly where it wantsto be without having to swim.A freshwater drum canmake a grunting noise byvibrating its swim bladder.BODY SHAPEA fish’s shape tells you a lot about how it lives.Built for speedLaying LowWith its torpedo-shaped body andlarge fins in the back, chain pickerelare one of the state’s fastest fish.Catfish have compressed bodies,large pectoral fins and barbels,making them ideal for living onthe bottom.Beginners’ Guide to Freshwater Fishing3
FISHES OF NEW YORKCOLORATIONWhen it comes to coloration, fish are very good at blendinginto their surroundings. After all, it’s all about survival.Largemouth bass tend to have a greenish color, whichhelps them blend in with the weedy areas where they live.Smallmouth bass prefer rocky areas, so they have a brownbody. Sunfish and perch can be found hiding in plants.Having vertical bars up and down their bodies helps themblend in.Most fish exhibit countershading, an adaptation that makesthem difficult for predators to see. By having dark colorationon the top half of their bodies, they blend in with thebottom when looked at from above. Similarly, by being lightcolored on the bottom half of their bodies, they blend withthe light from the surface when looked at from below.A FISH’S TALEAll living things must reproduce so their species continues.Spawning between male and female fish occurs at certaintimes of the year, usually spring or fall, depending on thespecies. Most eggs are laid on plants or on the bottom of alake or river, often in nests guarded by the male. Fish thatdon’t take care of their young lay more eggs than fish thatdo. After eggs are fertilized, the embryo begins to form inthe egg.After hatching, the young are called fry. The amount of timeit takes for fry to hatch depends on the species and thewater temperature. Young fish, called sac fry, have a yolksac which provides nourishment as they grow.Eventually, the yolk sac is absorbed and fry begin feedingon tiny, microscopic animals called zooplankton.As they grow larger, the young are called juveniles, orfingerlings. Their diet consists of aquatic insects andsmaller fish.4BIRD’S EYE VIEWEver look for fish from a bridge? It’s tough! From above,their dark-colored backs make them hard to see againstshadowed bottoms. To make it easier, look for fish swimmingover light-colored patches. This is a great example of aform of natural camouflage called “countershading.”Find the troutFUN FACTS A female walleye can produce up to 500,000 eggs, butonly around 25,000 will actually hatch. Bass eggs take a few days to hatch, but trout eggs cantake weeks or longer.Mark BaturMark BaturFertilized eggs with developing embryosLargemouth bass blending in with its habitatSac fryBeginners’ Guide to Freshwater FishingJuvenile (fingerling)
FISHES OF NEW YORKCOMMON AND INTERESTING FISH OF NEW YORK STATEThe following tables show common New York freshwater fish andsome other interesting fish. Also see the “Key to Identifying CommonNew York Freshwater Fish” at the end of this chapter.ST. LAWRENCERIVERLAKECHAMPLAINBLACK RIVERLAKE ONTARIO & TRIBSWATERSHED KEYUPPERHUDSONRIVER Niagara River/Lake Erie – LEMOHAWK RIVER Black River – B Atlantic Ocean/Long Island – LIOSWEGO RIVER/FINGER LAKESNIAGARARIVER/LAKE ERIEGENESEERIVERSUSQUEHANNARIVER Delaware River – D St. Lawrence River – SLCHEMUNGRIVERALLEGHENY RIVER Lake Champlain – LC Lower Hudson River – LH Chemung River – C Housatonic River – H Lake Ontario & tribs – LO Ramapo River – R Upper Hudson River – UH Allegheny River – A Genesee River – G Mohawk River – M Susquehanna River – S Oswego River/Finger Lakes – FLSPECIESAVERAGE/MAXIMUM SIZE14-24 in./grow to 4 ft.Sea LampreyHABITATPREFERENCELarvae burrow insand in quietwater for4-5 years; adultsmove to oceanor large TLANTIC OCEAN/LONG ISLANDRAMAPO RIVERDIETSPAWNINGDISTRIBUTIONFine-scaledfish such astrout andsalmonSwim up streamsin spring to spawnin nests dug ingravelLE, LO, SL, FL, B,LC, UH, LH, R, H,D, S, C, LIFish fact: Sea lampreys are parasitic, living off the body fluids of fish they attach to. This canreduce the host fish’s growth or even kill it. Great effort is spent to control sea lampreys inwaters where they are not native.3-5 ft./grow to 7 ft.Lake SturgeonClean sand,gravel or rockbottom areas oflarge lakes andriversLeeches,snails,mussels,small fishand algaeMay-June inshallow water,where eggs aredeposited overgravel bottomswith swift currentLE, LO, SL, B, FL,LC, GFish fact: New York State is home to three sturgeon species: lake (threatened), Atlantic(federally endangered), and shortnose (endangered). Fishing for any sturgeon species isstrictly prohibited.Bowfin18-24 in./grow to 34 in.Weedy, clearlakes and riversCrayfish andsmall fishLE, LO, FL, SL,May-June inB, LCshallow, weedyareas, wherenests are built byclearing vegetationaway to form adepressionFish fact: Bowfin can live in waters with low oxygen levels and can even gulp air at the surface.Beginners’ Guide to Freshwater Fishing5
FISHES OF NEW YORKSPECIESLongnose GarAVERAGE/MAXIMUM SIZE2 ft./grow to 4 ft.HABITATPREFERENCEClose to shore inweedy lakes andriversDIETSmall fishSPAWNINGDISTRIBUTIONLE, A, LO, SL,Late May-earlyLC, FLJune in shallowwater, where eggsare spread acrossthe bottomFish fact: Considered a “living fossil,” gar have been around for nearly 10 million years.15-25 in./grow to 37 in.Rivers and lakeswith sandy orrocky bottomsChannel CatfishWorms,crayfish,insects andfishLate spring-earlysummer near theshore or streambank, wherefertilized eggs aredeposited in aburrow dug neara stump, log orboulderLE, LO, SL, UH,LH, R, H, LC, FL,C, S, B, MFish fact: Largest of the catfish/bullhead species in New York State, its forked tail makesyounger fish easy to identify. The tail becomes worn and less forked with age, however.8-14 in./grow to 21 in.Still water withmud bottomBrown sh andsmall fishAll watershedsMay-June inshallow waternear logs or rocks,where a burrow isdug to form a nestFish fact: Brown bullhead are among the few fish species where both parents spend a lot oftime caring for their young.30-38 in./grow to 48 in.Deep, openwaterChinook SalmonAlewife,smelt andother smallfishSeptemberOctober in LakeOntario tributarystreams, wherenests (redds) aredug in gravel.Interestingly,chinook die soonafter spawning.LE, LO, GFish fact: The largest of the Pacific salmon, chinook salmon are commonly called king salmonand were first introduced into the Great Lakes in 1873. They were extensively stocked in the1960s to control overabundant alewife.WATERSHED KEY:Niagara River/Lake Erie – LEBlack River – BAtlantic Ocean/Long Island – LI6Delaware River – DSt. Lawrence River – SLLake Champlain – LCChemung River – CLake Ontario & tribs – LOUpper Hudson River – UHGenesee River – GSusquehanna River – SBeginners’ Guide to Freshwater FishingLower Hudson River – LHHousatonic River – HRamapo River – RAllegheny River – AMohawk River – MOswego River/Finger Lakes – FL
FISHES OF NEW YORKSPECIESAVERAGE/MAXIMUM SIZE18-28 in./grow to 33 in.HABITATPREFERENCEDeep, openwaterCoho SalmonDIETAlewife,smelt andother smallfishSPAWNINGDISTRIBUTIONOctober-November LO, G, LEin Lake Ontariotributary streams,where nests (redds)are dug in gravel.Interestingly, cohodie soon afterspawning.Fish fact: Both coho and chinook salmon are native to the Pacific Ocean. Coho, also calledsilver salmon, were introduced into the Great Lakes in the 1960s.Rainbow Trout8-12 in./grow to 27 in.Clear, coldstreams andlakesZooplankton(microscopicanimals),insects andsmall fishMarch-April instreams flowingover clean gravel,where nests(redds) are dugAll watershedsFish fact: Rainbow trout that live in large lakes and spawn in streams are called steelhead.They look more silvery and grow much larger than rainbow trout that live in small streams orlakes. Steelhead can grow to 35 inches.Brown Trout8-15 in. (streams),16-30 in. (largelakes and rivers)/grow to 38 in.Coldwaterstreams andrivers, coldwaterlakesInsects,clams,mussels,crayfish andsmall fishAll watershedsOctoberNovember instreams with clean,gravel bottoms,where nests(redds) are dugFish fact: Originally from Europe, brown trout are one of the most difficult trout species to catch.15-30 in./grow to 38 in.Atlantic SalmonCold, clearwell-oxygenatedlakes and riversSmall fishand insectsOctober-November LO, LC, SL, FL, D,UH, LH, R, Hin tributaries withgravel bottomsand swift flowingcurrents; eggs aredeposited in nests(redds)Fish fact: Atlantic salmon are native to New York State. They used to live in the ocean andmigrate to freshwater to spawn, but landlocked populations that spend their entire lives infreshwater now exist. They are known to leap high out of the water when hooked.8-14 in./grow to 22 in.Brook TroutSmall tomoderatesized coldwaterstreams, lakesand pondsInsects,zooplanktonand smallfishAll watershedsSeptemberDecember spawnover springs orheadwater streamswith gravel bottomsand good flow ofcold, clear water;eggs are depositedin nests (redds)Fish fact: Brook trout are native to New York and the official state fish.WATERSHED KEY:Niagara River/Lake Erie – LEBlack River – BAtlantic Ocean/Long Island – LIDelaware River – DSt. Lawrence River – SLLake Champlain – LCChemung River – CLake Ontario & tribs – LOUpper Hudson River – UHGenesee River – GSusquehanna River – SLower Hudson River – LHHousatonic River – HRamapo River – RAllegheny River – AMohawk River – MOswego River/Finger Lakes – FLBeginners’ Guide to Freshwater Fishing7
FISHES OF NEW YORKSPECIESLake TroutAVERAGE/MAXIMUM SIZE15-24 in./grow to 43 in.HABITATPREFERENCEDeep, C, FL, LE, LO,Zooplankton, OctoberDecember in less SL, UH, LH, R,insects andH, Sthan 100 feet offishwater, where eggsare depositedover rockybottomsFish fact: Lake trout are New York State’s largest native trout and have the longest life span.Chain Pickerel15-20 in./grow to 30 in.Shallow, weedyareas of ponds,lakes and riversInsects,crayfish andfishApril-May inmarshy areas andshallow bays,where eggs arespread randomlyand fertilizedAll watershedsexcept AFish fact: Chain pickerel get their name from the chain-like markings on their bodies.18-35 in./grow to 4 ft.Shallow, weedyareas of lakesand rivers; largepike live indeeper watersNorthern PikeInsects,crayfish,fish, frogsand birdsApril-May inshallow marshesor floodedmeadows, whereeggs are spreadrandomly andfertilizedAll watershedsexcept D, LIFish fact: With their razor sharp teeth and quick speed, they’re the top predators in manyNew York waters.Muskellunge28-48 in./grow to 5 ft.Large, cool lakesand riversFish, frogs,smallmammalsand birdsApril-May inshallow bays andmarshy areas,where eggs arespread randomly,then fertilized.A, LE, LO, SL, LCFish fact: Muskellunge are the largest freshwater game fish in New York State.5-7 in./grow to 11 in.Around weeds,docks and othercover in lakes,ponds and riversPumpkinseed &Bluegill nsand smallfishAll watershedsJune-August inshallow waterover gravel tosand bottoms,where eggs arespread over nests.Males guard thenests until theyoung disperse.Fish fact: These two species are usually the first fish kids catch.WATERSHED KEY:Niagara River/Lake Erie – LEBlack River – BAtlantic Ocean/Long Island – LI8Delaware River – DSt. Lawrence River – SLLake Champlain – LCChemung River – CLake Ontario & tribs – LOUpper Hudson River – UHGenesee River – GSusquehanna River – SBeginners’ Guide to Freshwater FishingLower Hudson River – LHHousatonic River – HRamapo River – RAllegheny River – AMohawk River – MOswego River/Finger Lakes – FL
FISHES OF NEW YORKSPECIESRock BassAVERAGE/MAXIMUM SIZE5-10 in./grow to 11 in.HABITATPREFERENCERocky andgravelly shallowwater areas inlakes and ponds;also in warmreaches ofstreams andlarge riversDIETInsects,crayfish andsmall fishSPAWNINGDISTRIBUTIONAll watershedsMid-May to midJune in shallowwater, where eggsare spread overnests. Males guardthe nests until theyoung disperse.Fish fact: Rock bass have red eyes, making them easy to identify.8-12 in./grow to 18 in.Black CrappieQuiet, clearponds, lakesand riverswith abundantvegetationInsectlarvae,crustaceansand smallfishMay-June insand or gravelareas with somevegetation, whereeggs are spreadover nests. Malesguard the nestsuntil the youngdisperse.All watershedsexcept GFish fact: Crappie, also called strawberry bass and calico bass, are most commonly caughtwhen they congregate in shallow water to spawn in the spring. They seek deeper, coolerwater during the summer.Largemouth Bass12-18 in./grow to 25 in.Insects, fishShallow, weedyand frogsareas of lakes,ponds and rivers;also prefercover, such aslogs, docks andstumpsAll watershedsMay-July inshallow, weedyareas, where eggsare spread overnests. Males guardthe nests until theyoung disperse.Fish fact: Largemouth bass are New York State’s most popular sport fish.10-16 in./grow to 24 in.Smallmouth BassRocky or sandyareas of lakes;also prefer coverof boulders orlogsCrayfish,insects andfishMay-June overgravel or rockybottoms, whereeggs are spreadover nests. Malesguard the nestsuntil the youngdisperse.All watershedsFish fact: Pound for pound, many anglers consider smallmouth bass the best fightingfreshwater fish when hooked.Walleye14-25 in./grow to 34 in.Deep watersections of largelakes, streamsand riversPerch andother fishApril in tributaries All watershedswith swift flow andgravel bottom,where eggs arespread randomlyFish fact: Walleye have a shiny lining on the inside of their eyes, helping them to seek prey at night.WATERSHED KEY:Niagara River/Lake Erie – LEBlack River – BAtlantic Ocean/Long Island – LIDelaware River – DSt. Lawrence River – SLLake Champlain – LCChemung River – CLake Ontario & tribs – LOUpper Hudson River – UHGenesee River – GSusquehanna River – SLower Hudson River – LHHousatonic River – HRamapo River – RAllegheny River – AMohawk River – MOswego River/Finger Lakes – FLBeginners’ Guide to Freshwater Fishing9
FISHES OF NEW YORKSPECIESYellow PerchAVERAGE/MAXIMUM SIZE6-12 in./grow to 16 in.HABITATPREFERENCEShallow, weedyprotectedsections ofrivers, lakes andpondsDIETSPAWNINGApril-May inInsectshallow waterlarvae,near vegetationcrayfish,smallfish andinvertebratesDISTRIBUTIONAll watershedsFish fact: Female yellow perch lay their eggs in a jelly-like tube that can measure up to sevenfeet long!8-10 in./grow to 16 in.Freshwater andestuaries inwarm, shallowwaterWhite PerchMinnows,crustaceansand insectsLate spring intributary streamsor along gravellyshoal areas,where eggs arerandomly spreadover the bottom,then fertilized.A, LE, LO, SL, FL,LH, R, H, LI, LCFish fact: Though similar in size to yellow perch, white perch are more closely related to theirmuch larger cousins, striped bass.White Sucker8-10 in./grow to 20 in.Gravel and mudbottoms of warmlakes, rivers and clamsApril-May infast-flowingstreams withgravel bottoms,where eggs arerandomly spread,then fertilizedAll watershedsFish fact: Most suckers have downturned mouths, enabling them to suck up plant and animalmaterial from the bottom.Common Carp18-28 in./grow to 40 in.Lakes or largerivers with softbottoms andvegetationPlant andanimalmaterialMay-June in veryshallow waternear vegetation,where eggs arebroadcasted overthe bottomAll watershedsFish fact: During spawning season, they are often seen thrashing about close to the surface,with their bodies partially exposed.24-40 in.In gravel andmud bottoms,or hiding underrocksAmerican EelFebruary-AprilFish,crayfish andinsect larvaeAll except AFish fact: After spending 5-20 years in freshwater rivers and streams, American eels swim tothe Sargasso Sea (near the Bahamas) to spawn. The eggs drift back to the coast with oceancurrents and hatch along the way. The transparent hatchlings, called glass eels, swim bythe millions up freshwater rivers and
The following tables show common New York freshwater fish and some other interesting fish. Also see the “Key to Identifying Common New York Freshwater Fish” at the end of this chapter. NIAGARA RIVER/ LAKE ERIE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER CHEMUNG ALLEGHENY RIVER RIVER MOHAWK RIVER OSWEGO RIVER/ FINGER LAKES RAMAPO RIVER HOUSATONIC RIVER LAKE ONTARIO .
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