What Are The Characteristics Of Some Great Lakes Fish?

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What are the Characteristics of SomeGreat Lakes Fish?If you know how to construct a dichotomous key, you can make one that classifies real organisms, some fishin the Great Lakes. For this activity you will work in groups of 3 or 4. Your group will construct a key toidentify some fish families and learn something about them. Lake Erie has a larger variety of fish life than anyof the other Great Lakes. Scientists believe this is because of the southern position of the lake and becauseit is shallow. Lake Erie has 138 species of fish. These species can be grouped into 27 families. All of the fishin a given family share certain characteristics. In this exercise you will learn how to use these characteristicsto identify the 27 families. The fish are also found throughout the other Great Lakes, along with others thatprefer colder water.ObjectivesSourceUpon completion of this activity, you should be able to: Describe some ways fish differ from each other in appearance.Use similar characteristics of fish to group them into categories for classification.Comment on the diversity of fish in the Great Lakes.ProcedureRegardless of whether they live in an ocean, lake, or stream, allfish are alike in some ways. A typical bony fish has scales embedded in its skin. These scales have concentric growth rings that canbe counted to determine the age of the fish. A few kinds of fish donot have any scales.OEAGLS EP-019, "Getting to know your local fish" by Suzanne M. Hartley and RosanneFortner.Earth Systems UnderstandingThis activity focuses on ESU 3, a key is a toolused by scientists to organize information.Materials Fish pictures and information about fishfamilies.Teacher’s NotesGo over the fish characteristics with studentsto make sure they are aware of what differences to look for. Remind them of theglossary, not only for looking up unfamiliarwords, but for choosing descriptive words touse in their key.Following this activity are pages of fishfor student teams to key. Both the picturesand the written descriptions can be used todescribe differences.Life in the WaterCOSEE Greatest of the Great Lakes—A Medley of Model LessonsB13ES-EAGLS—Life in the Great Lakes The Ohio State University, 1997.

Fish also have gills. The fish’s mouth and cheeks act as a pumpto push water over the gills. As water passes over the gills, oxygen dissolved in the water is exchanged for carbon dioxide fromthe fish’s blood.Fish differ from each other in several characteristics. Study thefish characteristics diagram so you can recognize differenceswhen you get your fish pictures from your teacher. Refer to theGLOSSARY to find definitions of terms you do not understandfrom the pictures.1. Divide into five groups. Each group will receive pictures anddescriptions of a group of fish common to Lake Erie, whosefamilies are also found throughout the Great Lakes. Look atthe fish pictures with your group. List the names of the fishyou are working with on your answer sheet.2. How are your fish different from each other? List four general ways (head shape, spines, etc.).Teacher’s NotesAnswers to questions 1 and 2 will differfrom team to team. The questions are givenmainly as advance organizers and to guideyou in assessing student performance.The “Key to Great Lakes Fish” will alsodiffer from team to team. An example isgiven using Group III.3. Cut your picture sheet into sections so that each piece contains only one fish. With your team, decide how to divide thefish into two groups based on one characteristic. Put the fishpictures into piles according to that characteristic, which willbe Statement 1 of your key. On your answer sheet, fill in 1Aand B, with the next steps or identification on the right side.[If you have not done the activity "How does a dichotomouskey work?," you should refer to it for ideas here.]4. Next, take the fish in one pile and discuss how they differfrom each other. Fill in Statement 2A and B.5. Continue dividing your fish in this way until each group hasonly one fish in it. When you reach this point, the right-handcolumn should be filled in with the fish’s name.Possible Key to Group IIICharacteristicNext step or identification1A. Lateral line.21B. No Lateral line.42A. Forked tail.Salmon2B. Rounded tail.33A. Long dorsal fin.Bowfin3B. Short dorsal fin.Pirate Perch4A. Vertical stripes on sides.Killifish4B. No stripes.55A. Long narrow anal fin.Livebearer5B. Short anal fin.MudminnowES-EAGLS—Life in the Great Lakes The Ohio State University, 1997.B14What are the Characteristics of Some Great Lakes Fish?COSEE Greatest of the Great Lakes—A Medley of Model Lessons

6. Check your finished key when all your fish have been classified. You should be able to pick up any fish picture andfollow the key to find the name of the fish.7. Exchange keys and fish pictures with another group. Donot give the list of fish names from the original sheet to theother team. See if they can identify the fish using only yourdescriptions in your key.8. Get your original fish pictures and key back when the otherteam is finished. Read the Fish Family Descriptions yourteacher has given you. Tell the class how you grouped yourfish and a little about each fish.9. From the group reports, answer these questions.Teacher’s NotesThe exchange of keys and pictures withanother group is a good way to find out ifthe keys will work. It also exposes studentsto other possible ways of distinguishing between fish. When the students haveconstructed their own key and tried out thekey made by another team, they should bewell aware of what differences to look for.Making a key to all the fish should not bedifficult at this point. If you want to try this,we suggest that you have students write thename of each fish on its picture, then tape allthe pictures to the blackboard. Have studentsvolunteer to divide the fish into groups tocreate a key, one step at a time.D. Describe a major characteristic of a bowfin.If you prefer to use the overhead projector,an included page (31) has pictures of all ofthe fish. Make a transparency of that pageand cut it apart so you can physically groupthe fish as the key is constructed. One possible way to group all the fish is shown onpage 32. A graphic way to show the sameclassification scheme is also provided onpage 32. It may assist students who learnbetter with visual cues.E. List five Great Lakes fish that are valuable as food forhumans.AnswersA. What fish is covered with bony plates?B. How do sea lampreys damage other fish?C. How does a filter-feeding fish eat?F. How did the sucker family get its name?G. Name two Great Lakes fish that have no scales.H. How did the freshwater drum get its name?I.Name two kinds of Great Lakes fish that are used as baitfor fishing.10. If time permits, work with the entire class to develop a keythat will classify all 27 families of Lake Erie fish.11. Contact your state’s Fisheries office and find out what otherfamilies of fish are found in your nearest Great Lake. Add apage of those fish to this activity.What are the Characteristics of Some Great Lakes Fish?COSEE Greatest of the Great Lakes—A Medley of Model LessonsB15A. Sturgeon are covered with bony plates.B. Lampreys are parasites that attach toother fish with their sucker mouths andsuck out their blood and body fluids.C. It filters microscopic organisms fromthe water by collecting the organisms ongill rakers. Then the fish swallows thesefood organisms.D. It has a long fin that arches in a bowalong its back.E. Sturgeon, yellow perch, white bass,burbot, salmon, freshwater drum, whiteperch, walleye, and catfish are valuableas human food.F. The fish have an extendable suckermouth for picking or sucking up organisms.G. Catfish, eel and sturgeon have no scales.H. It makes a drumming sound.I. Minnows, shiners, and chubs are usedas bait.ES-EAGLS—Life in the Great Lakes The Ohio State University, 1997.

ES-EAGLS—Life in the Great Lakes The Ohio State University, 1997.B16What are the Characteristics of Some Great Lakes Fish?COSEE Greatest of the Great Lakes—A Medley of Model LessonsA.B.A.B.A.B.77889913 A. Skinny body. Silverside13 B. Round body. 1412 A. Fan-shaped pectoral fin. Sculpin12 B. Small triangular pectorals. 1311 A. Horizontal stripes. White bass11 B. Vertical color bands. Yellow perch10 A. Dorsal fins separate. 1110 B. Dorsal fins joined. 12Second dorsal fin large. 10Second dorsal fin small. 15All fin rays connected. 9Four to six unconnected spines. SticklebackTwo dorsal fins. 8One dorsal fin. 17Slim body. CatfishFat body. CarpBony plates. SturgeonNo bony plates. 5A.B.A.B.44Barbels. 4No barbels. 766A.B.33Sucker mouth. LampreyNo sucker. EelOne barbel. BurbotTwo or more barbels. 6A.B.22Snake-shaped. 2Shaped like a fish. 3Next step or identification5 A.5 B.A.B.11CharacteristicGreat Lakes Fish(Possible Key)27 A.27 B.26 A.26 B.25 A.25 B.24 A.24 B.23 A.23 B.22 A.22 B.21 A.21 B.20 A.20 B.19 A.19 B.18 A.18 B.17 A.17 B.16 A.16 B.15 A15 B.Two bands at base of tail.Many bands at tail.Lateral line (partial). Pirate perchNo lateral line. KillifishShort anal fin. 27Long anal fin. MudminnowLong dorsal fin. 26Short dorsal fin. LivebearerFlat head. BowfinRound head. 25Smooth belly. PikeSawtooth belly. MinnowsWide body. MooneyeNarrow body. Gizzard shadRegular mouth. 22Sucker mouth. 23Forked tail. 21Rounded tail. SuckerForked tail. 20Rounded tail. 24Short nose. PaddlefishLong nose. GarRow of spots. 19No spots. 18No spines. TroutperchSpine on side. Smelt14 A. Mouth on top. Sunfish1614 B. Mouth on bottom. Drum Salmon

ReferencesHubbs, Carl L., and Karl F. Lagler. 1983. Fishes of the Great LakesRegion. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.Trautman, Milton B. 1981. The Fishes of Ohio. Columbus: Ohio StateUniversity Press.There are several Web sites regarding fish species in the Great Lakes.Investigate the /FISH/LakeSupFishIndex.htmlContact your nearest Sea Grant office for fishery publications.Addresses are on page 10.What are the Characteristics of Some Great Lakes Fish?COSEE Greatest of the Great Lakes—A Medley of Model LessonsB17ES-EAGLS—Life in the Great Lakes The Ohio State University, 1997.

Fish Characteristics1st dorsalWhere the fins are:2nd dorsallateral linetailanal finpectoral finpelvic finFin types:dorsals separateadiposeround tailforked taildorsals joinedHead features:topsuckermouthbarbelsbottomAlso look for differences in:Body shapesLateral line (present or absent)Spines (present or absent, and location)Spots or stripesHead shapesFin shapesES-EAGLS—Life in the Great Lakes The Ohio State University, 1997.B18What are the Characteristics of Some Great Lakes Fish?COSEE Greatest of the Great Lakes—A Medley of Model Lessons

GlossaryDorsalAnteriorPosteriorVentralAdipose Fin – Fleshy fin behind the dorsal fin.Anterior – Front.Barbels (pronounced bar-bulls) – Whiskers that help the fish detect food.Carnivore – Flesh eating animal.Commercial Fish – Fish caught for commercial trade.Concentric – Having a center in common. Example: growth rings on a tree.Dorsal – Pertaining to the back or top.Filter Feeder – Filters microscopic plants and animals from the water for food.Forage Fish – Fish used as food by larger fish.Lateral Line – A sensory organ with a row of pores running along each side of the head and body of most fish.It looks like a dotted line.Omnivore – An animal that eats any sort of food, plant, or animal.Parasite – An organism living in or on another organism (its host) from which it obtains food.Posterior – Rear.Scales – Flexible overlapping plates that cover the bodies of some fish. Scales help to protect the fish.Sport fish – Fish that are caught by individuals for recreation.Ventral – Pertaining to the underside or belly.What are the Characteristics of Some Great Lakes Fish?COSEE Greatest of the Great Lakes—A Medley of Model LessonsB19ES-EAGLS—Life in the Great Lakes The Ohio State University, 1997.

I.A. Mooneye Family - HiodontidaeThese fish are silver or gold in color. They eat insects, insect larvae, andsmall minnows. They prefer to feed in swiftly moving water, but live incalm water. Mooneyes are not very good to eat.30-38 cmB. Herring Family - ClupeidaeHerrings have a saw-toothed or jagged belly. They feed on plankton. Manylarger fish such as walleyes often eat gizzard shad, one member of theherring family. Alewives, another member of this family, have been introduced to the Great Lakes. They have great population explosions followedby rapid die-off. The accompanying picture is of a gizzard shad.31-41 cmC. Pike Family - EsocidaePike live in lakes, ponds, and streams where the water is warm and full ofweeds. They are very fierce and eat anything they can catch. Some pikegrow to be 7 feet long and weigh as much as 35 pounds. Pike populationshave declined because of destruction of spawning grounds.48-94 cmD. Sucker Family - CatostomidaeSuckers live on the bottom of lakes, ponds, and streams. They have specialmouths that help them to suck up small animals and plants. Some suckers,like the bigmouth buffalo, grow to be very large. Many fishermen like tocatch these big fish, which are good to eat.30-65 cm51-122 cmE. Paddlefish - PolydontidaePaddlefish live in silty rivers and flood plain lakes. Some grow to be 6 feetlong and weigh up to 150 pounds. They get their name from their paddleshaped snouts. Paddlefish eat by swimming with their mouths open. Foodwashes into their mouths as they swim along. Fish that eat this way arecalled filter feeders. Paddlefish are endangered because dams along riversprevent migration and spawning.F.41-91 cmES-EAGLS—Life in the Great Lakes The Ohio State University, 1997.Gar Family - LepisosteidaeThese fish have bony plates covering their bodies. Gars have sharp, strongteeth and eat all kinds of fish, both living and dead. They are so hard tocatch that fishermen have gar-rodeos and use wire snares instead of fishingpoles to catch the fish. Gars prefer to live in the calm waters of bays ratherthan in the open lake.B20What are the Characteristics of Some Great Lakes Fish?COSEE Greatest of the Great Lakes—A Medley of Model Lessons

II.A. Sculpin Family - CottidaeSculpins have large spiny heads. They have no scales. Sculpins live on thedeep bottom, feeding on small fish.4-10 cmB. Silverside Family - AtherinidaeSilversides get their name because of their very light color. They feed nearthe surface of the water and often skip in the air for short distances. TheSilverside's numbers are decreasing.7-10 cmC. Sunfish Family - CentrarchidaeThere are many types of fish in this family. Largemouth bass, smallmouthbass, and bluegills are all sunfish. They eat smaller fish, frogs, and othercreatures such as crayfish. Sunfish are protected from commercial fishing.9-15 cmD. Perch Family - PercidaeThis group includes the walleye and the yellow perch, both of which areimportant in sport fishing. They are also important commercially. Walleyelive in cold, clean water. Yellow perch are smaller than walleye and canlive in warmer water.11-30 cmE. Temperate Basses - PercichthyidaeThe white bass and the white perch are the temperate basses found in LakeErie. These fish live in quiet water over sand and gravel bo

follow the key to find the name of the fish. 7. Exchange keys and fish pictures with another group. Do not give the list of fish names from the original sheet ingto the other team. See if they can identify the fish using only your descriptions in your key. 8. Get your original fish pictures and key back when the other team is finished.

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