LIVING ENVIRONMENT - Worksheets, Answers, Lesson Plans
The University of the State of New YorkREGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATIONLIVING ENVIRONMENTFriday, June 16, 2000 — 1:15 to 4:15 p.m., onlyThe answer paper for Parts A and B is stapled in the center of this examination booklet. Open theexamination booklet, carefully remove the answer paper, and close the examination booklet. Then fill inthe heading on your answer paper.Your answers to Parts A and B are to be recorded on the separate answer paper. Your answers toPart C are to be written on paper provided by the school. You are to answer all the questions in each part.For each question in Part A and the multiple-choice questions in Part B, decide which of the choicesgiven is the best answer. Then on the answer paper, in the row of numbers for that question, circle withpencil the number of the choice that you have selected. The sample below is an example of the first stepin recording your answers.SAMPLE:1234If you wish to change an answer, erase your first penciled circle and then circle with pencil the number of the answer you want. After you have completed all three parts of the examination and you havedecided that all of the circled answers represent your best judgment, signal a proctor and turn in allexamination material except your answer paper. Then and only then, place an X in ink in each penciledcircle. Be sure to mark only one answer with an X in ink for each question. No credit will be given forany question with two or more X’s marked. The sample below indicates how your final choice should bemarked with an X in ink.SAMPLE:1234For questions in Part B that are not multiple-choice questions and the questions in Part C, recordyour answers in accordance with the directions given in the examination booklet.When you have completed the examination, you must sign the statement printed at the end of theanswer paper, indicating that you had no unlawful knowledge of the questions or answers prior to theexamination and that you have neither given nor received assistance in answering any of the questionsduring the examination. Your answer paper cannot be accepted if you fail to sign this declaration.DO NOT OPEN THIS EXAMINATION BOOKLET UNTIL THE SIGNAL IS GIVEN.
Part AAnswer all 35 questions in this part.[35]Directions (1–35): For each statement or question, select the word or expression that, of those given, bestcompletes the statement or answers the question. Record your answer on the separate answer paper in accordance with the directions on the front page of this booklet.1 An experiment was performed to determine the effect of different mineral salts on plant growth. Forty potscontaining genetically identical plants were divided into four equal groups and placed in a well-lightedgreenhouse. Each pot contained an equal amount of nonmineral potting soil and one plant. Minerals werethen added in equal amounts to each experimental group of pots as shown below.For the experiment to be valid, what should be added to the control group of pots?1 water3 potassium salts2 nitrogen salts4 potassium and phosphorus salts3 Which statement describing the cells in a bodysystem is correct?1 Each cell in the system is identical to theother cells in the system, and each cell worksindependently of the other cells.2 Some cells in the system may be differentfrom the other cells in the system, but all cellsare coordinated and work together.3 Each cell in the system is different from theother cells in the system, and each cell worksindependently of the other cells.4 All cells in the system are identical to eachother and work together.2 A biologist observed a plant cell in a drop ofwater as shown in diagram A. The biologistadded a 10% salt solution to the slide andobserved the cell as shown in diagram B.The change in appearance of the cell resultedfrom1 more salt moving out of the cell than into thecell2 more salt moving into the cell than out of thecell3 more water moving into the cell than out ofthe cell4 more water moving out of the cell than intothe cellLiv. Env.–June ’004 The process of active transport requires themost direct use of(1) carbon dioxide(3) ATP(2) amino acids(4) glucose[2]
10 Flower color in primrose plants is controlled byan individual gene. The sudden appearance ofone white flowering primrose in a plantbreeder’s field of red primrose plants is mostlikely due to1 a change in the amount of glucose producedduring photosynthesis2 the use of a new natural fertilizer on the field3 rapid mitotic divisions within the developingseeds4 a random change in the structure of DNAduring meiosis5 Which substances may form in the human bodydue to invaders entering the blood?1 nutrients3 antibodies2 vaccines4 red blood cells6 To communicate between cells, many multicellular animals use1 nerve signals and respiratory gases2 respiratory gases and hormones3 bones and muscles4 nerve signals and hormones7 The diagram to the rightcan be used to illustrate aprocess directly involvedin1 tissue repair2 meiosis3 recombination4 sexual reproduction11 White short-horned cattle and Black Angus cattle have been crossed to produce offspring withsuperior beef and rapid growth qualities. Thisprocess of choosing organisms with the mostdesirable traits for mating is known as1 cloning3 selective breeding2 biodiversity4 genetic engineering8 The function of the coded instructions containedin the body cells of an organism is to1 form a variety of gametes that will pass onhereditary information2 direct the synthesis of proteins necessary forproper cell function3 synthesize different kinds of amino acids in aspecific sequence4 produce the inorganic molecules needed fornormal cell growth12 When the antibiotic penicillin was first introduced, it was immediately effective in combatingstaphylococcus bacterial infections. After a number of years, there were outbreaks of staphylococcal infections that did not respond to treatment with penicillin. The best explanation forthis situation is that1 members of the original population of bacteria that were penicillin resistant survivedand reproduced, creating a more resistantpopulation2 the bacteria that survived exposure to penicillin learned to avoid it3 the bacteria that caused the new outbreakswere from populations that had never beenexposed to penicillin4 during each generation, the bacteria modifiedtheir own DNA to increase their ability toresist penicillin and passed this ability on totheir descendants9 Which characteristic allows enzymes to functionin a specific way?1 Enzymes are complex compounds composedof starch.2 Each enzyme has a characteristic shape.3 Enzymes are long, complex fats.4 Each enzyme is made up of four subunits.Liv. Env.–June ’00[3][OVER]
13 The diagram below illustrates some key steps of a procedure in one area of biotechnology.The letter X most likely represents1 bacterial cells that are unable to synthesize insulin2 human cells that are able to synthesize antibodies3 bacterial cells that are able to synthesize insulin4 human cells that are unable to resist antibiotics17 Even though the environment changes, a population that occupies a given geographic area willmost likely continue to be found in this area ifthe1 variations in the population decrease overtime2 members of the population decrease innumber3 members of the population exceed the carrying capacity4 population passes on those genes that result infavorable adaptations14 Which statement about the rates of evolution fordifferent species is in agreement with the theoryof evolution?1 They are identical, since the species live onthe same planet.2 They are identical, since each species is at riskof becoming extinct.3 They are different, since each species has different adaptations that function within achanging environment.4 They are different, since each species hasaccess to unlimited resources within its environment.18 The diagram below represents a reproductiveprocess that takes place in humans.15 Which concept is not a part of the theory of evolution?1 Present-day species developed from earlierspecies.2 Some species die out when environmentalchanges occur.3 Complex organisms develop from simpleorganisms over time.4 Change occurs according to the needs of anindividual organism to survive.Which statement does not correctly describe thisprocess?1 The normal species chromosome number isrestored.2 Males and females each contribute DNA tothe offspring.3 The zygote will develop to become identicalto the dominant parent.4 The sex of the zygote is determined by DNAin the gametes.16 Warts result when certain viruses cause skin cellsto reproduce at a high rate. This rapid reproduction of skin cells is due to the viruses stimulating1 cellular digestion3 synthesis processes2 mitotic cell division4 meiotic cell divisionLiv. Env.–June ’00[4]
19 The diagrams below represent some events in a cell undergoing normal meiotic cell division.Which diagram most likely represents a new cell resulting from meiotic cell division of thecell shown above?24 Which statement best describes an immuneresponse?1 It always produces antibiotics.2 It usually involves the recognition anddestruction of pathogens.3 It stimulates asexual reproduction and resistance in pathogens.4 It releases red blood cells that destroy parasites.20 When a pregnant woman ingests toxins such asalcohol and nicotine, the embryo is put at riskbecause these toxins can1 diffuse from the mother’s blood into theembryo’s blood within the placenta2 enter the embryo when it eats3 transfer to the embryo since the mother’sblood normally mixes with the embryo’s bloodin the placenta4 enter the uterus through the mother’s navel25 Which statement describes a feedback mechanism involving the human pancreas?1 The production of estrogen stimulates the formation of gametes for sexual reproduction.2 The level of oxygen in the blood is related toheart rate.3 The level of sugar in the blood is affected bythe amount of insulin in the blood.4 The production of urine allows for excretionof cell waste.21 The energy found in ATP molecules synthesizedin animal cells comes directly from1 sunlight2 organic molecules3 minerals4 inorganic molecules22 Which substances are necessary for the synthesis of most materials in an organism?1 hormones3 antibodies2 carbohydrates4 enzymes26 A green plant is kept in a brightly lighted areafor 48 hours. What will most likely occur if thelight intensity is reduced slightly during the next48 hours?1 Photosynthesis will stop completely.2 The rate at which nitrogen is used by theplant will increase.3 The rate at which oxygen is released from theplant will decrease.4 Glucose production inside each plant cell willincrease.23 A certain mutant bacterial cell cannot producesubstance X. The mutation was most likely theresult of a change in the1 structure of the cell membrane2 ability of the DNA to replicate3 amino acid sequence of DNA4 gene that codes for a specific proteinLiv. Env.–June ’00[5][OVER]
31 Decomposition and decay of organic matter areaccomplished by the action of1 green plants3 viruses and algae2 bacteria and fungi4 scavengers27 Which sequence shows a correct pathway for theflow of energy in a food chain?1 bacteria Æ grass Æ fox Æ owl2 grass Æ grasshopper Æ frog Æ snake3 fungi Æ beetle Æ algae Æ mouse4 algae Æ snake Æ duck Æ deer32 For many decades, certain areas of New YorkState have remained as hardwood forests containing predominantly oak and hickory trees.These forested areas will most likely1 remain indefinitely and not be affected byenvironmental influences2 reach maturity and change in the near future3 be destroyed by environmental changes andnever return to their present forms4 continue in their present forms unlessaffected by environmental factors28 Before it was banned, the insecticide DDT wasused to combat an organism called the red mite.An unexpected result of the use of DDT was thatthe population of the red mite increased ratherthan decreased, while the population of insectpredators of the red mite decreased. What canbe inferred from this situation?1 Environmental changes that affect one population can affect other populations.2 The red mite and its insect predators were allcompeting for the same resources.3 The red mites were immune to the effects ofinsecticides.4 Using insecticides is a reliable way to eliminate all insect predators.33 What is a characteristic of a stable environment?1 It usually contains only one type of producer.2 It usually contains a great diversity of species.3 It contains simple food chains that have moreconsumers than producers.4 It contains complex food webs that have moreheterotrophs than autotrophs.29 Chittenango Falls State Park in central New YorkState is the only known habitat for an endangeredspecies of aquatic snail. Contamination of itswater supply and reduction of its habitat havethreatened the future of this snail. Which stepcould be taken to protect this species of snail?1 banning human activities that damaged thehabitat2 introducing a new snail predator into thehabitat3 transferring the snail to a terrestrial environment4 crossbreeding the snail with another species34 Which human activity has probably contributedmost to the acidification of lakes in theAdirondack region?1 passing environmental protection laws2 establishing reforestation projects in lumbered areas3 burning fossil fuels that produce air pollutantscontaining sulfur and nitrogen4 using pesticides for the control of insects thatfeed on trees30 When humans use more ground water for industry than is being replaced, the soil above theground water may collapse and disrupt naturalhabitats. This human activity is an example of1 species exploitation2 renewal of natural resources3 a disposal problem4 poor use of finite resourcesLiv. Env.–June ’0035 To ensure environmental quality for the future,each individual should1 acquire and apply knowledge of ecologicalprinciples2 continue to take part in deforestation3 use Earth’s finite resources4 add and take away organisms from ecosystems[6]
Part BAnswer all 27 questions in this part.[30]For those questions that are followed by four choices, record the answers on the separateanswer paper in accordance with the directions on the front page of this booklet. For all other questions in this part, record your answers in accordance with the directions given in the question.Base your answers to questions 36 through 38 on the information and data table below and on your knowledge of biology.In an investigation, three seeds of thesame species were allowed to germinate andgrow in three different locations. Eachseedling was grown in the same amount andtype of soil, and each received the sameamount of water during a 6-day period. At theend of the investigation, the height of eachseedling and the color of its leaves wererecorded. The results are shown in the datatable to the right.Data TableLocationHeight(cm)Leaf ColorSunny windowsill7greenIndirect sunlight9greenClosed closet11whitish yellow38 Which statement correctly explains why chlorophyll production decreased in the seedlings keptin the closet?1 Lack of sunlight altered the expression of thegene for chlorophyll production.2 The enzymes involved in chlorophyll production mutate in cooler temperatures.3 Chloroplasts migrate to the center of the cellwhen light is not available.4 Chlorophyll is converted to another pigmentwhen light is not present.36 Which hypothesis was most likely being tested inthis investigation?1 A plant grown in the dark will not be green.2 The type of soil a plant is grown in influenceshow tall it will be.3 Plants need water to grow.4 Plants grown in red light are taller than plantsgrown in green light.37 State two ways that this investigation could bemodified to lead to a more reliable conclusion.[2]39 A coverslip should be used for preparing a1 frog for dissection2 solution of iodine for food testing3 wet mount of elodea (a simple plant)4 test to determine the pH of a solution41 A television commercial for a weight-loss pillclaims that it has been “scientifically tested.”The advertisement includes statements from10 people who say that the pill worked for them.State two reasons why someone should questionthe claims made in this advertisement.[2]40 A sample of food containing one type of a largemolecule was treated with a specific digestiveenzyme. Nutrient tests performed on the resulting products showed the presence of simplesugars, only. Based on these test results, the original large molecules contained in the samplewere molecules of(1) protein(3) starch(2) glucose(4) DNA42 When HIV, which causes AIDS, invades thebody of a person, that person often develops diseases. These diseases are caused by organismsthat usually do not harm people who are notinfected with HIV. Explain why the organismsare more harmful to people with HIV than topeople without HIV.[1]Liv. Env.–June ’00[7][OVER]
Base your answers to questions 47 through 49on the diagram below and on your knowledge ofbiology.Base your answers to questions 43 through 45on the diagram below and on your knowledge ofbiology.47 State one reason that algae form the base of thispyramid.[1]43 Which letter indicates a structure that secretes ahormone that promotes maturation of gametes?[1]48 Which term best describes the mosquito larvae?1 producer3 carnivore2 parasite4 consumer44 Which letter indicates a structure that is notinvolved in the production or delivery ofgametes?[1]49 Explain why each level of the pyramid decreasesin area from bottom to top. [1]50 Describe the role of scavengers in an ecosystem.[1]45 Structures B and E provide nutrients and fluidfor the gametes. Why are these substances necessary for fertilization?[1]51 Explain how carbohydrates provide energy forlife functions. [1]46 Describe one error that was made in the preparation of the graph shown below.[1]52 In the demonstration shown below, which processperformed by the peas when they start to growcauses the drop of liquid to move to the left?1 protein synthesis2 photosynthesisLiv. Env.–June ’00[8]3 digestion4 cellular respiration
Base your answers to questions 53 through 56 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.Organ Transplants of the FutureWhile most people take good health for granted, thousands of others desperately need toreplace a failing organ with one that is healthy. Most healthy organs come from people whoagreed to donate them upon their death, although it is possible to remove some tissue andorgans (such as kidneys and bone marrow) from living donors. Unfortunately, organs fortransplant are in short supply. As of 1992, over 22,000 Americans were waiting for a transplant.Although increasingly common, transplants are risky procedures. During the operation,veins and arteries must be blocked to prevent blood loss. This deprives parts of the body ofoxygen and nutrients and may result in permanent damage. In addition, the body may recognize the transplanted organ as foreign and mount an immune response in which specialized white blood cells (T-cells) attack the transplanted organ.Drugs called immunosuppressants are given to transplant patients to prevent theirimmune system from rejecting the transplanted organ. However, these drugs weaken theability of the body to fight disease and leave the patient less able to fight infection.Scientists are exploring new technology for producing transplant tissues and organs.Unspecialized cells called stem cells are removed from the patient and then grown in a laboratory. Treating stem cells with the appropriate chemicals causes them to differentiate intovarious specialized tissues. In the future, scientists hope to develop chemical treatmentsthat will cause stem cells to grow into complete organs needed for transplants. Transplantsproduced by this process would not be foreign material and, therefore, would not berejected by the immune system of the patient.53 Explain why a transplant might be dangerous to the health of a patient.[1]54 State one reason that transplant pati
Your answers to Parts A and B are to be recorded on the separate answer paper. Your answers to Part C are to be written on paper provided by the school. You are to answer all the questions in each part. For each question in Part A and the multiple-choice questions in Part B, decide which of the choices given is the best answer.
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iii UNIT 1 Lesson 1 I’m studying in California. 1 Lesson 2 Do you have anything to declare? 5 Lesson 3 From One Culture to Another 8 UNIT 2 Lesson 1 You changed, didn’t you? 13 Lesson 2 Do you remember . . . ? 17 Lesson 3 Women’s Work 20 UNIT 3 Lesson 1 We could have an international fall festival! 25 Lesson 2 You are cordially invited. 29 Lesson 3 Fall Foods 32 UNIT 4 Lesson 1 Excuses .
