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DIGITAL SIGNALPROCESSINGLABORATORY 2005 by CRC Press

DIGITAL SIGNALPROCESSINGLABORATORYB. Preetham KumarCalifornia State UniversityDepartment of Electricaland Electronic EngineeringSacramento, CABoca Raton London New York SingaporeA CRC title, part of the Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of theTaylor & Francis Group, the academic division of T&F Informa plc. 2005 by CRC Press

2784 C000.fm Page iv Wednesday, December 15, 2004 8:46 AMLibrary of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataKumar, B. Preetham.Digital signal processing laboratory / B. Preetham Kumar.p. cm.Includes bibliographical references and index.ISBN 0-8493-2784-9 (alk. paper)1. Signal processing—Digital techniques—Textbooks. I. Title.TK5102.9.K835 2005621.382′2—dc222004058495This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reprinted materialis quoted with permission, and sources are indicated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonableefforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher cannotassume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the consequences of their use.Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronicor mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage orretrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher.The consent of CRC Press does not extend to copying for general distribution, for promotion, for creatingnew works, or for resale. Specific permission must be obtained in writing from CRC Press for suchcopying.Direct all inquiries to CRC Press, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton, Florida 33431.Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and areused only for identification and explanation, without intent to infringe.Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com 2005 by CRC PressNo claim to original U.S. Government worksInternational Standard Book Number 0-8493-2784-9Library of Congress Card Number 2004058495Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0Printed on acid-free paper 2005 by CRC Press

2784 C000.fm Page v Wednesday, December 15, 2004 8:46 AMTo Veena and VasanthandIn memory of my parents 2005 by CRC Press

2784 C000.fm Page vii Wednesday, December 15, 2004 8:46 AMPrefaceThe motivating factor in the preparation of this book was to develop apractical, and readily understandable laboratory volume in Digital SignalProcessing (DSP). The intended audience is primarily undergraduate andgraduate students taking DSP for the first time as an elective course. Thebook is very relevant at the present time, when software and hardwaredevelopments in DSP are very rapid, and it is vital for the students tocomplement theory with practical software and hardware applications intheir curriculum.This book evolved from study material in two courses taught at the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, California State University,Sacramento (CSUS). These courses, Introduction to Digital Signal Processingand Digital Signal Processing Laboratory, have been offered at CSUS for thepast several years. During these years of DSP theory and laboratory instruction for senior undergraduate and graduate students, often with variedsubject backgrounds, we gained a great deal of experience and insight.Students who took these courses gave very useful feedback, such as theirinterest in an integrated approach to DSP teaching that would consist ofside-by-side training in both theory and practical software/hardware aspectsof DSP. In their opinion, the practical component of the DSP course curriculum greatly enhances the understanding of the basic theory and principles.The above factors motivated me to prepare the chapters of this book toinclude the following components: a brief theory to explain the underlyingmathematics and principles, a problem solving section with a reasonable number of problems to be worked by the student, a computer laboratory withprogramming examples and exercises in MATLAB and Simulink , andfinally, in applicable chapters, a hardware laboratory, with exercises using testand measurement equipment and the Texas Instruments TMS320C6711 DSPStarter Kit.In Chapter 1, we go into a brief theory of DSP applications and systems,with solved and unsolved examples, followed by a computer lab, whichintroduces the students to basic programming in MATLAB, and creation ofsystem models in Simulink . This chapter concludes with a hardware section,which contains instructions and exercises on usage of basic signal sources,such as synthesized sweep generators, and measuring equipment, such asoscilloscopes and spectrum analyzers.Chapter 2 is a more detailed description of Linear Time Invariant (LTI)discrete-time signals and systems and the mathematical tools used todescribe these systems. Basic concepts such as Z-transform, system function, 2005 by CRC Press

2784 C000.fm Page viii Wednesday, December 15, 2004 8:46 AMdiscrete-time convolution, and difference equations are reviewed in the theory section. Practical types of LTI systems, such as inverse systems andminimum-phase systems are also discussed, with example problems. Thisis followed by a computer lab, which has guidance and exercises in thecreation and simulation of LTI system models.Chapter 3 covers practical time and frequency analysis of discrete-timesignals, with emphasis on the evolution of the Discrete Fourier Transform(DFT) and the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). The software lab includes spectral analysis, using FFT, of practical periodic and nonperiodic signals, suchas noisy signal generators, and amplitude modulation (AM) systems. Thehardware lab involves actual measurement of harmonic distortion in signalgenerators, spectrum of AM signals, and the comparison of measured resultswith simulation from the computer lab section.Chapter 4 is a practical discussion of the analog-to-digital (A/D) process,with an initial brief review of sampling, quantization (uniform and nonuniform), and binary encoding in the Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) process.The software lab includes MATLAB/Simulink A/D process simulation ofpractical audio signals, and advanced systems such as differential PCM. Thehardware lab gives guidance of the construction and testing of a FET Sampleand Hold circuit.Chapter 5 and Chapter 6 are devoted to design and application of digitalfilters. Chapter 5 reviews the basic concepts of digital filters and analyticaldesign techniques for FIR and IIR digital filter design. The computer labdetails MATLAB CAD techniques for Finite Impulse Response (FIR) andInfinite Impulse Response (IIR) digital filters and has a series of rigorousexercises in usage of these techniques. Chapter 6 deals with the applicationof digital filters to one-dimensional (audio) and two-dimensional (video)signals. The computer lab has a set of practical exercises in the applicationof one- and two-dimensional digital filters for practical purposes, such asaudio recovery from noise and image deblurring.Chapter 7 and Chapter 8 are focused on the application of practical DSPprocesses through digital signal processor (DSP) hardware. The hardwareused in this book is the Texas Instruments TMS320C6711 Digital SignalProcessor Starter Kit. Chapter 7 deals in detail with the organization andusage of the 6711 DSK, with a set of practical introductory exercises, suchas signal generation and filtering. Chapter 8 is more applied and covers thehardware application and programming of the 6711 DSK for practical filtering applications of noise from audio signals.There are six appendices. The first four appendices give detailed hardwaredescriptions and user instructions for the equipment used in this book. Thefour equipment models covered are synthesized sweep generators, spectrumanalyzers, dynamic signal analyzers, and digitizing oscilloscopes in Appendices A, B, C, and D, respectively. Appendix E gives detailed schematics,hardware description, and user instructions on the Texas Instruments 6711DSK. Finally, Appendix F gives brief descriptions of alternative equipment 2005 by CRC Press

2784 C000.fm Page ix Wednesday, December 15, 2004 8:46 AMand manufacturers who produce equipment with similar capabilities as theones described in Appendices A–D.I would like to thank a number of people, without whom this book wouldnot have been completed. First of all, I greatly appreciate the help from StanWakefield, publishing consultant, who initiated my contact with CRC Press.I am very thankful to CRC acquisitions editor, Nora Konokpa, for her constant advice and encouragement throughout the manuscript preparationprocess. I would also like to thank Helena Redshaw and Jessica Vakili ofCRC Press for guiding me in the preparation of the different chapters of thebook. I would like to thank all the students at CSUS, who, over the years,gave very useful feedback on the DSP courses, which formed the basis ofthis book. I am particularly indebted to my student, Nilesh Lal, who testedand debugged all the experiments on the TI 6711 DSK, which contributedto the last, but most practical, sections of the book.Finally, I would like to thank my wife, Priya, who took time off her alreadyvery busy schedule to proofread the chapters before submission to CRCPress. Above all, I am grateful for her help and encouragement in whateverI have attempted over the years. 2005 by CRC Press

2784 C000.fm Page xi Wednesday, December 15, 2004 8:46 AMContents1Introduction to Digital Signal Processing (DSP). 1Brief Theory of DSP Concepts.11.1.1 Applications of DSP .11.1.2 Discrete-Time Signals and Systems.31.2 Problem Solving.41.3 Computer Laboratory: Introduction to MATLAB /Simulink .51.3.1 MATLAB Basics.51.3.2 Simulink Basics.91.4 Hardware Laboratory: Working with Oscilloscopes, SpectrumAnalyzers, Signal Sources . 111.4.1 Sinks or Measuring Devices . 111.4.2 Dynamic Signal Analyzers .121.4.3 Sources .121.5 Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) .12References.151.12Discrete-Time Signals and Systems . 17Brief Theory of Discrete-Time Signals and Systems.172.1.1 Introduction to Z-Transforms and the System FunctionH(z) .192.1.2 System Frequency Response H(e jω).212.1.3 Important Types of LTI Systems .232.2 Problem Solving.262.3 Computer Laboratory: Simulation of Continuous Time andDiscrete-Time Signals and Systems .27References.332.13Time and Frequency Analysis of Discrete-Time Signals. 35Brief Theory of Discrete-Time Fourier Transform, Discrete FourierTransform, and Fast Fourier Transform.353.1.1 Discrete-Time Fourier Transform .353.1.2 Discrete Fourier Transform .373.1.3 The Fast Fourier Transform.423.2 Problem Solving.463.3 Computer Laboratory .483.4 Hardware Laboratory .50References.523.1 2005 by CRC Press

2784 C000.fm Page xii Wednesday, December 15, 2004 8:46 AM4Analog to Digital and Digital to Analog Conversion . 53Brief Theory of A/D Conversion.534.1.1 Pulse Code Modulation .534.1.1.1 Time Sampling .534.1.1.2 Amplitude Quantization .554.1.1.3 Binary Encoding.604.2 Problem Solving.614.3 Computer Laboratory .624.4 Hardware Laboratory .65References.674.15Digital Filter Design I: Theory and Software Tools . 69Brief Theory of Digital Filter Design .695.1.1 Analog and Digital Filters .695.1.2 Design Techniques for FIR and IIR Digital Filters .715.1.2.1 Analytical Techniques for IIR Digital Filter Design.725.1.2.2 Analytical Techniques for FIR Filter Design .735.2 Problem Solving.785.3 Computer Laboratory: Design of FIR and IIR Digital Filters UsingComputer Aided Design (CAD) Techniques .795.3.1 Basic MATLAB Commands to Calculate and VisualizeComplex Frequency Response.795.3.2 CAD of FIR Filters .805.3.3 CAD of IIR Filters .82References.845.16Digital Filter Design II: Applications . 85Introduction to Digital Filtering Applications.856.1.1 Brief Introduction to Digital Video Processing.856.1.2 Simulation of 2-Dimensional Imaging Process .896.2 Problem Solving.916.3 Computer Laboratory .926.3.1 Frequency Selection Applications .926.3.2 Signal Demodulation Applications .936.3.3 Filtering of Noisy Audio Signals.946.3.4 Filtering of Noisy Video Signals .956.3.5 Image Compression Techniques.976.3.6 Time-Frequency Analysis of Practical Signals .98References.1016.177.1DSP Hardware Design I. 103Background of Digital Signal Processors.103 2005 by CRC Press

2784 C000.fm Page xiii Wednesday, December 15, 2004 8:46 AM7.1.17.1.2Main Applications of DSPs .103Types and Sources of DSP Chips .1037.1.2.1 Evolution of Texas Instruments TMS320 DSPChips .1047.1.3 TMS320C6711 DSP Starter Kit .1057.1.4 Programming Languages.1057.2 Software/Hardware Laboratory Using the TI TMS320C6711 DSK . 1077.2.1 Software and Hardware Equipment Requirements.1077.2.2 Initial Setting Up of the Equipment .1077.2.3 Study and Testing of the Code Composer Studio.1087.2.4 Experimenting with the ‘C6711 DSK as a Signal Source . 1157.2.5 Experimenting with the ‘C6711 DSK as a Real-TimeSignal Source.1347.2.6 Experimenting with the ‘C6711 DSK as a Sine WaveGenerator .1387.2.7 Experimenting with the ‘C6711 DSK for MathOperations .1407.3 End Notes .142References.1428DSP Hardware Design II . 145Overview of Practical DSP Applications in CommunicationEngineering.1458.2 Filtering Application to Extract Sinusoidal Signal from aCombination of Two Sinusoidal Signals.1468.3 Filtering Application to Extract Sinusoidal Signal from a NoisySignal .1518.4 Comparative Study of Using Different Filters on an Input RadioReceiver Signal .156References.1648.1Appendix AHP/Agilent 3324A/33250A SynthesizedFunction/Sweep Generators. 165A.1 Introduction .165A.2 Technical Specifications of the Agilent HP33250A .166A.2.1 Waveforms.166A.2.2 Frequency Characteristics.167A.2.3 Sinewave Spectral Purity.167A.2.4 Signal Characteristics .168A.2.5 Output Characteristics .168A.2.6 Modulation.169A.2.7 Burst .169A.2.8 Swee

Digital signal processing laboratory / B. Preetham Kumar. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8493-2784-9 (alk. paper) 1. Signal processing—Digital techniques—Textbooks. I. Title. TK5102.9.K835 2005 621.382 ′2—dc22 2004058495 2784_C000.fm Page iv Wednesday, December 15, 2004 8:46 AM

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