Transformer Installation, Assembly & Testing
Transformer Installation,Assembly & TestingW.J. (Bill) Bergman, M.Eng., P.Eng., LSMIEEEPowerNex Associates Inc.billBergman@pnxa.combergman@ieee.org 1-403-288-2148
Intent Provide explanations as to why certainprocess are important and should befollowed Describe some examples of what to do andwhat not to do Comments on my personal experiences? Provide references that you can study at yourleisure Answer questions2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton2
Format of Presentation Ask questions Encourage discussion and understanding(especially on topics where there may bemore than one way or procedure to install atransformer). Please add your experiences. Please turn your cell phones OFF so we arenot distracted by texting, email, etc.2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton3
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Basis of Presentation Industry Accepted Practices; Based on IEEE and other consensus Guides Practical processes that are based on physics,chemistry and logic Based on others’ many years experience Personal Experience Have personally done this work on transformersfrom 10 to 750 MVA, 72 to 550 kV for 50 years(proving [to me] processes are possible & practical)2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton5
Topics1. RECEIVING a transformer after transport toa substation site2. ASSEMBLY and PROCESSING of atransformer at site3. TESTING a transformer to verify itssuitability for service4. Discussion of integrating the transformerinto the power system2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton6
Importance of Transformer Processes The way a transformer is handled and theprocedures that are used to receive, assemble,process and test the transformer are offundamental importance to the long life of thetransformer. The installation and testing of the transformerverifies its condition at the time it is ready forservice as well as forming the baseline or signaturetests for all future maintenance and later conditionassessment or analysis.2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton7
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Transformer Condition TestsPossible ProblemMagnetic Circuit IntegrityMagnetic Circuit InsulationWinding GeometryWinding/Bushing/LTC ContinuityWinding/Bushing InsulationWinding Turn-to-Turn RatioElectrical TestDiagnostic TestWinding RatioXWinding ResistanceXMagnetizing CurrentXXCapacitance and DF/PFXInsulation ResistanceXCore Ground TestFrequency Response AnalysisXXXLeakage ReactanceDissolved Gas Analysis2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12XXXXXXXXW.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / EdmontonX12
Industry Standards & Guides Presented in the order of when they are usedin the transformer assembly and installationprocess Recognize that the transformer assembly andinstallation process starts much before thetransformer ever arrives on site2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton13
Reference Standards and GuidesFactory CAN/CSA-C88-M90 (Reaffirmed 2009) “PowerTransformers and Reactors” IEEE Std C57.12.00 -2015 “IEEE Standard for GeneralRequirements for Liquid-Immersed Distribution, Power,and Regulating Transformers” IEEE Std C57.12.10 -2010 “Standard Requirements forLiquid-Immersed Power Transformers” IEEE Std C57.12.70 -2011 “IEEE Standard TerminalMarkings and Connections for Distribution and PowerTransformers” IEEE Std C57.12.90 - 2010 “IEEE Standard Test Code forLiquid-Immersed Distribution, Power, and RegulatingTransformers”2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton14
Reference Standards and GuidesTransportation “Cargo Securement Rules” Federal Motor CarrierSafety Administration (North American) Cargo Securement – Driver’s Handbook on CargoSecurement – A Guide to the North American CargoSecurement Standard Responsibility of shipper and driver2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton15
Reference Standards and GuidesTransportation and Site CIGRE 673 (WG A2.42) “Guide on TransformerTransportation” IEEE Std C57.150 -2012 “IEEE Guide for theTransportation of Transformers and ReactorsRated 10 000 kVA or Higher”2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton16
Reference Standards and GuidesSite IEEE Std C57.93 -2007 “IEEE Guide for Installation andMaintenance of Liquid-Immersed Power Transformers” CAN/CSA-C50-08 (R2013) “Mineral insulating oil,electrical, for transformers and switches” IEEE Std C57.106 -2015 “IEEE Guide for Acceptanceand Maintenance of Insulating Oil in Equipment” IEEE Std C57.152 -2013 “IEEE Guide for DiagnosticField Testing of Fluid-Filled Power Transformers,Regulators, and Reactors” IEEE Std C57.149 -2012 “IEEE Guide for the Applicationand Interpretation of Frequency Response Analysis forOil-Immersed Transformers”2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton17
Other Standards & Guides of Interest ¼Accessories CAN/CSA C88.1-96 (Reaffirmed 2011) PowerTransformer and Reactor Bushings“ IEEE Std C57.19.01 -2000 “IEEE StandardPerformance Characteristics and Dimensions forOutdoor Apparatus Bushings” IEEE Std C57.131 -2012 “IEEE Standard Requirementsfor Load Tap Changers” CAN/CSA-C60044-1-07 (R2011) - InstrumentTransformers - Part 1: Current Transformers (IncludesCSA C13) IEEE Std C57.13.1 -2006 “IEEE Guide for Field Testingof Relaying Current Transformers” IEEE Std C57.13.3 -2014 “IEEE Guide for Grounding ofInstrument Transformer Secondary Circuits and Cases”2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton18
Other Standards & Guides of Interest 2/4Operating Condition IEEE Std C57.104 -2008 “IEEE Guide for theInterpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-ImmersedTransformers” IEEE Std PC57.104 - [2018 November] Unapproved “DraftGuide for the Interpretation of Gases in Oil ImmersedTransformers” IEEE C57.91 -2011 “IEEE Guide for Loading MineralOil-Immersed Power Transformers and Step VoltageRegulators”2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton19
Other Standards & Guides of Interest 3/4Specialized Transformers IEEE std C57.116 -2014- "IEEE Guide forTransformers Directly Connected to Generators“ IEEE Std C57.21 -2008 “IEEE StandardRequirements, Terminology, and Test Code forShunt Reactors Rated Over 500 kVA” IEC 62032 / IEEE C57.135 -2005 “Guide for theapplication, specification, and testing of phaseshifting transformers”2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton20
Other Standards & Guides of Interest 4/4IEC IEC 60076 (Power transformers Parts 1 through 21) EC 60076-1 ed3.0 General IEC 60076-8 ed1.0 Application guide IEC 60214-1 Tap-changers - Part 1: Performancerequirements and test methods IEC 60137 Insulated bushings for alternatingvoltages above 1 000 V2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton21
Information Required for Installation Presented generally in the order that theinformation is produced.2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton22
Customer InformationSpecification and Change Orders Purchaser’s transformer specification(s)(general and rating/data specifications) Purchase order and change orders that mayinfluence technical considerations wheninstalling the transformer (unpriced).2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton23
Customer & Factory InformationDesign Review Explanations, commitments, clarificationsand notes from the design review meeting Recommended to be conducted- by a transformer expert at the factory- in accordance with CIGRE- Publication 529 “Guidelines for ConductingDesign Reviews for Power Transformers”, and- Publication 673 “Guide on transformertransportation”2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton24
Factory Information – DocumentationRelated to Receiving Transport and handling drawing Receiving instructions (in instruction manual?) Assembly instructions (in instruction manual?) Pre-Transport test results Photographs of transformer loaded on carrier Detailed packing lists should indicate individualparts in each package/crate Final drawings2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton25
Factory Information – Testing(Related to Transport & Receiving) Core and clamp insulation Megger tests (withcorrect Megger voltage at core ground testterminal) Leak test results Transport gas pressure and dew point tests Shock recorder settings and information andaccessories required to interpret results FRA tests in Fully assembled and oil filled condition, and/or Transport condition with test bushings2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton26
Factory Information – Testing(Related to site testing)Factory test report Winding & bushing insulation resistance, PF (powerfactor) & capacitance Winding ratios Polarity Winding resistance (demagnetize after) Low voltage excitation current Single-phase excitation test Other2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton27
Factory Information –(Required for Installation) Factory drawings Factory test report(s) Instruction manual(s) Photographs of assembled or partially assembledtransformer (at factory) Substation foundation, bus, station service,grounding, protection & control , and SCADAdrawings2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton28
Transformer Warranty Considerations 1 of 2 Inspections and receiving “Proper” (and sometimes supervised) assembly,processing, & testing of transformer Adherence to manufacturer’s or industry protocolsfor assembly, processing, & testing Acceptable test methods and results Adequate records2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton29
Transformer Warranty Considerations 2 of 2 Manufacturer, as a condition of warranty, almostalways want their representative on site when the transformer arrives. (Megger andimpact recorder reading), and during some portions of installation (e.g.installing bushings, internal inspection, etc). Owners should always give a manufacturer theoption to come to site (even if the manufacturerdoesn't require it).2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton30
Transformer Installation Records Assembly log indicating dates/times and weatherconditions, people during entire process Records of all inspections and testing (ratioincluding phase angle and current, Megger ,excitation current and voltage, insulation powerfactor and capacitance of windings and bushings,FRA, other dielectric tests, oil physical and DGAtests including sampled location(s), functional tests(and methods) on all accessories, etc.)2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton31
Transformer Receiving2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton32
Transformer Receiving Safety Be aware of Terms of Transport INCOterms Understand point of transfer of ownership as wellas warranty obligations Understand point of transfer of responsibility Assess Condition of Transformer2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton33
INCOterms 2010 RULES FOR ANY MODE OR MODES OF TRANSPORT EXW EX WORKS DAT Delivered At Terminal DAP Delivered At Place DDP Delivered Duty Paid RULES FOR SEA AND INLAND WATERWAYTRANSPORT FAS Free Alongside Ship FOB Free On Board CFR Cost and Freight CIF Cost Insurance and Freight2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton34
Transformer Receiving - Acceptance Assess Condition of Transformer Importance of knowing condition whentransformer left the factory to allowcomparison. Compare ex-factory condition to asreceived conditions to determine changethat could be caused by transport orstorage. Testing and inspection2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton35
Transformer Receiving – Safety Transport gas could be N2 or air – test for lifecompatibility (O2), absence of combustible gas,absence of CO or CO2 Working at height (especially when receivingtransformer on transporter). Appropriate fallarrest, falling objects prevention, ladder andelectrical safe work practices. Confined space entry and extraction. Be aware of loose or broken parts, crates, etc.2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton36
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Transformer - Unloading Is foundation in condition to receive transformer?[Size, shape, capacity, flat, level, cured, condition,etc.] Use of crane and slings [transport condition vs. fullyassembled condition] Use of jack and slide [jacking, blocking, slide areas] Transport drawing, markings on tank and parts Concentrated loading on tank bottom?2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton38
Transformer Receiving – Visual Inspection Visual inspection for security/tightness ofattachments to transporter, movement ontransporter, damage caused by securement,collisions with other objects or vibration orimpact(s) Positive pressure on transport gas gauge Absence of shock or vibration recording on shockrecorder and confirmation that shock recorder isstill functioning Visual inspection of accessories to verify arrival inundamaged condition and shipment is complete2019-02-11 / 2019-02-12W.J. (Bill) Bergman, IEEE - Calgary / Edmonton39
Transformer Receiving – Testing Visual Inspection Transformer transpor
process and test the transformer are of fundamental importance to the long life of the transformer. The installation and testing of the transformer verifies its condition at the time it is ready for service as well as forming the baseline or signature tests for all future maintenance and later condition assessment or analysis.
3. Instrument transformer: Used in relay and protection purpose in different instruments in industries . . Current transformer (CT) . Potential transformer (PT) . Open circuit and Short circuit Test on transformer . These two transformer tests are performed to find the parameters of equivalent circuit of transformer and losses of the transformer.
Transformer Design & Design Parameters - Ronnie Minhaz, P.Eng. Transformer Consulting Services Inc. Power Transmission Distribution Transformer Consulting Services Inc. Generator Step-Up Auto-transformer Step-down pads transformer transformer 115/10 or 20 kV 500/230 230/13.8 132 345/161 161 161 230/115 132 230 230/132 115 345 69 500 34 GENERATION TRANSMISSION SUB-TRANSMISSION DISTRIBUTION .
Transformer Lab 1. Objectives: 1.1 Comparison of the ideal transformer versus the physical transformer 1.2 Measure some of the circuit parameters of a physical transformer to determine how they affect transformer performance. 1.3 Investigate the ideal transformer and ca
transformer there are hysteresis and eddy current losses in transformer core. Theory of transformer on no-load, and having no winding resistance and no leakage reactance of transformer Let us consider one electrical transformer with only core losses. That means it has only core losses but no copper lose and no leakage reactance of transformer.
Step 13: Now click on the 2-Winding Transformer icon . Place the 2-winding transformer in the same way that you placed the previous two components. Join the primary of the transformer to the Main Bus. Double click the transformer icon and set the following properties: On the Info Tab o Change the transformer ID to "Main Transformer".
the distribution magnetic flux in the transformer. It has been used ANSYS Package Version 11 to model the distribution transformer.Table (1) shows the data of distribution transformer. 3.1 Transformer Geometry (Building and meshing): The transformer study is 250 kVA, three phase distribution core type "stacked core" transformer.
A transformer-based UPS may use a transformer before the rectifier and requires an isolation transformer after the inverter to derive the voltage being delivered to the critical load. Transformer-free UPS designs use power and control electronics technologies to eliminate the need for an isolatio
Precedence between members of the Army and members of foreign military services serving with the Army † 1–8, page 5 Chapter 2 Command Policies, page 6 Chain of command † 2–1, page 6 Open door policies † 2–2, page 6 Performance counseling † 2–3, page 6 Staff or technical channels † 2–4, page 6 Command of installations, activities , and units † 2–5, page 6 Specialty .
