Structural Detailing In Steel - Bayanbox.ir

Structural detailing in steelA comparative study of British, Europeanand American codes and practicesM. Y. H. Bangash

Published by Thomas Telford Publishing, Thomas Telford Ltd, 1 Heron Quay,London E14 4JD.URL: http://www.t-telford.co.ukDistributors for Thomas Telford books areUSA: ASCE Press, 1801 Alexander Bell Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4400,USAJapan: Maruzen Co. Ltd, Book Department, 3–10 Nihonbashi 2-chome,Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103Australia: DA Books and Journals, 648 Whitehorse Road, Mitcham 3132,VictoriaFirst published 2000A catalogue record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN: 0 7277 2850 4 M. Y. H. Bangash, 2000All rights, including translation, reserved. Except as permitted by theCopyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, no part of this publication may bereproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by anymeans, electronic, mechanical, photocopying or otherwise, without the priorwritten permission of the Books Publisher, Thomas Telford Publishing,Thomas Telford Ltd, 1 Heron Quay, London E14 4JD.This book is published on the understanding that the author is solelyresponsible for the statements made and opinions expressed in it and that itspublication does not necessarily imply that such statements and/or opinionsare or reflect the views or opinions of the publishers. While every effort hasbeen made to ensure that the statements made and the opinions expressed inthis publication provide a safe and accurate guide, no liability or responsibilitycan be accepted in this respect by the authors or publishers.Typeset by APEK Digital Imaging, BristolPrinted and bound in Great Britain by MPG Books, Bodmin, Cornwall

ContentsPrefaceivAcknowledgementsvMetric conversionsviDefinitionsviiIntroduction to codesixList of comparative symbolsxiv1. Introduction12. Structural steel43. Draughting practice for detailers184. Bolts and bolted joints345. Welding516. Design detailing of major steel components677. Steel buildings — case studies1158. Steel bridges — case studies170Appendix. Section properties213Bibliography235British Standards and other standards237ASTM Standards239

STRUCTURAL DETAILING IN STEELPrefaceThis steel detailing manual has been prepared to provide practical and up todate information on various aspects of steel construction for educators,designers, draughtsmen, detailers, fabricators and all others who have aninterest in structural steelwork.The text covers the full scope of structural detailing in the UK, Europe andthe USA. The text covers the fundamentals of drawing, continuing withdraughting practice and connections, the types of fastenings and theconventional methods of detailing components. Individual case studies areincluded.The types of structure covered represent the bulk of the typical fabricator’swork in commercial and industrial buildings, bridges, tanks, hydraulic andoffshore structures and power structures. Examples of steel detailing in CADformat are included in some of the chapters.Many of the drawings included are typical and, with minimal alteration, canbe adopted directly from the book and attached to individual drawings basedon a special code.This book should serve both as a primer for trainee detailers and as areference manual for more experienced personnel. Engineers, architects andcontractors will find the book useful for daily use and practice.M. Y. H. Bangashiv

PREAMBLEAcknowledgementsThe author acknowledges his appreciation to friends, colleagues and somestudents who have assisted in the early development of this book. The authorhas received a great deal of assistance and encouragement from the researchorganisations, engineering companies, consultants and constructors in steelwork and computer-aided design bureaus referred to in this book. The authoris particularly indebted to the following:British Standards Institute, UKAmerican Institute of Steel Construction, USAEuropean Union Group for EC3 Code, Brussels, BelgiumAmerican State Highways and Transportation OfficialsAmerican Society for Testing of MaterialsHighway Agency, UKWard and Cole, Consultants, UKStrucad, Derby, UKSwindell Dresseler Corp., Pittsburgh, USAMaster Series, Northern Ireland, UKAmerican Society of Civil Engineers, USAThe Steel Construction Institute, UKThe author is extremely grateful to Mike Chrimes, the Chief Librarian of theInstitution of Civil Engineers, London for providing facilities and support tocomplete this book.Certain valuable research materials were provided by the Institution ofStructural Engineers, London and they are acknowledged.The author is especially indebted to Dr F. Bangash for the preparation ofartwork included in this text.The author is grateful to Mr Shyam Shrestha of ASZ Partners, Ilford, fortaking the trouble to type the manuscript.v

STRUCTURAL DETAILING IN STEELMetric conversionsOverall geometrySpansDisplacementsSurface areaVolume1 ft 0·3048 m1 in. 25·4 mm1 ft2 0·0929 m21 ft3 0·0283 m31 yd3 0·765 m3Structural propertiesCross-sectional dimensionsAreaSection modulusMoment of inertia1 in. 25·4 mm1 in.2 645·2 mm21 in.3 16·39 103 mm31 in.4 0·4162 106 mm4Material propertiesDensityModulus of elasticity and stress1 lb/ft3 16·03 kg/m31 lb/in.2 0·006895 MPa1 kip/in.2 6·895 MPaLoadingsConcentrated loadsDensityLinear loadsSurface loadsvi1 lb 4·448 N1 kip 1000 lbf 4·448 kN1 lb/ft3 0·1571 kN/m31 kip/ft 14·59 kN/m1 lb/ft2 0·0479 kN/m21 kip/ft2 47·9 kN/m2

PREAMBLEDefinitionsThe European code EC3 gives a list of terms common to all the StructuralEurocodes, as well as some which apply only to steelwork. The Eurocodes usea number of new or unfamiliar expressions, for example the word ‘action’ isused to describe a load or imposed deformation. The following are thecommon definitions used in practically all codes dealing with structural steel.Beam A member predominantly subject to bending.Buckling resistance Limit of force or moment which a member canwithstand without buckling.Capacity Limit of force or moment which may be applied without causingfailure due to yielding or rupture.Column A vertical member of a structure carrying axial load and possiblymoments.Compact cross-section A cross-section which can develop the plasticmoment capacity of the section but in which local buckling prevents rotationat constant moment.Dead load All loads of constant magnitude and position that act permanently, including self-weight.Design strength The yield strength of the material multiplied by theappropriate partial factor.Effective length Length between points of effective restraint of a membermultiplied by a factor to take account of the end conditions and loading.Elastic design Design which assumes no redistribution of moments due toplastic rotation of a section throughout the structure.Empirical method Simplified method of design justified by experience ortesting.Factored load Specified load multiplied by the relevant partial factor.H-section A section with one central web and two equal flanges which hasan overall depth not greater than 1·2 times the width of the flange.I-section Section with central web and two equal flanges which has anoverall depth greater than 1·2 times the width of the flange.Imposed load Load on a structure or member other than wind load,produced by the external environment and intended occupancy or use.Lateral restraint For a beam: restraint which prevents lateral movement ofthe compression flange. For a column: restraint which prevents lateralmovement of the member in a particular plane.Plastic cross-section A cross-section which can develop a plastic hinge withsufficient rotation capacity to allow redistribution of bending moments withinthe structure.Plastic design Design method assuming redistribution of moments incontinuous construction.Semi-compact cross-section A cross-section in which the stress in theextreme fibres should be limited to yield because local buckling would preventdevelopment of the plastic moment capacity in the section.Serviceability limit states Those limit states which when exceeded can leadto the structure being unfit for its intended use.vii

STRUCTURAL DETAILING IN STEELSlender cross-section A cross-section in which yield of the extreme fibrescannot be attained because of premature local buckling.Slenderness The effective length divided by the radius of gyration.Strength Resistance to failure by yielding or buckling.Strut A member of a structure carrying predominantly compressive axialload.Ultimate limit state That state which if exceeded can cause collapse of partor the whole of the structure.viii

PREAMBLEIntroduction to codesThe structural design of steelwork is based on BS 5950 in the UK andcountries following this code. The title of this code is given below:BS 5950 Structural use of steelwork in building.This section has been compiled to help designers in the UK and USA toappreciate the principal differences and similarities of applying Eurocode 3:Part 1.1 (EC3) (originally European standard ENV 1993-1-1). This code willeventually become mandatory in Europe and the UK. It will, in future,supersede BS 5950 which has the following nine parts:Part 1 Code of practice for design in simple and continuous construction: hotrolled sectionsPart 2 Specification for materials, fabrication and erection: hot-rolledsectionsPart 3 Code of practice for design in composite constructionPart 4 Code of practice for design of floors with profiled steel sheetingPart 5 Code of practice for design in cold-formed sectionsPart 6 Code of practice for design in light gauge sheeting, decking andcladdingPart 7 Specification for materials and workmanship: cold-formed sectionsPart 8 Code of practice for design of the protection for structural steelworkPart 9 Code of practice for stressed skin designThe full range of Structural Eurocodes follows:Eurocode 1Eurocode 2Eurocode 3Eurocode 4Eurocode 5Eurocode 6Eurocode 7Eurocode 8Eurocode 9Basis of design and actions on structuresDesign of concrete structuresDesign of steel structuresDesign of composite steel and concrete structuresDesign of timber structuresDesign of masonry structuresGeotechnical design of structuresEarthquake resistance of structuresDesign of aluminium structuresThe codes will be issued by national standards organisations, such as BSI. Thefirst part of EC3 to be prepared was Part 1.1 General rules for building. Otherparts which are being prepared or are planned are given below:Part 1.2Part 1.3Part 2Part 3Part 4Part 5Part 6Part 7Part 8Fire resistanceCold-formed thin gauge members and sheetingBridges and plated structuresTowers, masts and chimneysTanks, silos and pipelinesPilingCrane structuresMarine and maritime structuresAgricultural structuresix