SCIENCE EXPLORER Grade 8 - Pearson Education

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P R E N T I C EH A L LP R E N T I C ESCIENCESCIENCEEXPLORER Provides a wide range of question formats—for every section of the text—to reach a widevariety of learners Gives parents a handy resource to help studentsstudy and learnSTUDY WORKBOOK Builds a record of students’ work to use as a studyaid for quizzes and testsGrade 8ISBN 0-13-058708-700001Prentice Hall9 780130 587084EXPLORERGrade 8Guided Readingand Study WorkbookAND Promotes active reading and enhances students’study skills using innovative questioningstrategies and exercises linked to the student textGUIDED READINGGuided Readingand Study WorkbookSCIENCE EXPLORERGrade 8See us on the Internet www.phschool.comH A L L Promotes active reading and enhances students’study skills using innovative questioningstrategies and exercises linked to the student text Builds a record of students’ work to use as a studyaid for quizzes and tests Provides a wide range of question formats—for every section of the text—to reach a widevariety of learners Gives parents a handy resource to help studentsstudy and learn

GSW-8 FM-SE/FNL5/9/0111:17 PMPage iP R E N T I C EH A L LGrade 8Guided ReadingandStudy WorkbookStudent EditionNeedham, MassachusettsUpper Saddle River, New JerseyGlenview, Illinois

GSW-8 FM-SE/FNL5/23/023:08 PMPage iiCopyright by Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved.Printed in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permissionshould be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrievalsystem, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,or likewise. Student worksheets and tests may be duplicated for classroom use, the number not toexceed the number of students in each class. Notice of copyright must appear on all copies. Forinformation regarding permissions(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department.ISBN 0-13-058708-724 25 26 27 28 29 (V016) 14 13 12 11

GSW-8 FM-SE/FNL5/23/023:08 PMPage iiiTable of ContentsWhat Is Science? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1Chapter 1 Chemical Interactions . . . . . .51-1 Inside an Atom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51-2 The Periodic Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71-3 Observing Chemical Reactions . . . . . . .111-4 Writing Chemical Equations . . . . . . . . .131-5 Controlling Chemical Reactions . . . . . .17Chapter 2 Exploring Propertiesof Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .212-1 Polymers and Composites . . . . . . . . . . .212-2 Metals and Alloys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .242-3 Ceramics and Glass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .272-4 Radioactive Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28Chapter 3 Motion and Energy . . . . . . . .333-1 Motion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .333-2 Temperature and Thermal Energy . . . .373-3 The Nature of Heat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .393-4 Thermal Energy and Statesof Matter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 Prentice-Hall, Inc.Chapter 4 Characteristics of Waves . .474-1 What Are Waves? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .474-2 Properties of Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .494-3 Interactions of Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . .524-4 Seismic Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56Chapter 7 Light Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .857-1 Wave Reflection and Mirrors . . . . . . . .857-2 Wave Refraction and Lenses . . . . . . . . .877-3 Color . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .897-4 Seeing Light Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .917-5 Using Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93Chapter 8 Characteristics ofthe Universe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .978-1 Tools of Modern Astronomy . . . . . . . . .978-2 Characteristics of Stars . . . . . . . . . . . .1008-3 Lives of Stars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1038-4 Star Systems and Galaxies . . . . . . . . . .1068-5 History of the Universe . . . . . . . . . . . .108Chapter 9 Plate Tectonics . . . . . . . . . .1119-1 Earth’s Interior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1119-2 Convection Currents andthe Mantle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1149-3 Drifting Continents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1169-4 Sea-Floor Spreading . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1189-5 The Theory of Plate Tectonics . . . . . . .1209-6 Changing Earth’s Surface . . . . . . . . . . .122Chapter 10 Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12710-1 Properties of Minerals . . . . . . . . . . . . .12710-2 How Minerals Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13010-3 Mineral Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132Chapter 5 Sound Waves . . . . . . . . . . . . .615-1 The Nature of Sound Waves . . . . . . . . .615-2 Properties of Sound Waves . . . . . . . . . .635-3 Combining Sound Waves . . . . . . . . . . .655-4 How You Hear Sound Waves . . . . . . . . .685-5 Applications of Sound Waves . . . . . . . .69Chapter 11 Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13711-1 Classifying Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13711-2 Igneous Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14011-3 Sedimentary Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14211-4 Metamorphic Rocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14711-5 The Rock Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149Chapter 6 The ElectromagneticSpectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .736-1 The Nature of ElectromagneticWaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .736-2 Waves of the ElectromagneticSpectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .756-3 Generating Visible Light Waves . . . . . . .786-4 Wireless Communication . . . . . . . . . . .81Chapter 12 Land and SoilResources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15312-1 Conserving Land and Soil . . . . . . . . . .15312-2 Solid Waste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15812-3 Hazardous Wastes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .161Science Explorer Grade 8Guided Reading and Study Workbookiii

GSW-8 FM-SE/FNL5/9/0111:17 PMPage ivTABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)Chapter 13 Air and WaterResources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16513-1 Air Pollution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16513-2 The Water Supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16913-3 Finding Pollution Solutions . . . . . . . .171Chapter 14 The Oceans . . . . . . . . . . . .17514-1 Exploring the Ocean . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17514-2 Tides and the Lunar Cycle . . . . . . . . . .17814-3 Life at the Ocean’s Edge . . . . . . . . . . . .18114-4 The Neritic Zone and Open Ocean . . .18414-5 Resources From the Ocean . . . . . . . . .187Chapter 15 Climate and ClimateChange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19115-1 What Causes Climate? . . . . . . . . . . . . .19115-2 Climate Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19415-3 Long-Term Changes in Climate . . . . .19715-4 Global Changes in the Atmosphere . . .200Chapter 17 Modern Genetics . . . . . . .21717-1 Human Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .21717-2 Human Genetic Disorders . . . . . . . . . .21917-3 Advances in Genetics . . . . . . . . . . . . . .222Chapter 18 Change Over Time . . . . . .22518-1 Darwin’s Voyage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22518-2 The Fossil Record . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .22818-3 Other Evidence of Change . . . . . . . . .232Chapter 19 Interdependencein Living Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23519-1 Interactions in the Human Body . . . .23519-2 Equilibrium and Feedback . . . . . . . . .23819-3 Interactions Among Living Things . . .241Chapter 16 Genetics: The Scienceof Heredity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20516-1 Mendel’s Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20516-2 Probability and Genetics . . . . . . . . . . .20816-3 The Cell and Inheritance . . . . . . . . . . .21116-4 The DNA Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . .213 Prentice-Hall, Inc.ivGuided Reading and Study WorkbookScience Explorer Grade 8

GSW-8 00/FNL5/9/0110:47 PMPage 1Name Date ClassWHAT IS SCIENCE?(pages 10-19)This section describes the skills that scientists use in their work. It also explains howscientists test possible explanations for what they have observed.Introduction(page 10)1. What is science? Science is a way of learning about the natural worldand the knowledge gained in that process2. A term for the many ways in which scientists study the world aroundthem isscientific inquiry.Thinking Like A Scientist(pages 10–15)3. What are four skills used by scientists?a. posing questionsb. making observations and inferences Prentice-Hall, Inc.c. developing hypothesesd. designing experimentse. collecting data and making measurementsf. interpreting datag. drawing conclusions4. Circle the letter of the term that involves using one or more of the fivesenses to gather information.a. experimentationb. scientific inquiryc. observationd. manipulation5. Observations usually lead toScience Explorer Grade 8inferences.Guided Reading and Study Workbook1

GSW-8 00/FNL5/9/0110:47 PMPage 2Name Date ClassWhat Is Science? (continued)6. What is a hypothesis? A hypothesis is a possible explanation forobservations that relate to a scientific question.7. Complete the table about variables.VariablesTypeAlternative NameDefinitionManipulated variableIndependent variableThe variable that a scientist changesResponding variableDependent variableThe variable that is expected to change because of themanipulated variable8. What do scientists do to make sure that changes in the manipulatedvariable are causing the changes in the responding variable? They test,or change, only one variable at a time.9. An investigation in which all variables except one remain constant iscontrolled experimentcalled a(n).10. What are data? Data are the facts, figures, and other evidence that youlearn through observation.makes it easier to share data.12. The system of measurement scientists use is called theInternational System of Units (SI).13. At the end of an experiment, what does the conclusion state? Theconclusion states whether or not the data supported the hypothesis.14. A model that imitates a real-world situation is called a(n)simulation.2 Guided Reading and Study WorkbookScience Explorer Grade 8 Prentice-Hall, Inc.11. Why do scientists take measurements in a standard way? Doing so

GSW-8 00/FNL5/9/0110:47 PMPage 3Name Date Class15. What are two ways that scientists communicate with one another?a. Writing articles in scientific journals and speaking at meetingsDeveloping Scientific Laws and Theories(page 16)16. What is a scientific law? A scientific law is a statement that describeswhat scientists expect to happen every time under a particular set ofconditions.17. A well-tested idea that explains and connects a wide range ofscientific theoryobservations is a(n).18. What happens when a scientific theory is contradicted by new evidence?Scientists change the theory or abandon it.Laboratory Safety(page 16)19. What are two reasons that following safe laboratory practices is a goodidea? Following them will protect you and your classmates from injury and Prentice-Hall, Inc.it will make your investigations run more smoohtly.Branches of Science(page 18)20. What are the four main branches of science? physical science,Earth science, life science, and environmental science21. A person who studies the chemicals found in air, soil, and water is a(n)environmental chemistTechnology and the Internet.(page 19)computers22. Most modern scientific equipment is connected towhich allow scientists to record, store, and analyze data.Science Explorer Grade 8,Guided Reading and Study Workbook3

GSW-8 00/FNL5/9/0110:47 PMPage 4Name Date ClassWhat Is Science? (continued)WordWiseComplete the sentences by using one of the scrambled terms below.Word Banknoitvarsebosisthepoyhgniondpsre lebaaivreeiccnseicnstfiic rthoeyeicnstfiic walecnerefniaadtaiuaedtlpnm lebaaivr1. The variable that a scientist changes during an experiment is themanipulated variable.2. A logical interpretation based on observations or prior knowledge isa(n)inference.3. A way of learning about the natural world through observations andsciencelogical reasoning is.4. A well-tested idea that explains and connects a wide range ofscientific theoryobservations is a(n).5. A possible explanation for observations that relate to a scientifichypothesisquestion is a(n).6. Using all five senses to gather information is calledobservation. Prentice-Hall, Inc.7. The variable that is expected to change during an experiment is theresponding variable.8. A statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every timeunder a particular set of conditions is a(n)scientific law.9. The facts, figures, and other evidence learned through observation aredata.4 Guided Reading and Study WorkbookScience Explorer Grade 8

GSW-8 01/FNL5/9/0110:48 PMPage 5Name Date ClassCHAPTER 1CHEMICAL INTERACTIONSSECTION1–1Inside an Atom(pages 24-28)This section describes the structure of an atom and explains the role that certainelectrons play in forming chemical bonds.Introduction(page 24)1. A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances byelementchemical or physical means is a(n)2. The smallest particle of an element is a(n)Properties of an Atom.atom.(pages 24–25)3. What does an atom consist of? An atom consists of a nucleus (containingprotons and neutrons) surrounded by one or more electrons. Prentice-Hall, Inc.Match the particle with its charge.ParticleChargec4. neutrona. positivea5. protonb. negativeb6. electronc. neutral7. Label the parts of an atom on the drawing. e–Protone–e–e–Science Explorer Grade 8 e–Nucleus Cloud ofelectronsNeutrone–Guided Reading and Study Workbook5

GSW-8 01/FNL5/9/0110:48 PMPage 6Name Date ClassCHAPTER 1, Chemical Interactions (continued)8. Why is an atom neutral? An atom is neutral because the number ofprotons and the number of electrons are equal.9. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is called theatomic number.10. What is a unit of measurement for the mass of particles in atoms?atomic mass unit (amu)nucleus11. Most of an atom’s mass is in its.12. Circle the letter of each sentence that is true about atoms.a. Atoms of a particular element can have different numbers of neutrons.b. Atoms of a particular element always have the same number of protons.c. The mass of atoms of a particular element can vary.d. Neutrons play an important role in chemical reactions.The Role of Electrons(pages 25–28)13. The space in which the electrons move is huge compared to the spacenucleusoccupied by the.14. The electrons farthest from the nucleus or most loosely held are called Prentice-Hall, Inc.valence electrons.15. Is the following sentence true or false? Many properties of the atom aredetermined by the size of the valence electrons.false16. When chemical bonds form, valence electrons are eithertransferredorsharedbetween atoms.17. A way to show the number of valence electrons an atom has, using dotsaround the symbol of an element, is a(n)6 Guided Reading and Study Workbookelectron dot diagram.Science Explorer Grade 8

GSW-8 01/FNL5/9/0110:48 PMPage 7Name Date Class18. According to the dot diagram in Figure 3 on page 28, how manyvalence electrons does Neon (Ne) have? Neon has eight valenceelectrons.19. What are two things that can happen when an atom forms a chemicalbond?a. The number of valence electrons increases to a total of eight.b. All the valence electrons are given up.20. When atoms end up with eight or zero valence electrons, how are theydifferent than they were before? They are more stable, or less reactive,than they were before.SECTION1–2The Periodic Table(pages 29-37)This section explains how the elements are organized in a chart called the periodictable. It also explains what information the periodic table contains.Introduction(page 29) Prentice-Hall, Inc.1. A property that can be observed without changing the substance intosomething else is a(n)physical property.2. A property that is observed when a substance interacts with anothersubstance is a(n)chemical property.Using Properties to Group Elements(pages 29–30)3. What is the atomic mass of an element? The atomic mass of an elementis the average mass of one atom of the element.4. What are the two especially important properties that Dmitri Mendeleevnoted about the elements? The two are atomic mass and the number ofchemical bonds an element can form.Science Explorer Grade 8Guided Reading and Study Workbook7

GSW-8 01/FNL5/9/0110:48 PMPage 8Name Date ClassCHAPTER 1, Chemical Interactions (continued)The Periodic Table(pages 30–33)5. Mendeleev noticed that patterns appeared when he arranged theelements in what way? Patterns appeared when he arranged the elementsin order of increasing atomic mass.6. A chart of the elements showing the repeating pattern of theirperiodic tableproperties is called the.7. What does the word periodic mean? Having a regular, repeated pattern8. In the modern periodic table, the elements are arranged according toatomic numberstheir.9. Look at Exploring the Periodic Table on pages 32–33. Where does theperiodic table become wider? It becomes wider at periods 2, 4, and 6.10. What is the highest atomic number shown on the periodic table?118.Reading the Periodic Table(pages 34–35)includes the element’s atomic number, symbol, name, and atomic mass.12. Use the square from the periodic table to fill in the blanks below.Name of element:Symbol:Tin50SnAtomic mass:118.710Atomic number:508 Guided Reading and Study WorkbookSnTin118.710Science Explorer Grade 8 Prentice-Hall, Inc.11. What does each square of the periodic table usually include? It usually

GSW-8 01/FNL5/9/0110:48 PMPage 9Name Date Class13. The atomic number for the element calcium (Ca) is 20. How manyprotons and electrons does each calcium atom have? Each calciumatom has 20 protons and 20 electrons.14. Circle the letter of each term that refers to the elements in a column ofthe periodic table.a. periodb. familyc. groupd. symbolnitrogen15. Group 15 of the periodic table is thefamily.16. Each horizontal row across the periodic table is called a(n)period.17. Circle the letter of the sentence that is true about a period of elements.a. It contains elements that all have the same atomic mass.b. It contains a series of different elements from different families.c. It contains elements that all have similar atomic numbers.d. It contains elements that all have the same chemical symbol.18. Is the following sentence true or false? Every period contains the samefalsenumber of elements. Prentice-Hall, Inc.Properties of Elements in the Periodic Table(pages 35–36)19. How can an element’s properties be predicted? An element’s propertiescan be predicted from its location on the periodic table.20. Is the following sentence true or false? Most of the elements in thefalseperiodic table are nonmetals.21. Most metals are goodelectricityconductorsof heat and.22. The elements that usually gain or share valence electrons in a chemicalreaction areScience Explorer Grade 8nonmetals.Guided Reading and Study Workbook9

GSW-8 01/FNL5/9/0110:48 PMPage 10Name Date ClassCHAPTER 1, Chemical Interactions (continued)23. Between the metals and nonmetals are elements known asmetalloids.24. Density of elements usuallygroup.increasesWhy the Periodic Table Worksas you move down a(page 37)25. Why does the periodic table work? It works because it’s based on thestructure of atoms, especially the valence electrons.26. The number of valence electrons in a row of eight elements increasesfrom one toeig

Branches of Science (page 18) 20. What are the four main branches of science?physical science, Earth science, life science, and environmental science 21. A person who studies the chemicals found in air, soil, and water is a(n) . Technology and the Internet (page 19) 22. Most modern scientific equipment is connected to ,

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