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Case: 15-6397Document: 24Filed: 02/04/2016Page: 1No. 15-6397UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALSFOR THE SIXTH CIRCUITJOHN S. VERBLE,Plaintiff-Appellant,v.MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY LLC;MORGAN STANLEY & COMPANY, INC.,Defendants-Appellees.On Appeal from the United States District Courtfor the Eastern District of TennesseeBRIEF OF THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION,AMICUS CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF THE APPELLANTANNE K. SMALLGeneral CounselSANKET J. BULSARADeputy General CounselMICHAEL A. CONLEYSolicitorWILLIAM K. SHIREYAssistant General CounselSTEPHEN G. YODERSenior Litigation CounselSecurities and Exchange Commission100 F Street, N.E.Washington, D.C. 20549-9040

Case: 15-6397Document: 24Filed: 02/04/2016Page: 2TABLE OF CONTENTSPageTABLE OF AUTHORITIES .ivSTATEMENT OF THE ISSUE .1INTEREST OF THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONAND SUMMARY OF ITS POSITION .2STATEMENT OF THE CASE.4A.The securities laws recognize that internal company reporting byemployees and others is important for deterring, detecting, andstopping unlawful conduct that may harm investors. .4B.By providing new incentives and protections for individuals toengage in whistleblowing activity, the Dodd-Frank whistleblowerprogram enhances the existing securities-law enforcement scheme,including internal company reporting. .91.The Commission carefully calibrated the rules implementingthe monetary award component of the whistleblower programto ensure that individuals were not disincentivized from firstreporting internally. .92.Using its broad rulemaking authority, the Commissionadopted a rule clarifying that employment retaliation isprohibited against individuals who engage in any of thewhistleblowing activity described in Section21F(h)(1)(A)(iii)—including making internal reports at publiccompanies of securities fraud violations. .13STANDARD OF REVIEW .17ARGUMENT .19ii

Case: 15-6397Document: 24TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)Filed: 02/04/2016Page: 3PageI.Section 21F does not unambiguously demonstrate a Congressionalintent to restrict employment anti-retaliation protection to only thoseindividuals who provide the Commission with information relatingto a violation of the securities laws. .19II.In light of the ambiguity here, the Commission adopted a reasonableinterpretation in Rule 21F-2(b)(1) that warrants judicial deference. .28III.Failure to defer to Rule 21F-2(b)(1) could arbitrarily and irrationallydeny the employment retaliation protections afforded by DoddFrank to individuals who, before coming to the Commission, firstreport potential securities law violations to the U.S. Department ofJustice or Self-Regulatory Organizations such as FINRA. .32CONCLUSION .38CERTIFICATIONSCERTIFICATE OF SERVICESTATUTORY ADDENDUM . Addendum 1DECISIONAL ADDENDUM . Addendum 8iii

Case: 15-6397Document: 24Filed: 02/04/2016Page: 4TABLE OF AUTHORITIESCASESPageAbbott v. Crown Motor Co., 348 F.3d 537 (6th Cir. 2003) .24All. For Cmty. Media v. FCC, 529 F.3d 763 (6th Cir. 2008) .17Asadi v. G.E. Energy (U.S.A.), L.L.C., 720 F.3d 620(5th Cir. 2013) . 23, 25, 26, passimAuer v. Robbins, 519 U.S. 452 (1997) .30Berman v. Neo@Ogilvy LLC, 801 F.3d 145 (2d Cir. 2015) .28Bussing v. COR Clearing, LLC, No. 8:12-cv-238,2014 WL 2111207 (D. Neb. May 21, 2014) .28, 36Career College Ass’n v. Riley, 74 F.3d 1265 (D.C. Cir. 1996) .18Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc.,467 U.S. 837 (1984).2, 17, 18Connolly v. Remkes, No. 5:14-CV-01344, 2014 WL 5473144(N.D. Cal. Oct. 28, 2014) .28Davies v. Broadcom Corp., No. SACV 15-0928, 2015 WL5545513 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 8, 2015) .28Dressler v. Lime Energy, No. 3:14-cv-07060, 2015 WL4773326 (D.N.J. Aug. 13, 2015) .28Duke v. Prestige Cruises Int’l, Inc., No. 14-23017-CIV, 2015WL 4886088 (S.D. Fla. Aug. 14, 2015) .28Englehart v. Career Educ. Corp., No. 8:14-cv-444,2014 WL 2619501 (M.D. Fla. May 12, 2014) .28Free Enter. Fund v. Pub. Co. Accounting Oversight Bd.,561 U.S. 477 (2010).6iv

Case: 15-6397Document: 24CASES (continued)Filed: 02/04/2016Page: 5PageHalliburton, Inc. v. Admin. Review Bd., 771 F.3d 254 (5th Cir.2014) (per curiam), reh’g en banc denied,596 Fed. App’x 340 (5th Cir. 2015) .27Jones v. SouthPeak Interactive Corp., 777 F.3d 658 (4th Cir.2015) .27Lawson v. Suwannee First & S.S. Co., 336 U.S. 198 (1949) .22, 29Liu v. Siemens, A.G., 978 F. Supp. 2d 325 (S.D.N.Y. 2013),aff’d on other grounds, 763 F.3d 175 (2d Cir. 2014) .24Lutzeier v. Citigroup, Inc., No. 14-cv-00183, 2015 WL7306443 (E.D. Mo. Nov. 19, 2015).28Metro. Hosp. v. U.S. Dep’t of Health & Human Servs., 712 F.3d248 (6th Cir. 2013) .17, 18Microsoft Corp. v. i4i Ltd. P’ship, 131 S. Ct. 2238 (2011) .27Nat’l Ass’n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife,551 U.S. 644 (2007).18Nw. Austin Mun. Util. Dist. No. One v. Holder,557 U.S. 193 (2009). 28-29N.Y. Pub. Interest Research Group v. Whitman, 321 F.3d 316(2d Cir. 2003).18Peters v. LifeLock Inc., No. 2:14-cv-00576, Dkt. 47(D. Ariz. Sept. 19, 2014) .28Philko Aviation, Inc. v. Shacket, 462 U.S. 406 (1985) .29Puffenbarger v. Engility Corp., No. 1:15-cv-188, 2015 WL9686978 (E.D. Va. Dec. 31, 2015) .28Sanders v. Allison Engine Co., 703 F.3d 930 (6th Cir. 2012) .22v

Case: 15-6397Document: 24Filed: 02/04/2016Page: 6CASES (continued)PageSomers v. Digital Realty Trust, Inc., No. C-14-5180, 2015 WL4483955 (N.D. Cal. July 22, 2015), interlocutory appealcertified, 2015 WL 4481987 (N.D. Cal. July 22, 2015),and docketed, No. 15-80136 (9th Cir. July 31, 2015) .28Sullivan v. Everhart, 494 U.S. 83 (1990).18United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218 (2001) .17United States v. Wilson, 503 U.S. 329 (1992) .36Util. Air Regulatory Grp. v. EPA, 134 S. Ct. 2427 (2014) . 21-22Wadler v. Bio-Rad Labs., Inc., No. 15-cv-02356, 2015 WL6438670 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 23, 2015) .28STATUTESDodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act,Pub. L. No. 111-203, 124 Stat. 1376 (2010) (“Dodd-Frank”)Dodd-Frank . 2, 8, 9, passimDodd-Frank §748, 124 Stat. at 1743-44 .20Dodd-Frank §922, 124 Stat. at 1841-49 .2Dodd-Frank §924(a), 124 Stat. at 1850 . 2-3Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, Pub. L. No. 107, 116 Stat. 745(“Sarbanes-Oxley”)Sarbanes-Oxley . 6, 7, 14, passimSarbanes-Oxley §301, 116 Stat. at 775-77 .8Sarbanes-Oxley §307, 15 U.S.C. §7245 . 6-7, 16, 20, passimSarbanes-Oxley §404, 15 U.S.C. §7262 .7Sarbanes-Oxley §806, 18 U.S.C. §1514A . 7-8, 16, 17, passimvi

Case: 15-6397Document: 24Filed: 02/04/2016STATUTES (continued)Page: 7PageSecurities Exchange Act of 1934, 15 U.S.C. 78a, et seq.Section 10A, 15 U.S.C. §78j-1 .6Section 10A(b), 15 U.S.C. §78j-1(b). 5-6Section 10A(m), 15 U.S.C. §78j-1(m) .14, 16Section 10A(m)(4), 15 U.S.C. §78j-1(m)(4) .7, 20Section 12, 15 U.S.C. §78l .6Section 15(d), 15 U.S.C. §78o.6Section 21F, 15 U.S.C. §78u-6 . 2, 4, 9, passimSection 21F(a), 15 U.S.C. §78u-6(a) .9Section 21F(a)(6), 15 U.S.C. §78u-6(a)(6). 19, 20, 21, passimSection 21F(b), 15 U.S.C. §78u-6(b) .9, 31, 32Section 21F(c), 15 U.S.C. §78u-6(c) .9, 31, 32Section 21F(d)(2)(A), 15 U.S.C. §78u-6(d)(2)(A) .24Section 21F(h)(1), 15 U.S.C. §78u-6(h)(1) . 1, 13, 15, passimSection 21F(h)(1)(A), 15 U.S.C. §78u-6(h)(1)(A) . 1, 13-14, 15, passimSection 21F(h)(1)(A)(i),15 U.S.C. §78u-6(h)(1)(A)(i) . 14, 15, 19, passimSection 21F(h)(1)(A)(ii),15 U.S.C. §78u-6(h)(1)(A)(ii) . 14, 15, 19, passimSection 21F(h)(1)(A)(iii),15 U.S.C. §78u-6(h)(1)(A)(iii) . 13, 14, 15, passimSection 21F(h)(1)(B), 15 U.S.C. §78u-6(h)(1)(B) .14, 24Section 21F(h)(1)(B)(i),15 U.S.C. §78u-6(h)(1)(B)(i) .14Section 21F(h)(1)(C), 15 U.S.C. §78u-6(h)(1)(C) . 14-15Section 21F(h)(2), 15 U.S.C. §78u-6(h)(2) .24Section 21F(j), 15 U.S.C. §78u-6(j) .9, 15Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Pub. L. No. 104-67,§301, 109 Stat. 737, 762-64.5Section 23(h)(1) of the Commodity Exchange Act,7 U.S.C. §26(h)(1) .2018 U.S.C. §1341 .818 U.S.C. §1343 .818 U.S.C. §1344 .8vii

Case: 15-6397Document: 24Filed: 02/04/2016Page: 8STATUTES (continued)Page18 U.S.C. §1348 .818 U.S.C. §1513(e) .14, 1918 U.S.C. §1514A(a).818 U.S.C. §1514A(a)(1)(A) .33, 3518 U.S.C. §1514A(a)(1)(C) .818 U.S.C. §1514A(c)(1) .2718 U.S.C. §1514A(c)(2)(C) .27RULESRules under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, 17 C.F.R. Part 240Rule 10A-3(b)(3), 17 C.F.R. §240.10A-3(b)(3) .8Rule 17a-5(h)(2), 17 C.F.R. §240.17a-5(h)(2) .8Rule 21F-2(b)(1), 17 C.F.R. §240.21F-2(b)(1) . 4, 15, 16, passimRule 21F-2(b)(1)(ii), 17 C.F.R. §240.21F-2(b)(1)(ii) .15Rule 21F-2(b)(2), 17 C.F.R. §240.21F-2(b)(2) .15Rule 21F-4(b)(4), 17 C.F.R. §240.21F-4(b)(4) .13Rule 21F-4(b)(7), 17 C.F.R. §240.21F-4(b)(7) .12, 31, 33Rule 21F-4(c)(3), 17 C.F.R. §240.21F-4(c)(3).12Rule 21F-6(a)(4), 17 C.F.R. §240.21F-6(a)(4).12Rule 21F-6(b)(3), 17 C.F.R. §240.21F-6(b)(3) .12Rules under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, 17 C.F.R. Part 275Rule 204A-1(a)(4), 17 C.F.R. §275.204A-1(a)(4) .8Rule 206(4)-2(a)(6)(ii), 17 C.F.R. §275.206(4)-2(a)(6)(ii) .8Rule 38a-1 under the Investment Company Act of 1940,17 C.F.R. §270.38a-1(a)(4) .8Rule 3(d)(2), Standards of Professional Conduct for AttorneysAppearing and Practicing Before the Commission in theRepresentation of an Issuer, 17 C.F.R. §205.3(d)(2) .7viii

Case: 15-6397Document: 24Filed: 02/04/2016Page: 9RULES (continued)PageProcedures for Handling Retaliation Complaints under Section 806 ofthe Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 29 C.F.R. Part 198029 C.F.R. §1980 .2629 C.F.R. §1980.105.2629 C.F.R. §1980.106-110 .26Fed. R. App. P. 29(a) .2LEGISLATIVE MATERIALSH.R. 4173, 111th Cong. §7203(a) (as passed by House Dec. 11, 2009) .20H.R. 4173, 111th Cong. §922(a) (as passed by Senate May 20, 2010).20H.R. 4173, 111th Cong. §922(a) (conference base text) .20SEC and Corporate Audits (Part 6): Hearings on Detecting andDisclosing Financial Fraud Before Subcomm. on Oversight andInvestigations of the Comm. on Energy and Commerce,99th Cong. 345 (1986) (testimony of John Shad, Chairman) . 6ADMINISTRATIVE MATERIALSInterpretation of the SEC’s Whistleblower Rules Under Section 21Fof the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Exchange Act ReleaseNo. 34-75592, 80 Fed. Reg. 47,829 (Aug. 10, 2015) .30Proposed Rules for Implementing the Whistleblower Provisions ofSection 21F of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934,75 Fed. Reg. 70,488 (Nov. 17, 2010) . 3, 4, 10, passimReport of Investigation Pursuant to Section 21(A) of the SecuritiesExchange Act of 1934 and Commission Statement on theRelationship of Cooperation to Agency Enforcement Decisions,2001 WL 1301408 (Oct. 23, 2001).5ix

Case: 15-6397Document: 24Filed: 02/04/2016ADMINISTRATIVE MATERIALS (continued)Page: 10PageRequest for Comment on NASDAQ Petition, 68 Fed. Reg. 27,722(May 20, 2003) .37Securities Whistleblower Incentives and Protections,76 Fed. Reg. 34,300 (June 13, 2011). 3, 4, 5, passimMISCELLANEOUSOrly Lobel, Lawyering Loyalties: Speech Rights and Duties WithinTwenty-First-Century New Governance, 77 Fordham L. Rev.1245 (2009).17x

Case: 15-6397Document: 24Filed: 02/04/2016Page: 11No. 15-6397UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALSFOR THE SIXTH CIRCUITJOHN S. VERBLE,Plaintiff-Appellant,v.MORGAN STANLEY SMITH BARNEY LLC;MORGAN STANLEY & COMPANY, INC.,Defendants-Appellees.On Appeal from the United States District Courtfor the Eastern District of TennesseeBRIEF OF THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION,AMICUS CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF THE APPELLANTSTATEMENT OF THE ISSUEThe Securities and Exchange Commission (“Commission”), after notice and-comment rulemaking, issued a rule to clarify an ambiguity in thewhistleblower employment anti-retaliation provisions in Section 21F(h)(1) of theSecurities Exchange Act of 1934 (“Exchange Act”), 15 U.S.C. §78u-6(h)(1). TheCommission’s rule interpreted the anti-retaliation protections to extend to anyindividual who engages in the whistleblowing activities described in Section21F(h)(1)(A), irrespective of whether the individual makes a separate report to the

Case: 15-6397Document: 24Filed: 02/04/2016Page: 12Commission. Is the Commission’s rule entitled to deference under Chevron,U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837 (1984)?INTEREST OF THE SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONAND SUMMARY OF ITS POSITIONThe Commission—the agency principally responsible for the administrationof the federal securities laws—submits this brief as amicus curiae pursuant to Fed.R. App. P. 29(a) to address an important securities law issue presented in thisappeal.Congress, in Section 922 of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform andConsumer Protection Act (“Dodd-Frank”), Pub. L. No. 111-203, 124 Stat. 1376,1841-49 (2010), amended the Exchange Act to add Section 21F, entitled“Securities Whistleblower Incentives and Protection” and codified at 15 U.S.C.§78u-6. Section 21F directs the Commission to pay awards to individuals whosereports to the Commission about violations of the securities laws result insuccessful Commission enforcement actions, and prohibits employers fromretaliating against individuals in the terms and conditions of their employmentwhen they engage in certain specified whistleblowing activities. (The awardprogram and anti-retaliation protections are referred to collectively herein as “thewhistleblower program.”)In May 2011, at Congress’s direction, the Commission issued final rules“implementing the provisions of Section 21F.” See Dodd-Frank §924(a), 124 Stat.2

Case: 15-6397Document: 24Filed: 02/04/2016Page: 13at 1850. Throughout the rulemaking process, the Commission considered the“significant issue” of how to ensure that the whistleblower program does notundermine the willingness of individuals to make whistleblower reports internallyat their companies before they make reports to the Commission. SecuritiesWhistleblower Incentives and Protections (“Adopting Release”), 76 Fed. Reg.34,300, 34,300, 34,323 (June 13, 2011); Proposed Rules for Implementing theWhistleblower Provisions of Section 21F of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934(“Proposing Release”), 75 Fed. Reg. 70,488, 70,488 (Nov. 17, 2010). TheCommission’s final rules were carefully calibrated to achieve this objective byproviding “strong incentives” for individuals in appropriate circumstances to reportinternally in the first instance. Adopting Release at 34301, 34322. 11The Commission recognized that internal reporting is not alwaysappropriate, and the decision whether to do so (either prior to reporting to theCommission or at all) is best left for whistleblowers to determine based on theparticular facts and circumstances. See Adopting Release at 34327. Among theconsiderations a whistleblower would likely consider are: (i) whether theemployer has an anonymous reporting system; (ii) whether the potentialmisconduct involves upper-level management; (iii) whether the misconduct is stillongoing and poses a risk of sufficiently significant harm to investors thatimmediate reporting to the Commission is more appropriate; and (iv) whether theemployer may be prone to bad faith conduct such as the destruction of evidence.Id. at 34326.3

Case: 15-6397Document: 24Filed: 02/04/2016Page: 14One of those rules—Exchange Act Rule 21F-2(b)(1), 17 C.F.R. §240.21F 2(b)(1)—is at issue in this litigation. 2 The Commission has a strong programmaticinterest in demonstrating that the rule’s reasonable interpretation of certainambiguous statutory language was a valid exercise of the Commission’s broadrulemaking authority under Section 21F. This interest arises for two relatedreasons. First, the rule helps protect individuals who choose to report potentialviolations internally in the first instance (i.e., before reporting to the Commission),and thus is an important component of the overall design of the whistleblowerprogram. Second, if the rule were invalidated, the Commission’s authority topursue enforcement actions against employers that retaliate against individualswho report internally would be substantially weakened.STATEMENT OF THE CASEA.The securities laws recognize that internal company reporting byemployees and others is important for deterring, detecting, andstopping unlawful conduct that may harm investors.Companies’ processes for the internal reporting of violations of law andother misconduct “play an important role in achieving compliance with thesecurities laws.” Adopting Release at 34325; accord id. at 34324. Among otherthings, these internal reporting processes can help companies to promptly identify,2Each rule designated in this brief as Exchange Act Rule 21F- is codifiedat 17 C.F.R. §240.21F- .4

Case: 15-6397Document: 24Filed: 02/04/2016Page: 15correct, and self-report unlawful conduct by officers, employees, or othersconnected to the company. See generally Proposing Release at 70496. In thisway, “reporting through internal compliance procedures can complement orotherwise appreciably enhance [the Commission’s] enforcement efforts .”Adopting Release at 34359 n.450; see also Report of Investigation Pursuant toSection 21(A) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and Commission Statementon the Relationship of Cooperation to Agency Enforcement Decisions, 2001 WL1301408, at *1 (Oct. 23, 2001) (“When businesses seek out, self-report and rectifyillegal conduct, and otherwise cooperate with Commission staff, large expendituresof government and shareholder resources can be avoided and investors can benefitmore promptly.”). 3Recognizing the significant role that internal company reporting can play,Congress for nearly two decades has enacted a series of amendments to thesecurities laws to encourage, and in some instances to require, internal reporting ofpotential misconduct. In 1995, Congress amended the Exchange Act to addSection 10A(b), entitled “Required Response to Audit Discoveries.” See PrivateSecurities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, Pub. L. No. 104-67, §301, 109 Stat. 737,762-64. Section 10A(b) imposes a series of internal company disclosure3To be clear, as the Commission has advised, “while internal complianceprograms are valuable, they are not substitutes for strong law enforcement.”Adopting Release at 34326 (emphasis added).5

Case: 15-6397Document: 24Filed: 02/04/2016Page: 16obligations on a registered public accounting firm that, during the course ofconducting an audit of a public company required by the Exchange Act, discoversthat an illegal act connected to the company has occurred. 4 Section 10A(b)describes a process of disclosure by the auditor to the Commission after theauditor’s internal disclosures occur and certain other conditions are met, includinga failure on the company’s part to take an appropriate response. 5In 2002, Congress enacted the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (“SarbanesOxley”), Pub. L. No. 107-204, 116 Stat. 745, in response to “a series of celebratedaccounting debacles” 6 involving companies such as Enron and WorldCom. Aspart of Sarbanes-Oxley, Congress enacted several additional provisions related tothe internal company reporting of wrongdoing. 7 In Section 307, for example,4This brief uses the term “public company” to refer to a company with a classof securities registered under Section 12 of the Exchange Act and those required tofile reports under Section 15(d) of that Act.5An early version of the legislative proposal that became Section 10A wouldhave required auditors to report immediately to the Commission. SEC ChairmanJohn Shad testified before Congress at the time in opposition to such a reportingrequirement. See SEC and Corporate Audits (Part 6): Hearings on Detecting andDisclosing Financial Fraud Before Subcomm. on Oversight and Investigations ofthe Comm. on Energy and Commerce, 99th Cong. 345 (1986) (“[W]hy not givemanagement an opportunity to respond to suspicions and take corrective action?”).6Free Enter. Fund v. Pub. Co. Accounting Oversight Bd., 561 U.S. 477, 484(2010).7A principal aim of Sarbanes-Oxley was to promote the establishment ofrobust internal corporate governance mechanisms and processes that could6

Case: 15-6397Document: 24Filed: 02/04/2016Page: 17Congress directed the Commission to issue rules requiring attorneys appearing andpracticing before the Commission in the representation of public companies “toreport evidence of a material violation” of the securities laws or any “breach offiduciary duty or similar violation by the company or any agent thereof” tospecified company officials. Sarbanes-Oxley §307, 15 U.S.C. §7245. Theseattorneys are not required to make reports to the Commission and, indeed, mayoften be precluded from doing so as a result of their ethical obligations to theirclients.8 Similarly, Sarbanes-Oxley added Exchange Act Section 10A(m)(4),which required the Commission, by rule, to direct that national securitiesexchanges and national securities associations require that audit committees oflisted companies establish internal company procedures allowing employees andothers to submit complaints “regarding accounting, internal accounting controls, orauditing matters,” and to report anonymously “concerns regarding questionablepromptly identify and remedy violations. See, e.g., Sarbanes-Oxley §404, 15U.S.C. §7262 (requiring internal compliance systems and an annual audit byoutside auditors).8Only in limited situations—where an attorney reasonably believes it is“necessary” to report to the Commission to prevent a securities law violation thatwill cause substantial financial injury, or to correct past violations of similarseverity where the attorney’s services were used—may attorneys report evidenceof a material violation to the Commission. 17 C.F.R. §205.3(d)(2). But even whensuch disclosure to the Commission is permitted, an attorney will typically need toreport internally first in order to satisfy the requirement that disclosure to theCommission may be necessary.7

Case: 15-6397Document: 24Filed: 02/04/2016Page: 18accounting or auditing matters.” See Sarbanes-Oxley §301, 116 Stat. at 775-77; 17C.F.R. §240.10A-3(b)(3).Further, Section 806 of Sarbanes-Oxley (as later amended by Dodd-Frank)prohibited public companies, certain related persons or entities, and nationallyrecognized statistical rating organizations from engaging in employment retaliationagainst an employee who makes certain whistleblower disclosures concerning,among other things, securities fraud (18 U.S.C. §1348), bank fraud (id. §1344),mail fraud (id. §1341), wire fraud (id. §1343), or any violation of a Commissionrule or regulation. 18 U.S.C. §1514A(a). The whistleblower disclosures areprotected if they are made to “a person with supervisory authority over theemployee (or such other person working for the employer who has the authority toinvestigate, discover, or terminate misconduct),” or to Congress or certaingovernmental agencies (including the Commission). Id. §1514A(a)(1)(C).99The Commission has periodically adopted rules and regulations requiringinternal reporting in certain circumstances either within or among regulatedentities. See, e.g., 17 C.F.R. §270.38a-1(a)(4) (requiring the chief complianceofficer of a mutual fund to report the details of any material compliance matters tothe fund’s board); 17 C.F.R. §240.17a-5(h)(2) (requiri

AMICUS CURIAE IN SUPPORT OF THE APPELLANT . ANNE K. SMALL General Counsel . SANKET J. BULSARA Deputy General Counsel . MICHAEL A. CONLEY Solicitor . WILLIAM K. SHIREY Assistant General Counsel . STEPHEN G. YODER Senior Litigation Counsel . Securities and Exchange

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