To Understand How Trees Decline And Die, We Must

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To Understand How Trees Declineand Die, We Must:Why Do Trees Die?Understand stress and how it affects trees» To do this, we must also understand:–Tree anatomy and how trees growRex Bastian, Ph.D.The Davey Tree Expert Co./The Care of TreesWheeling, IL–The processes of respiration,photosynthesis transpiration, andtranslocationUnderstand how trees allocate resources-Merker and Hopper, 2005What is “Stress?”Any condition, or complex of conditions, thatlimits the tree’s ability to obtain essentialTree PhysiologyThe study of processesthat take place inside attreeresources from the environment» PhotosynthesisThis can occur because of:» Respiration» Actual shortage of resources in the environment» Inability of the tree to obtain/move/process» Transpiration» Absorption» Translocationresources that exist in adequate supply in the» Growth and Developmentenvironment» Defense

PhotosynthesisWhat Happens to the Sugar?LightEnergyMuch is used as a kinetic energy source forrespirationChlorophyll(Leaves andGreen Twigs)Water(Soil)» fuels day to day processes (makes things happen)Oxygen(Air)CarbonDioxide(Air)» more leaves, roots, wood, etc.Chained together to make “Starch”» stored for future energy needs as carbohydrateLight EnergyWaterChained together to make “Cellulose” Carbon DioxideSugar OxygenChlorophyll– This process allows us to live on this planet– Sugar can function as both a potential and kinetic energy for the treereserves (Potential Energy)Used for fuel to make protective chemicalsTranspirationPulls Water Up StemRespirationLoss of water through thefoliage in the form of watervapor» As water vapor is lost, watermolecules “pull” each otherup the plant» Direct connections exist fromroot hairs to leavesPurves et al., Life: The Scienceof Biology, 4th Ed.Sugar Oxygen––––Energy Water Carbon DioxideReverse of photosynthesisSugars are burned to produce kinetic energy for useOccurs both day and night (even when trees are dormant)Ultimately, this becomes the key process» Rate of water loss isregulated by stomates– Usually open during dayand close at night» Temperature, humidity, lightand other factors all influencetranspiration

Absorption/TranslocationWater Moves into Root By OsmosisMembraneAbsorption/TranslocationPassive and Active Uptake of NutrientsDissolvedSolutesPlant cells have moresolutes in their interiorthan does water in the soilPassive Transport movement of nutrients fromhigher to lower» Water moves from lowsolutes to high solutes– Same principle as usedin pickles or saltedmeats» Requires no or little energy» Once water reaches xylemtissues in root,transpiration pulls watermolecules up the treeDirection of water movementconcentration (Diffusion)Active Transport - rootselectively transportsnutrients across plasmamembrane and into the rootagainst concentrationgradient» Requires EnergyGrowthImage Courtesy of the Morton ArboretumTranslocationEnergyFood (sugars and other compounds) aremoved in phloem tissues» Sources (where made)– Leaves/green twigs» Sinks (where needed)– FruitWater and Elements– Seeds– Young foliage– Root tissuesThis movement can be up, down, orsideways in the tree»Loading the phloem requires energyTree Growth depends on two “pumps”» One produces water and elements» The other produces energyEach depends on the other» If one begins to fail, the other will soon followThe phloem, like the cambium, is veryGrowth and health depend on how well both pumps can function as the treethin and easily damagedgrows larger

Trees are Generating SystemsTrees Allocate ResourcesThey must grow to» Metabolismsurvive» Growth» ReproductionThey can grow fast» Defenseor slow, a lot or aTree must finance all of theselittle, but they mustMaintaining a high level ofgrowpotential energy is key to long» They have no choiceterm healthIf trees stopgrowing, they die!Dynamic vs Static MassDynamic Mass: Tissues that are alive and functioningStatic Mass: Tissues that are dead or not actively functioningPhotosynthesis Vs Growth VsDefenseCan there betoo much of agood thing?What about thelow/moderaterange? As Trees Age:– Static mass increases relative to dynamic mass– Potential/Kinetic energy ratio decreases– Demand for carbohydrates increases– Volume of respiring tissues increases while photosyntheticvolume remains fairly constantHow Does Nature Handle the Situation?

Resource AllocationUnequal IncomesGrowthStrategy and Life ExpectancyFast Growth Tree SpeciesTrees allocate energy toGrowthgrowth and defensesDefensedifferentlyStorageThe tree with theGrowthDefenseStorageResulting life expectancygreater incomecan allocate morevary based on growthto each use, butstrategySlow Growth Tree Species» PoplarsGrowthDefenseStoragemaintain the60 yearsGrowthDefenseStorage– “Live Fast, Die Young”» Oaks200-300 years– “Slow and Steady Winsbalancethe Race”Quandary--Which is More Desirable?Prioritization of ResourcesTree Defense SystemsCODITCODIT can be hard tovisualize» Key points– It’s a survival mechanism– Wood that forms afterwounding is moreresistant to decay– Trees may becomehollow as a result ofCODIT– Decay spreads verticallyfaster than sideways andoutwardUSDA Forest ServiceRequires Energy, but isfunded at low priority1.Maintenance of living tissues (Respiration)2.Production of fine roots3.Flower and seed production4.Primary growth (elongation of shoots and roots)5a. Secondary/Diameter growth5b. Defensive chemicalsOliver and Larson, 1996

Trees Are Fighting A Losing Battle AsThey AgeThe DeclineSpiralPredisposing Factor»Diminishes vitality from optimumThe tree is committed to»May not be noticeableincreasing its mass»Long term»Character of tree or physicalWith limiting resources,environmentInciting Factorthe tree regulates its»Especially damaging to Predisposed treedynamic/static ratio so that»Short termkinetic energy demands do»Often very noticeable»Physical or bioticnot exceed potentialImage from Shigo, Modern ArboricultureContributing Factorenergy reserves»Perpetuates decline of already alteredIt can’t keep doing this»Long term»Effect often very noticeable»Often opportunistic insect/pathogentreeforever!Image/Text from Manion, Tree Disease ConceptsPatterns of Death inLandscape TreesThe Decline SpiralStructural Failure– Branch, crown and stemfailure, uprooting, decay,girdling1989Environmental Degradation19941998USDA Forest Service» Acute– Flooding, fire, vandalism,construction injury,drought, high/lowtemperature» Chronic– Soil toxicity, soilcompaction, air pollution,restricted growing space,low fertility, severe pruningParasitic Invasion– Insects, fungi, bacteria,viruses, mycoplasma-likeorganisms, parasitic plants

So, Why Do Trees Die?And finally, Respiration Terminates» Which leads to carbohydrate productionceasing and/or carbohydrate stores beingexhausted–Then, photosynthesis slows or discontinuesFactors necessary for photosynthesis areunavailable, interrupted, or obstructed» Because of physical, biological, environmentalor human factorsSummaryEach part of a tree’s anatomy contributesto its survivalPhotosynthesis produces energy,respiration uses that energy, andtranspiration keeps trees hydratedA tree’s vascular system is responsiblefor moving water, nutrients, and foods towhere they are neededTrees defend themselves from insects anddiseases, but ultimately, run out of energy

The Davey Tree Expert Co./The Care of Trees Wheeling, IL To Understand How Trees Decline and Die, We Must: Understand stress and how it affects trees » To do this, we must also understand: – Tree anatomy and how trees grow – The processes of respiration, photosynthesis transpiration,

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