Grade 12 World Geography: A Human Perspective (40S)

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Grade 12 WorldGeography: A HumanPerspective (40S)A Course for Independent StudyField Validation Version

Gr ade 12 WorldGeogr aphy: A HumanP e r s p e c t i v e (4 0 S )A Course for Independent StudyField Validation Version2015M a ni t o b a E d u c a t i o n a n d A d v a n c e d L e a r nin g

Manitoba Education and Advanced Learning Cataloguing in Publication DataGrade 12 world geography : a human perspective (40S) : acourse for independent study—Field validation versionThis resource is available in print and electronic formats.Includes bibliographical references.ISBN: 978-0-7711-6172-8 (print)ISBN: 978-0-7711-6173-5 (pdf)1. Geography—Study and teaching (Secondary).2. Geography—Study and teaching (Secondary)—Manitoba.3. Human geography—Study and teaching (Secondary).4. Geography—Programmed instruction.5. Distance education—Manitoba.6. Correspondence schools and courses—Manitoba.I. Manitoba. Manitoba Education and Advanced Learning.910Copyright 2015, the Government of Manitoba, represented by the Ministerof Education and Advanced Learning.Manitoba Education and Advanced LearningSchool Programs DivisionWinnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaEvery effort has been made to acknowledge original sources and to complywith copyright law. If cases are identified where this has not been done, pleasenotify Manitoba Education and Advanced Learning. Errors or omissions willbe corrected in a future edition. Sincere thanks to the authors, artists, andpublishers who allowed their original material to be used.All images found in this resource are copyright protected and should notbe extracted, accessed, or reproduced for any purpose other than for theirintended educational use in this resource.Any websites referenced in this resource are subject to change.Available in alternate formats upon request.

hat Will You Learn in This Course?3How Is This Course Organized4What Resources Will You Need for This Course?5Who Can Help You with This Course?6How Will You Know How Well You Are Learning?8How Much Time Will You Need to Complete This Course?10When and How Will You Submit Completed Assignments?12What Are the Guide Graphics For?14Module Cover Sheets151Module 1: World Geography OverviewIntroduction3Lesson 1: The Origins and Growth of Geography7Lesson 2: The World’s Physical Geography19Lesson 3: The World’s Human Geography35Lesson 4: The Developed and Developing Countries53Module 1 Summary911Module 1 Learning Activity Answer KeyContentsiii

Module 2: World Population: Characteristics, Distribution, and GrowthIntroduction3Lesson 1: Demographics and Geography7Lesson 2: World Population Distribution39Lesson 3: Contemporary Challenges73Module 2 SummaryModule 2 Learning Activity Answer KeyModule 3: World Food Supply: Production and Distribution10511Introduction3Lesson 1: Agriculture7Lesson 2: Agricultural Challenges33Lesson 3: Food from Water63Lesson 4: Technology, Present and Future Challenges87Module 3 SummaryModule 3 Learning Activity Answer KeyModule 4: World Resources, Energy, and the Environment10311Introduction3Lesson 1: Resource Distribution7Lesson 2: Water25Lesson 3: Resource Demands35Lesson 4: World Energy73Module 4 SummaryModule 4 Learning Activity Answer Keyiv1Grade 12 World Geography: A Human Perspective1111

1Module 5: World Industrialization and UrbanizationIntroduction3Lesson 1: Industrialization5Lesson 2: Urbanization43Lesson 3: Present and Future Challenges63Module 5 Summary871Module 5 Learning Activity Answer Key1Module 6: World InterdependenceIntroduction3Lesson 1: Global Interdependence5Module 6 Summary431Module 6 Learning Activity Answer KeyReferences1Glossary1Appendices1Appendix A: Map of North America3Appendix B: Map of Manitoba5Appendix C: Map of the World7Appendix D: 2011 Census Questions9Appendix E: How to Cite References17Contentsv

AcknowledgementsManitoba Education and Advanced Learning gratefully acknowledges the contributionsof the following individuals in the development of Grade 12 World Geography: A HumanPerspective (40S): A Course for Independent Study, Field Validation Version.Course Writer:2015 VersionDiana Mae BoychukIndependent ConsultantCourse Writer:2002 VersionDavid McDowellIndependent ConsultantKamal DhillonInstructional DesignAssistantDevelopment UnitInstruction, Curriculum and Assessment BranchLouise BoissonneaultCoordinatorDocument Production Services UnitEducational Resources BranchLinda ConnorProject LeaderDevelopment UnitInstruction, Curriculum and Assessment BranchDiane CourcellesPublications EditorDocument Production Services UnitEducational Resources BranchLynn HarrisonDesktop PublisherDocument Production Services UnitEducational Resources BranchMyrna KlassenActing Coordinator(as of Spring 2015)Distance Learning UnitInstruction, Curriculum and Assessment BranchGilles LandryProject ManagerDevelopment UnitInstruction, Curriculum and Assessment BranchSusan LeeCoordinator(until Spring 2015)Distance Learning UnitInstruction, Curriculum and Assessment BranchLinda MlodzinskiConsultant(until May 2014)Development UnitInstruction, Curriculum and Assessment BranchContent ReviewerManitoba Education andAdvanced LearningSchool Programs DivisionStaffAcknowledgementsvii

Gr ade 12 WorldGeogr aphy: A HumanP e r s p e c t i v e (4 0 S )Introduction

IntroductionOverviewWelcome to Grade 12 World Geography: A Human Perspective (40S): A Course forIndependent Study, Field Validation Version.What is “a human perspective” with regard to world geography? The shortanswer is that it is the study of the relationship between people and theirphysical surroundings. The long answer is that it is an in-depth study ofhumankind’s relationship (past and present) with Earth and how humanactivities (past and present) impact Earth and the challenges now faced indealing with the aftermath of those activities.Since the 1960s, the world has been seen as interconnected. What happensin one area of the world impacts other areas. Population, resources, food,industrialization, and urbanization are issues with which each country mustcope. At the forefront of those challenges is the environment, and how wecan protect the environment while still solving the world’s problems: theincreasing world population, the declining world resources, maintaining anadequate world food supply, and the side effects of world urbanization andindustrialization trends.As a student enrolled in a distance learning course, you have taken on a dualrole—that of a student and a teacher. As a student, you are responsible formastering the lessons and completing the learning activities and assignments.As a teacher, you are responsible for checking your work carefully, notingareas in which you need to improve, and motivating yourself to succeed.What Will You Learn in This Course?This course outlines the challenges facing the world today. Module 1 beginswith an overview of world geography. Modules 2 to 5 each explore a specificaspect of world geography from a human perspective and how that aspect isconnected on a global level. Module 2 looks at world population, Module 3puts the spotlight on world food supply, Module 4 studies world resources,and Module 5 focuses on industrialization and urbanization. In Module 6, theunderlying theme of world interdependence that runs through each moduleis brought to the forefront to show the “big picture.”The course reviews the major world challenges and demonstrates how thosechallenges are connected, not only globally in a physical sense, but also toeach other, and how they are all connected to, and have an impact on, theenvironment. It is all about connections.Introduction3

How Is This Course Organized?The Grade 12 World Geography: A Human Perspective course consists of thefollowing six modules:QQModule 1: World Geography OverviewQQModule 2: World Population: Characteristics, Distribution, and GrowthQQModule 3: World Food Supply: Production and DistributionQQModule 4: World Resources, Energy, and the EnvironmentQQModule 5: World Industrialization and UrbanizationQQModule 6: World InterdependenceEach module in this course consists of several lessons, which contain thefollowing components:QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ4Lesson Focus: The Lesson Focus at the beginning of each lesson identifiesone or more specific goals that are addressed in the lesson. The goalsidentify the knowledge and skills you should have achieved by the end ofthe lesson.Introduction: Each lesson begins with an explanation of what you will belearning in that lesson.Lesson: The main body of the lesson is made up of the content that you needto learn. It contains explanations, diagrams, and maps.Learning Activities: Most lessons include one or more learning activitiesthat will help you learn about the lesson topics and prepare you for theassignments, the midterm examination, and the final examination. Onceyou complete a learning activity, check your responses against thoseprovided in the Learning Activity Answer Key found at the end of eachapplicable module. You will not submit the completed learning activities toyour tutor/marker.Assignments: Assignments are found throughout each module within thiscourse. At the end of each module, you will mail or electronically submitall your completed assignments from that module to your tutor/marker forassessment. All assignments combined will be worth a total of 50 percent ofyour final mark in this course.Glossary Terms: This list identifies the important words that are used in thelesson. The glossary terms are highlighted in bold within the text. They aredefined in the Glossary at the end of the course.Summary: Each lesson ends with a brief review of what you just learned.Grade 12 World Geography: A Human Perspective

This course also includes the following sections:QQQQQQGlossary: The Glossary at the end of the course provides definitions for analphabetical list of the terms identified in bold throughout the course. Youcan use the Glossary to review terms used in the course.Appendices: At the end of the course, you will find five appendices, whichcontain maps, a sample census, and instructions on how to cite references.References: At the end of the course, you will also find a list of referencesused to develop this course.What Resources Will You Need for This Course?You do not need a textbook for this course, but it would be beneficial if youhad access to a current atlas. All the content is provided directly within thecourse. There are some lessons where website links are offered as sourcesof information or for supplementary reference and reading; however, if youdo not have access to the Internet, you can still complete the course. Youwill need a notebook to answer questions for the learning activities whereinsufficient space has been provided for the answers. You will also requireaccess to an email account so that you can communicate with your tutor/marker. A valid email account is required for your Blackboard Learn profile.The website address for Blackboard Learn is https://bblearn.merlin.mb.ca/ .Note: This course contains a number of images that are best viewed in colour.Colour versions of these images in PDF format are available on BlackboardLearn at https://bblearn.merlin.ca/ . Students are issued a username andpassword at the time of registration. If Internet access is unavailable, a CDwith these images is available upon request from the Distance Learning Unit.Optional ResourcesIt would be helpful if you had access to the following resources:QQQQPhotocopier/scanner: With access to a photocopier/scanner, you could makea copy of your assignments before submitting them so that if your tutor/marker wants to discuss an assignment with you over the phone, each ofyou will have a copy. It would also allow you to continue studying or tocomplete further lessons while your original work is with the tutor/marker.Photocopying or scanning your assignments will also ensure that you keepa copy in case the originals are lost.Resource people: Access to local resource people, such as teachers, schoolcounsellors, and librarians, would help you complete the course.Introduction5

QQQQA computer with word processing software: Access to word processingsoftware (e.g., Microsoft Word) and presentation and slide software (e.g.,Microsoft PowerPoint) would help you complete some assignments.A computer with Internet access: Some lessons suggest website links assources of information or for supplementary reference and reading. If youdo not have Internet access, you will still be able to complete the course, butyou will need to find different ways of accessing information.Internet SafetyIf you choose to use the Internet to do research, be safe. The Internet is avaluable source of information and should be used responsibly. Talk to yourparents/guardians about Internet safety, and use the following guidelines whengoing online:QQChoose a user name that does not tell your name, gender, age, or otherpersonal details.QQNever give anyone private information.QQDo not answer emails from strangers.QQQQIf someone asks you to keep your relationship with him or her a secret, stoptalking to the person and immediately tell your parent/guardian.Do not email or post pictures or files to anyone.The above is not a complete list because no list can possibly cover all dangeroussituations. Use your common sense and be careful.Who Can Help You with This Course?Taking an independent study course is different from taking a course in aclassroom. Instead of relying on the teacher to tell you to complete a learningactivity or an assignment, you must tell yourself to be responsible for yourlearning and for meeting deadlines. There are, however, two people who canhelp you be successful in your course: your tutor/marker and your learningpartner.Your Tutor/MarkerTutor/markers are experienced educators who tutor independent studentsand mark assignments and examinations. When you are having difficultywith something in this course, be sure to contact your tutor/marker, who isthere to help you. Your tutor/marker’s name and contact information weresent to you with this course. You can also obtain this information in the WhoIs My Tutor/Marker section of the distance learning website at www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/dl/iso/index.html .6Grade 12 World Geography: A Human Perspective

Your Learning PartnerA learning partner is someone you choose who will help you learn. It may besomeone who knows something about geography, but it doesn’t have to be. Alearning partner could be someone else who is taking this course, a teacher,a parent or guardian, a sibling, a friend, or anybody else who can help you.Most importantly, a learning partner should be someone with whom you feelcomfortable, and who will support you as you work through this course.Your learning partner can help you keep on schedule with your course work,read the course with you, check your work, look at and respond to yourlearning activities, or help you make sense of assignments. You may evenstudy for your examinations with your learning partner. If you and yourlearning partner are taking the same course, however, your assignment workshould not be identical.PlagiarismPlagiarism IS a big deal with serious consequences, so it’s important that youunderstand what it is and how to avoid it.What is plagiarism?In brief, plagiarism is taking someone’s ideas or words and presenting them as if theyare your own.How can you avoid plagiarism?Begin early. Research takes time. Allow enough time to search for, evaluate,and read sources, and to get help if you need it. Always document your sourcesimmediately.QQQQnnQQQQPresent your research by quoting and paraphrasing.When you use a quote, you use the exact same words with quotation marks,and you indicate exactly where it came from.When you paraphrase, you rewrite an author’s idea using your own words andyou do not use quotation marks (but you also make sure to state clearly whoseidea it is).Learn how to use different citation styles. Refer to Appendix E for information onhow to cite references.Give credit where credit is due. Never pretend someone else’s idea is your own.Introduction7

How Will You Know How Well You Are Learning?You will know how well you are learning in this course by how well youcomplete the learning activities, assignments, and examinations.Learning ActivitiesThe learning activities in this course will help you to review and practisewhat you have learned in the lessons. You will not submit the completedlearning activities to your tutor/marker. Instead, you will complete thelearning activities and compare your responses to those provided in theLearning Activity Answer Key found at the end of each module.Make sure you complete the learning activities. Doing so will not only helpyou to practise what you have learned, but will also prepare you to completeyour assignments and the examination(s) successfully. Many of the questionson the examination(s) will be similar to the questions in the learningactivities. Remember that you will not submit learning activities to yourtutor/marker.AssignmentsEach module in this course contains assignments, which you will completeand submit to your tutor/marker for assessment. The assignments are worth atotal of 50 percent of your final course mark.The tutor/marker will mark your assignments and return them to you.Remember to keep all marked assignments until you have finished the courseso that you can use them to study for your examinations.Midterm and Final ExaminationsThis course contains a midterm examination and a final examination.QQQQThe midterm examination is based on Modules 1, 2, and 3 and is worth25 percent of your final mark in this course. You will write the midtermexamination when you have completed Module 3.The final examination is based on Modules 4, 5, and 6, and is worth25 percent of your final mark in this course. You will write the finalexamination when you have completed Module 6.The two examinations are worth a total of 50 percent of your final coursemark. You will write both examinations under supervision.8Grade 12 World Geography: A Human Perspective

To do well on each examination, you should review all the work youhave completed from the modules, including all learning activities andassignments.Requesting Your Examination(s)You are responsible for making arrangements to have the examinations sentto your proctor from the ISO office. Please make arrangements before youfinish Module 3 to write the midterm examination. Likewise, you shouldbegin arranging for your final examination before you finish Module 6.To write your examinations, you need to make the following arrangements:QQnIf you are attending school, your examination will be sent to your schoolas soon as all of the applicable assignments have been submitted. Studentsshould make arrangements with their school facilitator to determine adate, time, and location to write the examination. For more informationon examination procedures, please contact your ISO school facilitator orvisit the Grading and Evaluation section of the distance learning website at www.edu.gov.mb.ca/k12/dl/iso/index.html .If you are not attending school, check the Examination Request Formfor options available to you. The form was mailed to you with this course.Three weeks before you are ready to write the examination, fill in theExamination Request Form and mail, fax, or email it toISO Office555 Main StreetWinkler, MB R6W 1C4Fax: 204-325-1719Toll-Free Telephone: 1-800-465-9915Email: distance.learning@gov.mb.caIntroduction9

How Much Time Will You Need to Complete This Course?Learning through independent study has several advantages over learningin the classroom. You are in charge of how you learn and you can choosehow quickly you will complete the course. You can read as many lessonsas you wish in a single session. You do not have to wait for your teacher orclassmates.From the date of your registration, you have a maximum of 1

ac k n o W l e d G e m e n t s Manitoba Education and Advanced Learning gratefully acknowledges the contributions of the following individuals in the development of Grade 12 World Geography: A Human Perspective (40S): A Course for Independent Study, Field Validation Version.

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