Gramática Para Empezar P.3 Verbos Irregulares (in The .

GramáticaPara Empezarp.3 Verbos irregulares (in the present tense, 1st person rSaberSalirTraerVerCaerSeguirSigo (sigues, sigue, seguimos, siguen)Verbs that are irregular in all ***************p.5 Presente de los verbos con cambios de raízThe stem change occurs in all forms except nosotros and vosotros .Perder ( )Poder ( )Other stem changing verbs are .e ieo ue1.7.1.2.8.2.3.9.3.4.10.4.5.11.5.6.6.Pedir ( )e i7.8.9.10.11.1.2.3. Reír (río, ríes, ríe, reímos, ríen)4.5.6.

GramáticaPara Empezarp.7 Los verbos reflexivos You use reflexive verbs to say that people .The two parts of a reflexive verb are the and the.The reflexive pronouns are .Except for , the reflexive pronouns are the same as the indirect object pronouns.They usually come the verb, but they may be attached to the infinitive.Remember that you use the with parts of the body or articlesof clothing.Some reflexive verbs **************p.11 Verbos que se conjugan como gustar The verbs , , , , and doleralways use indirect object pronounsThe indirect object pronouns areThey follow the construction Example: Me gusta el fútbol. (I like soccer.)In the example, the indirect object pronoun tells us who likes soccer I do! The verb gustar agreeswith the thing that is liked. Soccer is singular so you use “gusta”. If it said “Me gustan losdeportes.” you would use “gustan” because “deportes” is plural. If what you like is an action, such as“Me gusta correr.”, you will use the singular form.To clarify who the indirect object pronoun refers to you can begin the sentence with aprepositional phrase (a mí, a ti, a Juan, a nosotros, a ellos, a Juan y a mí)Example: A Juan le gusta el fútbol. (If you don’t put the prepositional phrase it wouldn’t be clear who “le” was referring to.)Examples with the other verbs:Nos encanta jugar videojuegos.A Sara le importa su familia.A mí me interesan otras culturasA Felipe le duele la cabeza.(We love to play videogames.)( )( )( )

GramáticaPara Empezarp.12 Adjetivos posesivosPossessive adjectives always agree in gender and with thenouns they describe. They are placed .The possessive adjective “our” is the only one that also agrees in gender(nuestro gato, nuestra maestra, nuestros hermanos, nuestras clases)The possessive adjectives in all of their forms are SingularPluralMyYour (informal)His, her, your (formal)OurandandTheir, yours (plural)Since “su” and “sus” can refer to different people you can use theprepositional phrase foror .Example: Sus pantalones son elegantes. ( )¿Los pantalones de ella? ( )No, el amigo de usted. ( )

GramáticaCapítulo 1: A ver si recuerdasp.17 El pretérito de los verbosUse the preterite to talk about actions that happened in the .The preterite verb endings are:-AR-ER and -IRThe preterite forms of the irregular verbs hacer, dar, and ver 9 El pretérito de los verbos ir y ser y de los verbos que terminan en–car, -gar, zarir / serVerbs ending in , , have a spelling change in theof the preterite.-car (c qu)-gar (g gu)buscarinvestigarchocar (con) navegarpracticarjugarsacarllegar-zar (z c)almorzarcomenzarcruzarempezartropezar

GramáticaCapítulo 1: A primera vista 1p.30 El pretérito de los verbos con el cambio ortográfico i yVerbs ending in , such as destruir and construir have a spelling change in thepreterite. The becomes a in the. The accents go where they normally go in the preterite, thefirst and third person singular. (*Note that seguir does not follow this pattern.)DestruirConstruirLeer, creer, oír, and caerse also follow the i y pattern, but the accents are different. Inaddition to the usual accents, they also have accents on the letter “i” in the tú and nosotrosforms. Therefore, the only form without an accent is the third person *****p.31 El pretérito de los verbos rTraer

GramáticaCapítulo 1: A primera vista 1p.33 El pretérito de los verbos con los cambios e i, o u en la raízStem changing verbs in the present tense also have a inthe preterite tense. The changes are and take placein the only.–AR AND –ER VERBS NEVER STEM CHANGE IN THE ír eronJugarEmpezar

GramáticaCapítulo 1: A primera vista 2p.42 El imperfectoUse the imperfect tense to talk about actions that in thepast. In English you often say or to express thisidea. The expressions , ,, , ,usually indicate that the imperfect will be used.The regular verb endings are:-AR-ER / -IRThere are only 3 irregular verbs! There aren’t any stem changing verbs! IrSerVerHaber is only used in the third person singular. The present tense is “hay” andmeans “there is” or “there are”. The imperfect tense is andmeans *********************************p.44 Usos del imperfectoUse the imperfect to describe something that .Also use the imperfect to describe all of the following in the past ample:Tenía 16 años.Los atletas estaban en el gimnasio.Hacía calor.Los atletas eran altos.Era el 5 de noviembreEran las dos de la tarde. No era la una.El estadio estaba lleno.Also use it to talk about a past action that was or that. Example: Los atletas se entrenaban en el gimnasio.

GramáticaCapítulo 2: A ver si recuerdas p.65 Concordancia y comparación de adjetivosAdjetivosAdjectives agree in and with. Masculine adjectives usually end in and feminine adjectives usually enin .Ex: un chico altuna chica alt Adjectives ending in or may be either feminine ormasculine.Ex: un dibujo interesantuna pintura interesant Adjectives that end in may be either masculine or feminine.Ex: un dibujo realistuna pintura realist To form the feminine form of adjectives that end in , add to theend.Ex: un niño trabajador una niña trabajador If an adjective describes a combination of masculine and feminine nouns, theending is used.Ex: Ese cuadro y esa estatua no son fe .ComparacionesComparisons of similarity use Ex: Josefina es tan cómica como Lili.Comparisons of difference use Ex: Josefina es más cómica que Lili.Irregular comparisons of difference are:Better thanOlder thanWorse thanYounger than

GramáticaCapítulo 2: A ver si recuerdas p.67 Comparación de sustantivos y el superlativo.ComparacionesTo make a comparison or differentiation between two nouns, use” Ex: Hoy hay menos gente que ayer en el teatro.To make a comparison between two similar nouns, use: Ex. Hoy hay tantas personas como ayer en el teatro.(“tanto” agrees in gender and number with the noun that follows it)El superlativoThe superlative is to say that something is or .To express a superlative comparison use: Ex: Felipe es el estudiante más trabajador.When mejor and peor are used as superlatives, use: Ex: Felipe es el mejor estudiante.The preposition is used after the adjective to specify when thesuperlative comparison occurs .Ex: Felipe es el mejor estudiante de la clase.

GramáticaCapítulo 2: A primera vista 1p.78 Pretérito vs. imperfectoExpressions that usually indicate the use of the preterite or the imperfect:Preterite- , ,Imperfect- , ,Use the preterite to tell about past actions that and are .These may be things that happened only 1 time or things that happened aspecific number of times.Example: Abracé a mi mamá ayer. (it can be assumed that it was 1 time)Abracé a mi mamá cinco veces ayer. (specific number of times) to give a in the past.Example: Cuando llegamos, la profesora sacó sus pinceles y empezó a pintar.Use the imperfect to tell about in the past. These are thingsthat happened multiple times, but we don’t have an exact number.Example: Cuando era niña, abrazaba a mi mamá todos los días. To give such as .Example: Eran las dos de la tarde.Example: Estábamos en el parque.Example: Hacía buen tiempo.Example: Estábamos muy contentos.Example: Éramos jóvenes.Example: Carlos llevaba una camiseta roja.Example: Yo me relajaba y no pensaba en nada. when or more actions are in the past.Example: Mientras los niños pintaban, el profesor observaba las pinturas.Use the preterite and the imperfect together when an ( ) anotherthat is in the past ( ).Example: Yo estudiaba cuando mi papá llegó a casa.Mi papa llegó a casa cuando yo estudiaba.*Note that you can flip the clauses and still have the same meaning. You must understandwhich event was already in progress (imperfect) and which event interrupted it(preterite) rather than thinking that one tense always goes before the other.

GramáticaCapítulo 2: A primera vista 1p.81 estar participleMany in Spanish are actually .To form the past participle you add to the root ofand to the root of .Example:Decorar , Conocer , PrefererIrregular past participles:AbrirRomperPonerHacerDecir EscribirVerVolverResolverMorirThe past participle is frequently used with to describeconditions that are the result of a previous action. Conjugate “estar” in thepresent tense to say that something “is .” and in the imperfect tense to saythat something “was.”. The past participlein and .Examples:Las paredes estaban pintad .Las ventanas estaban cerrad .(The painter is seated)(The walls )(The homework is done)( )

GramáticaCapítulo 2: A primera vista 2p.90 Ser y estarSer and estar both mean . They are used in different situations andhave different meanings.Use ser to indicate or describe the Example:Example:Mi tía es simpática.Ella es de Madrid.Ella es española.Ella es escritora.El concierto es el viernes.El concierto es en el teatro.La guitarra es de Elisa.Use estar to indicate or describe the following:Example:Example:Example:Example:El teatro está cerrado a esta hora.Los actores están muy nerviosos.El teatro está en la Avenida de las Rosas.Estamos comprando boletos. (see review below)Progressive tense Use a conujugated form of the verb estar the present participle. The presentparticiple is the stem of the verb with –ando or –iendo added to it. This tense is used to indicate that an action “is” or “was” in progress. An action currently in progress uses the present tense of estar and is called thepresent progressive. Example: Yo estoy cantando. (I am singing.) An action that was in progress uses the imperfect tense of estar and is called thepast progressive. Example: Yo estaba cantando. (I was singing.)Some adjectives have different meanings depending on whether they are used withser or estar.Ana es bonita.Ana está bonita.( )( )El cómico es aburrido. ( )El cómico está aburrido. ( )El cantante es rico.El postre está rico.( )( )Renaldo es listo.Renaldo está listo.(He’s intelligent.)(He’s ready.)

GramáticaCapítulo 2: A primera vista 2p.92 Verbos con distinto sentido en el pretérito y en el imperfecto(Fill in the different English meanings of each verb in the blanks provided andtranslate each Spanish sentence into English in the space below it.)ImperfectSaber¿Sabías que el concierto empezaba tarde?ConocerYo quise comprarlas, pero me enfermé.No querían ver esa obra de teatro.PoderLuis la conoció el año pasado.Luis quería comprar las entradas hoy.No quererSí, supe ayer que empezaba tarde.Pedro conocía muy bien a esa actriz.QuererPreteriteNo quisieron ver esa obra de teatro.Ella podía aprender la letra de la canción.Ella pudo aprender la letra de esa canción.