LABORATORY MODULES ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT
LABORATORY MODULESELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT2020High Voltage and ElectricalMeasurement LaboratoryUniversitas Indonesia
High Voltage and Electrical Measurement LaboratoryDepartment of Electrical Engineering UIContentsModule 1 Laboratory Briefing & Pre-Test . 4Module 2 Impedance Measurement . 5I.Objective . 5II.Basic Theory . 5III.Experiment Equipment . 12IV.Experiment Procedure. 12Module 3 Single Phase Power Measurement . 14I.Objective . 14II.Basic Theory . 14III.Experiment Equipment . 20IV.Experiment Circuitt. 21V.Experiment Procedure . 21Module 4 Power Quality and Three Phase Power Measurement . 23I.Objective . 23II.Basic Theory. 23III.Experiment Equipment . 26IV.Experiment Circuit . 26V.Experiment Procedure . 27Module 5 Lighting Measurement . 29I.Objective . 29II.Basic Theory. 29III.Experiment Equipment . 33IV.Experiment Procedure. 33Module 6 Grounding Resistance Measurement . 35I.Objective . 35II.Basic Theory . 35III.Experiment Equipment . 40IV.Experiment Circuit . 40ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY MODULE 20202
High Voltage and Electrical Measurement LaboratoryDepartment of Electrical Engineering UIV.Experiment Procedure . 41Module 7 Energy Consumption Measurement . 42I.Objective . 42II.Basic Theory . 42III.Experiment Equipment . 44IV.Experiment Circuit . 44Module 8 Post Test. 46ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY MODULE 20203
High Voltage and Electrical Measurement LaboratoryDepartment of Electrical Engineering UIMODULE 1LABORATORY BRIEFING AND PRE-TESTLaboratory Briefing is held on February 19, 2020 at 18.30 PM located at MRPQ AuditoriumLv. 4. Attendance to briefing and pre-test is mandatory and will be included in the scoring system.ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY MODULE 20204
High Voltage and Electrical Measurement LaboratoryDepartment of Electrical Engineering UIMODULE 2IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENTI. OBJECTIVE1. To know LCR Meter and its function2. To know the construction of LCR Meter and how LCR Meter worksII. BASIC THEORYLCR meter is an electronic electrical measurement to measure resistance, inductanceand capacitance value. The utilization is relatively easy since today, a digital LCR meter isalready in the market, and it makes the user easier to use it. Here is a brief explanation aboutresistor, inductor and capacitorResistor is an electronic component that has the function to control and limit electricity.It is also used to limit the amount of current flowing in a circuit. According to its name, resistoris resistive and mostly is made from carbon. The unit of resistance is Ohm and symbolized byomega. Type of resistors mostly has the shape of tube with two copper legs. There are coloredcircles in the body to make the user know about the resistance without measuring it usingmeasurement device. (example: ohm meter)Figure 1. Resistors typesELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY MODULE 20205
High Voltage and Electrical Measurement LaboratoryDepartment of Electrical Engineering UIInductor is symbolized by L. Usually in a form of coil, but sometimes has other formstoo. Inductor or coil is one of passive components that is made up by coils and usually saveup energy in form of magnetic field. The unit for inductance is called Henry (H Henry, mH millihenry, etc). An inductor is called as ideal if it has inductance, but has no resistance orcapacitance and does not waste much energy.Figure 2. Inductors TypesCapacitor is an electronic component that can store electric charge in a certain time. Thedefinition of capacitor is electronic component that save electrical current charge in electricfield until a certain time by collecting internal inequity from electric current charge. Capacitorwas invented by Michael Faraday (1791-1867). The unit of capacitance is Farad (F). One faradis equal to 9 1011 cm2.Figure 3. Capacitors TypesLCR Meter is a part of electronic measurement device to measure inductance (L),capacitance (C) and resistance (R) in component. In the simpler form of this device, the realELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY MODULE 20206
High Voltage and Electrical Measurement LaboratoryDepartment of Electrical Engineering UIvalue of these units is not measured; so that impedance will be measured internally andconverted to be shown to capacitance that match or inductance value. The reading will beaccurate if capacitor and inductor of device tested do not have impedance significant resistivecomponent.The basic resistor measurement principle with LCR-740 is WHEATSTONE bridge.Wheatstone bridge is an electrical circuit consisting of two parallel circuit branches connectedwith the galvanometer with the aim to measure an unknown electrical load. Wheatstone bridgehas four resistance arms, a source and a detector, usually in the form of galvanometer.Wheatstone bridge can be used to determine the unknown resistance value, for example (seefigure 4), suppose R4, we determine the value of the resistor until current through thegalvanometer indicates the value of zero. Wheatstone bridge is said to be in equilibrium if thevoltage delta in galvanometer is zero volt, in this case there is no current flowing throughgalvanometer. At Figure 4, I of Wheatstone bridge will happen if voltage at C to A is equal tovoltage from D to A, or if voltage from C to B is equal to D to B. In this case:Figure 4. Wheatstone bridgeELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY MODULE 20207
High Voltage and Electrical Measurement LaboratoryDepartment of Electrical Engineering UIIf galvanometer shows zero, hence:By substituting equation (1-1),(1-2) and (1-3), we have:If I2 from equation (1-1) is inserted, we got:Equation 1-4 is a form of Wheatstone bridge equality. If three of the resistances are knownand one of resistance is unknown, for example R3 Rx, hence:ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY MODULE 20208
High Voltage and Electrical Measurement LaboratoryDepartment of Electrical Engineering UIPrincipally, alternating current bridge is used to measure unknown inductance by comparingit with standard known inductor. Figure 5 describes inductance comparator bridge; R1 and R2are the comparator, and the standard arm is LS in series with RS, whereas LS is high qualityinductor and RS is variable resistance. Lx is unknown inductance and Rx is the resistance.Figure 5 Inductance Comparator BridgeIf the arm of the bridge is stated in complex form, therefore:In equality:ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY MODULE 20209
High Voltage and Electrical Measurement LaboratoryDepartment of Electrical Engineering UITwo complex numbers are the same, if its real and imaginary are the same. By equating realpart of equation (1-5), hence:For the imaginary,Principle that is used for capacitance measurement is Capacitance Comparator Bridge,which is similar to Inductance Comparator Bridge. Figure 6 describes capacitance comparatorbridge. R1 and R2 as comparator arms, and the standard arm is Cs (high quality capacitor)which is series with Rs (variable resistance). Cx is capacitance whose value is unknown, andRx is capacitor leaking resistance.Figure 6. Capacitance Comparator Bridge.If the arms of inductance comparator bridge are stated in complex form, therefore:ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY MODULE 202010
High Voltage and Electrical Measurement LaboratoryDepartment of Electrical Engineering UIIn equilibrium, hence:The same with inductance comparator bridge, two complex number is the same if its realand imaginary are the same. By equating the real part of above’s equation, we have:Hence the imaginary is:Equilibrium is obtained by controlling the value of variable load, and variation of loadR2 and R1 to obtain minimum current flow in the galvanometer. After that the current thatflows through Galvanometer is reduced by varying variable load Rs and keeping R2 and R4constant. And then keep load Rs constant and change load R2 and R4, repeat the process aboveuntil the bridge is in equilibrium. After reaching equilibrium, capacitance can be obtained fromthe equation above.If the bridge circuit is not in equilibrium, then the current that flows to the galvanometercauses a deviation of the galvanometer needle. The magnitude of the deviation is a function ofthe galvanometer’s sensitivity. Hence, the sensitivity is calculated as current per unit(ampere).ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY MODULE 202011
High Voltage and Electrical Measurement LaboratoryDepartment of Electrical Engineering UIThe galvanometer needle deviation can be expressed linearly or the angle per unit. Thesensitivity S can be stated asThus the total deviation D is :D 𝑆 𝐼The thevenin theorem is regularly used to find the current value that flows in theGalvanometer hence the following equation is obtained :III.EXPERIMENT EQUIPMENT1. LCR Meter2. Variable Resistor3. Variable Inductor4. Variable CapacitorIV.EXPERIMENT PROCEDURE1. Prepare all the equipment that will be utilized.2. Prepare the components that will be measured.3. Count manually the value of the components.4. Then measure the components using RLC Meter.5. Note the result of measurement.6. Count total impedance of each load.7. Find the power factor value from load impedance that is measured on LCR Meter andpower factor of load impedance that is stated on the load variable.ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY MODULE 202012
High Voltage and Electrical Measurement LaboratoryDepartment of Electrical Engineering UI8. Compare power factor value of load that is measured by LCR Meter and load that isstated on the load variable.ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY MODULE 202013
High Voltage and Electrical Measurement LaboratoryDepartment of Electrical Engineering UIMODULE 3SINGLE PHASE POWER MEASUREMENTI. OBJECTIVE1. To know and understand the characteristic of power and power factor measurement onalternating current circuit with different type of loads.2. To know the working principle of single phase wattmeter, cos phi meter, amperemeter andvoltmeter.3. To understand the variation of power type in alternating current system circuitry.4. To know the usage of power of light bulb, and compare it with the value of power in itspackaging box.II. BASIC THEORYPower in electrical engineering, is defined as the amount of electrical energy that istransferred in an electrical circuit in a time unit (energy per time). Different with direct currentdirect current circuit, in alternating current circuit, there are 3 kinds of power; True Power,Reactive Power and Apparent Power. The three has tight relation to one another and it isrepresented by a triangle, and called as power triangle.Figure 1. Power TriangleELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY MODULE 202014
High Voltage and Electrical Measurement LaboratoryDepartment of Electrical Engineering UIThe difference between these kinds of power in alternating current circuit is caused by thecharacteristics of impedance inductive and capacitive component. In alternating current circuit,inductive and capacitive component has a certain impedance value due to frequency. Theseinductive and capacitive components create lagging and leading of current with respect tovoltage, which will affect the multiplication between voltage and current, and as a result, thereare three kinds of power in AC circuitry.The shape of power triangle is determined by the type of loads in the circuit; whether itis resistive, inductive, capacitive or combined. The resultant of these loads is called byimpedance, and impedance has the combined characteristics based on which componentscomposing it. The characteristic of load means the type of power that is absorbed, and theleading or lagging of the current with respect to voltage. The usage of inductive /capacitive loadwill affect the current position with respect to the voltage, which usually the difference issymbolized by phi, and the amount of cos phi is called as power factor. Power factor is the ratiobetween active power and apparent power.Hence, considering the angle shifting between current and voltage, power can be statedasS V x I* P JqWith:S in Volt-Ampere, apparent powerP in Watt, active powerQ in VAR, reactive powerV in Volt, voltageI* in Ampere, currentNotice in I, there is a star symbol (*). This symbol states that the value of current utilizedis conjugated mathematically. This equation also states that angle that is formed by voltage andcurrent is the subtraction between angle that is formed by voltage and angle that is formed bycurrent. Here is the illustration:ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY MODULE 202015
High Voltage and Electrical Measurement LaboratoryDepartment of Electrical Engineering UIFigure 2. Relationship between voltage and current angles.With :α θ1–θ2S V x I* V θ1 x I - θ2S V x I θ1 – θ2In this experiment, analog measurement device will be utilized to measure current,voltage, power and power factor. Analog measurement device mainly has similarities in havingfirm and rotating coil that has been calibrated so the movement of its hand matches with theamount that being read. There are some construction types of analog measurement device, forexample:a.Moving Coil TypeHow moving coil works is that it used 2 permanent magnets that will induct coil thathas current and connected with the hand of the measurement device. The bigger theinduction, the coil will rotate until the hand hits the damper. Moving Coil utilizes LorentzForce principle.Figure 3. Moving Coil ConstructionELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY MODULE 202016
High Voltage and Electrical Measurement LaboratoryDepartment of Electrical Engineering UIb.Moving Iron TypeIt uses two soft steels; one is mounted in the coil and the other is connected to the hand ofthe measurement device. When current flows to the coil, electromagnetic field will happenand those two steels will have permanent field. Attraction type: pair of steels will have different poles when facing one another. Repulsion type : pair of steels will have the same poles when facing one another.Figure 4. Repulsion typec.Figure 5. Attraction typeElectrodynamic typeHow it works is almost the same as moving coil, but the permanent magnet in moving coil,here is replaced by a coil that has current flowing through it.ScalePointerMovableCoili2Fixed CoilFigure 6. Electrodynamic type constructionELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY MODULE 202017
High Voltage and Electrical Measurement LaboratoryDepartment of Electrical Engineering UId.Induction TypeIf inducting coil has current flowing through it, an alternating magnetic field willhappen. This magnetic field will create rotating current in the metal disk, and the currentwill generate magnetic field too hence interaction with magnetic field from inducting coilcreates rotating force in metal disk.Figure 7. Induction type constructione.Electrostatic TypeThere are two plates, both in half circle shape, that is set to be next to each other, butone of them is not moving. These two plate is connected to an axis. The plate that can movehas a hand to show the measurement result. These two plate will have current flowingthrough it and create electrostatic field that works based on coulomb law. The moving platewill move due to the two force on the two plates that have different potential.Figure 8. Electrostatic Type constructionELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY MODULE 202018
High Voltage and Electrical Measurement LaboratoryDepartment of Electrical Engineering UIf. Thermocouple TypeTwo conductors that differs will be united in one end and separated in the other end.The united end will convert heat energy that is received and will be flown to the other end. Dueto the different of conductor type, there is a potential different in the tip of the conductor.Usually this type is combined with moving coil type by replacing its source from heat energy.Figure 9. Thermocouple type constructionThis is the measuring process by analog measurement deviceFigure 10. Measuring process by analog measurement deviceMeanwhile for digital measurement device, it is divided into 2 categories:a.Digital Readout Instrument.Digital readout instrument is basically an analog device, where themeasurement process stil
ELECTRICAL MEASUREMENT LABORATORY MODULE 2020 5 MODULE 2 IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT I. OBJECTIVE 1. To know LCR Meter and its function 2. To know the construction of LCR Meter and how LCR Meter works II. BASIC THEORY LCR meter is an electronic electrical measurement to measure resistance, inductance and capacitance value.
Modules Simple module Operator overloading More modules Faster programs Exercises (2) More modules Exercises (3) Fortran 2003 List of Topics 1 Modules 2 A simple module 3 Modules and Operator Overloading 4 Modules and more modules 5 Making programs run faster 6 Exercises part 2 7 More about modules 8 Exercises part 3 9 The promise of Fortran 2003 Wollan Introductory Fortran Programming, Part II
Wiring Diagrams 18 Labeling for SLC/PLC Systems 18 Input Modules - ac 19 Input Modules - dc 21 Output Modules - ac 23 Output Modules - dc 24 Relay Contact Output Modules 27 Input/Output Combination Modules 28 Specifications 30 General I/O
Electrical Infrastructure includes an electrical installation, electrical equipment, electrical line or associated equipment for an electrical line. 1.9 Electrical installation As per the Electrical Safety Act 2002 (s15) (a) An electrical installation is a group of items of electrical equipment that—
Electrical Testing Laboratory 201 N Figueroa St, Los Angeles, CA 90012 (213) 482-6721, FAX (213) 482-6554 ROBERT R. "BUD" OVROM GENERAL MANAGER 3 . FUNCTION OF THE LOS ANGELES ELECTRICAL TESTING LABORATORY. The Califoa Electrical rni Code requires under Sections 110.2 and 110.3 that electrical
Analog I/O Modules 27 Specialty Modules 50 Safety Digital I/O Modules 64 . from high-speed digital to . FLEX 5000 I/O systems are used as remote I/O modules with Logix 5000 controllers such as ControlLogix 5580, CompactLogix 5380, and CompactLogix 5480. The modules are configured with the Studio 5000 Logix Designer application.
Modular Amine Plants 7.5 GPM 30 GPM 60 GPM 100 GPM 400 GPM Top Sides for Marine Capture Vessel o HP Separator Modules o LP Separator Modules o Degasser Modules o Pipe Rack Modules o Methanol Pump Modules o HP Inlet Choke Modules Nitrogen Generation Packages Sand Separator Packages
Metrology and Measurement Laboratory Manual IV Semester B.E. Mechanical Engineering JSS MAHAVIDYAPEETHA JSSSTU, MYSURU . METROLOGY AND MEASUREMENTS LABORATORY . To inspect and to detect guilty of measurement. APPLICATIONS OF METROLOGY Industrial Measurement
Titulli I diplomuar në administrim publik Numri në arkiv i akreditimit [180] 03-619/9 Numri në arkiv i akreditimit [240] 03-1619/19 (10.11.2017) Vendimi për fillim me punë 03-1619/19 (10.11.2017) Data akreditimit 21.03.2017 Përshkrimi i programit Programi i administrimit publik ka një qasje multidisiplinare të elementeve kryesore të studimit në fushën e Administratës publike dhe .
