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g Easier!Making Everythin2nd Sun and AMDSpecial EditionnoitazilaVirtuLearn to: Save energy, time, and money Allocate memory where it’sneeded Improve scalability Understand the different typesof virtualizationBernard Golden
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VirtualizationFORDUMmIES‰2ND SUN AND AMD SPECIAL EDITIONby Bernard Golden01 532690-ffirs.indd i8/14/09 11:04:51 PM
Virtualization For Dummies , 2nd Sun and AMD Special EditionPublished byWiley Publishing, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030-5774Copyright 2009 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, IndianaPublished by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, IndianaNo part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in anyform or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise,except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without theprior written permission of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher for permission should beaddressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo, For Dummies, the Dummies Man logo, A Referencefor the Rest of Us!, The Dummies Way, Dummies.com, Making Everything Easier, and related tradedress are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in theUnited States and other countries, and may not be used without written permission. AMD, the AMDArrow logo, AMD Opteron, AMD Virtualization, AMD-V, and combinations thereof are registeredtrademarks of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. HyperTransport is a licensed trademark of the HyperTransport Technology Consortium. Sun, the Sun logo, Solaris, StorageTek, Sun Fire, Sun xVM OpsCenter, and Sun Ray are trademarks or registered trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. in the UnitedStates and other countries. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. WileyPublishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKENO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES WITH RESPECT TO THE ACCURACY OR COMPLETENESS OF THE CONTENTS OF THIS WORK AND SPECIFICALLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES,INCLUDING WITHOUT LIMITATION WARRANTIES OF FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.NO WARRANTY MAY BE CREATED OR EXTENDED BY SALES OR PROMOTIONAL MATERIALS.THE ADVICE AND STRATEGIES CONTAINED HEREIN MAY NOT BE SUITABLE FOR EVERY SITUATION. THIS WORK IS SOLD WITH THE UNDERSTANDING THAT THE PUBLISHER IS NOTENGAGED IN RENDERING LEGAL, ACCOUNTING, OR OTHER PROFESSIONAL SERVICES. IF PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE IS REQUIRED, THE SERVICES OF A COMPETENT PROFESSIONALPERSON SHOULD BE SOUGHT. NEITHER THE PUBLISHER NOR THE AUTHOR SHALL BE LIABLEFOR DAMAGES ARISING HEREFROM. THE FACT THAT AN ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE ISREFERRED TO IN THIS WORK AS A CITATION AND/OR A POTENTIAL SOURCE OF FURTHERINFORMATION DOES NOT MEAN THAT THE AUTHOR OR THE PUBLISHER ENDORSES THEINFORMATION THE ORGANIZATION OR WEBSITE MAY PROVIDE OR RECOMMENDATIONS ITMAY MAKE. FURTHER, READERS SHOULD BE AWARE THAT INTERNET WEBSITES LISTED INTHIS WORK MAY HAVE CHANGED OR DISAPPEARED BETWEEN WHEN THIS WORK WAS WRITTEN AND WHEN IT IS READ.For general information on our other products and services, please contact our Customer CareDepartment within the U.S. at 877-762-2974, outside the U.S. at 317-572-3993, or fax 317-572-4002. Fordetails on how to create a custom For Dummies book for your business or organization, contactbizdev@wiley.com. For information about licensing the For Dummies brand for products or services, contact BrandedRights&Licenses@Wiley.com.ISBN: 978-0-470-53269-0Manufactured in the United States of America10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1Publisher’s AcknowledgmentsAcquisitions, Editorial, and Media DevelopmentProject Editor: Jennifer BinghamEditorial Manager: Rev MengleSun Contributors: Laura Davenport, Julianne Raedeke, Tina Shibue,Vijay Sarathay, Henry Kennedy, Michael Nalls, Amy Ahlers, Lisa Clark, MarkThacker, Cindy Gallie, Allison Michlig, Frances SunAMD Contributors: Jeff Jones, Adrienne Miller, and Tim Mueting01 532690-ffirs.indd ii8/14/09 11:04:51 PM
Table of ContentsIntroduction. 1About This Book . 1Icons Used in This Book . 2Chapter 1: Wrapping Your Head around Virtualization . . . 3Why Virtualization Is Hot, Hot, Hot . 3Sorting Out the Types of Virtualization . 6Virtualization Makes Hardware More Important . 10Chapter 2: Understanding AMD-Virtualization Technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Managing Operating System State . 12Virtualizing Memory . 13AMD Opteron Processor: Moving toward Green . 17Chapter 3: Looking into AMD’sVirtualization Initiatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19AMD Manages Memory . 20Extending Virtualization to Devices . 23Chapter 4: Making Servers Virtualization-Ready . . . . . . . 27The New Role of Commodity Servers ina Virtualized World . 27With Virtualization, Servers Need Moreof the Four Key System Resources . 28Sun Microsystems’ Servers Based onAMD Opteron Processors . 30Chapter 5: Managing Virtualization End-to-End . . . . . . . . 35Sun Virtualizes the Entire Enterprise . 35Tying Virtualization Together End-to-End . 36Sun Server Virtualization . 37Sun Desktop Virtualization . 38Sun Storage Virtualization . 39Tying the Virtual Environment Together:Virtualization Management . 42Sun Services . 44Chapter 6: Ten Steps to Virtualization Success . . . . . . . . 4502 532690-ftoc.indd iii8/14/09 11:05:02 PM
IntroductionVirtualization is the latest in a long line of technical innovations designed to increase the level of system abstractionand enable IT users to harness ever-increasing levels ofcomputer performance.At its simplest level, virtualization allows you to have two ormore computers, running two or more completely differentenvironments, on one piece of hardware. For example, withvirtualization, you can have both a Linux operating systemand a Microsoft Windows operating system on one server.Alternatively, you could host a Windows 95 desktop and aWindows XP desktop on one workstation.In slightly more technical terms, virtualization essentiallydecouples users and applications from the specific hardwarecharacteristics of the systems they use to perform computational tasks. This technology is likely to usher in an entirelynew wave of hardware and software innovation. For example,and among other benefits, virtualization can simplify systemupgrades (and in some cases may eliminate the need for suchupgrades) by allowing users to capture the state of a virtualmachine (VM), and then transporting that state in its entiretyfrom an old to a new host system.Virtualization is also designed to enable a generation of moreenergy-efficient computing. Processor, memory, and storageresources that today must be delivered in fixed amountsdetermined by real hardware system configurations will bedelivered with finer granularity via dynamically tuned VMs.About This BookVirtualization For Dummies, 2nd Sun and AMD Special Editionexplains how virtualization works and how it can benefit yourorganization. The book covers the kinds of issues virtualizationcan address and how it addresses them.03 532690-intro.indd 18/14/09 11:05:20 PM
2Virtualization For Dummies, 2nd Sun and AMD Special EditionThis book was sponsored by and written in collaboration withSun and AMD.Icons Used in This BookIn the margins of this book, you find several helpful icons thatcan make your journey a little easier:This icon flags information that you should pay attention to.This icon lets you know that the accompanying text explainssome technical information in detail. You don’t need to knowthis stuff to get what you need from the book, but it may beinteresting.A Tip icon lets you know some practical information that canreally help you out is on the way. These tips can help saveyou time, effort, or money.03 532690-intro.indd 28/14/09 11:05:20 PM
Chapter 1Wrapping Your Headaround VirtualizationIn This Chapter Understanding virtualization Looking at the different types Examining hardware and virtualizationIt seems like everywhere you go these days, someone istalking about virtualization. Technical magazines trumpetthe technology on their covers. Virtualization sessions are featured prominently at technology conferences. And, predictablyenough, technology vendors are describing how their productis the latest word in virtualization.Why VirtualizationIs Hot, Hot, HotWhat’s all the shouting about? Why is virtualization the sensation of the season? This section goes over four reasons virtualization is so important.Trend #1: Underutilized hardwareToday, data centers may have machines running at only 10 or15 percent of total processing capacity. In other words, 85or 90 percent of the machine’s power is unused. However, a04 532690-ch01.indd 38/14/09 11:05:33 PM
4Virtualization For Dummies, 2nd Sun and AMD Special Editionlightly loaded machine still takes up room and draws electricity,so the operating cost of today’s underutilized machine canstill be high.It doesn’t take a rocket scientist to recognize that this situation is a waste of computing resources. And, guess what?With the steady improvement in performance characteristicsof computer hardware, next year’s machine may have up totwice as much spare capacity as this year’s (and so on, forthe foreseeable future). Obviously, there ought to be a betterway to match computing capacity with load. And by enablinga single piece of hardware to seamlessly support multiplesystems, that’s what virtualization does. By applying virtualization, organizations can raise their hardware utilizationrates dramatically, thereby helping to use corporate capitalmuch more efficiently.Trend #2: Data centersrun out of spaceThe business world has undergone an enormous transformation over the past 20 years. Business process after business process has been captured in software and automated,moving from paper to electrons.The rise of the Internet has exponentially increased this transformation. Companies want to communicate with customersand partners in real-time, using the worldwide connectivity ofthe Internet. Naturally, this too has accelerated the move tocomputerized business processes.The net effect of all this is that huge numbers of servershave been put into use over the past decade. But many servers require a large amount of space. This can cause a realestate problem for companies: They’re running out of room.Making the space problem more difficult is the fact that, withan explosion of new data comes the need to store that datasomeplace.Virtualization, by offering the ability to host multiple guestsystems on a single physical server, allows organizations toreclaim data center territory, thereby helping to avoid the04 532690-ch01.indd 48/14/09 11:05:33 PM
Chapter 1: Wrapping Your Head around Virtualization5expense of building out more data centers. This can be anenormous benefit of virtualization, because data centers cancost in the tens of millions of dollars to construct.Trend #3: Green initiatives seekbetter energy efficiencyYears ago, power costs factored into strategic thinking atabout the same level as what brand of soda to keep in thevending machines. Companies could assume that electricalpower would be cheap and endlessly available.The assumption regarding availability of reliable power waschallenged during the California power scares of a few yearsago. Although later evidence caused re-evaluation of whetherthere was a true power shortage, the events caused manycompanies to consider whether they should look for ways tobe less power dependent.Furthermore, the impact of the green revolution has meantthat companies are increasingly looking for ways to reducethe amount of energy they consume.Recently, companies have turned this focus to their data centers.To show the level of concern about the amount of energybeing consumed in data centers, consider these facts: A study commissioned by AMD and performed by a scientist from the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratoryshowed that the amount of energy consumed by datacenters in the U.S. doubled between 2000 and 2005.Furthermore, energy consumption is expected toincrease another 40 percent by the end of the decade.Current energy consumption by data center servers andassociated cooling costs represents 1.2 percent of thetotal energy consumed in the U.S. Based, in part, on the results of this study, the UnitedStates Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) hasconvened a working group to establish standards forserver energy consumption and plans to establish a new“Energy Star” rating for energy-efficient servers.04 532690-ch01.indd 58/14/09 11:05:33 PM
6Virtualization For Dummies, 2nd Sun and AMD Special EditionThe cost of running a large number of servers, coupled with thefact that many of the machines filling up data centers are running at low utilization rates, means that a company that canreduce the total number of physical servers may significantlyreduce its overall energy costs. This is another way in whichvirtualization can help.Trend #4: System administrationcosts mountComputers don’t operate all on their own. Every server requirescare and feeding by system administrators. Common systemadministration tasks include monitoring hardware status,replacing defective hardware components, installing operating system (OS) and application software, installing OS andapplication patches, monitoring critical server resources likememory and disk use, and backing up server data to otherstorage mediums for security and redundancy purposes.As you can imagine, these tasks can be pretty labor intensive.System administrators — the people who keep the machineshumming — don’t come cheap. And, unlike programmers,system administrators are usually co-located with the servers,because they need to access the physical hardware.Virtualization can help rein in operations cost increases byreducing the overall number of machines that need to betaken care of. Although many of the tasks associated withsystem administration (for instance, OS and applicationpatching, doing backups, and so on) continue even in a virtualized environment, some of them disappear as physical servers are migrated to virtual instances. Overall, virtualizationcan reduce system administration requirements drastically,thereby making virtualization an excellent option to helpaddress the increasing cost of operations personnel.Sorting Out the Typesof VirtualizationNow that you have a rough idea of virtualization and why it’san important development, what are your options regarding04 532690-ch01.indd 68/14/09 11:05:33 PM
Chapter 1: Wrapping Your Head around Virtualization7it? In other words, what are some common applications of thetechnology?A number of common uses for virtualization exist, all centeredaround the concept that virtualization represents an abstractionfrom physical resources. In fact, there are enough kinds ofvirtualization to make it a bit confusing to sort out how youmight apply it in your organization. The two most commontypes of virtualization applied in the data center are servervirtualization and storage virtualization. Within each maintype there are different approaches or “flavors,” each ofwhich has benefits and drawbacks.Server virtualizationServer virtualization enables you to consolidate many different types of workloads and operating systems onto virtualenvironments all running on a single hardware platform.Virtual servers or virtual machines are independent operating environments that use virtual resources. One of the mostcommon approaches to virtualization is to use hypervisortechnology. Today’s hypervisors provide the greatest level offlexibility in how virtual resources are defined and managedand have become the primary choice for server virtualization.Hypervisors use a thin layer of code in software to achievefine-grained, dynamic resource sharing.There are two types of hypervisors. Type 1 hypervisors rundirectly on the system hardware, whereas Type 2 hypervisorsrun on a host operating system that provides virtualizationservices such as I/O device support and memory management. Virtualization solutions that use a Type 2 hypervisorare also referred to as operating system (OS) virtualization,and in some environments are called containers.Type 1 hypervisor solutionsYou will find that Type 1 hypervisors are typically the preferred approach for server consolidation because they canachieve higher virtualization efficiency by dealing directly withthe hardware. Type 1 hypervisors provide higher performanceand efficiency and use hardware assisted virtualization technology like AMD-V , now found in today’s multi-core AMDOpteron processors.04 532690-ch01.indd 78/14/09 11:05:33 PM
8Virtualization For Dummies, 2nd Sun and AMD Special EditionType 1 hypervisors use a thin layer of code to provideresource sharing within a single hardware platform. Anotherway to look at it is that the hypervisor provides a standardemulated hardware environment that the guest OS, sometimes referred to as the virtual machine (VM), resides onand interacts with. The VM encapsulates the guest operatingsystems and the application into a single entity that providesisolation from the underlying hardware. It is because of thisencapsulation that the VM can be migrated from one physicalmachine to another without any service interruption.Not only does this approach support running multiple VMs,it can support multiple VMs running different types and/orversions of operating systems (for example, completely differentOSs like Windows and Linux can be run simultaneously on thesame physical server).Type 1 hypervisor solutions are often used for server consolidation to achieve higher levels of resource utilization. Softwaredevelopment and quality assurance environments will also benefit greatly from this type of virtualization due to the ability toallow a number of different operating systems to be run simultaneously. This can facilitate parallel development or testingof software in a number of different operating system environments in a quicker, and potentially more efficient, manner.Early Type 1 hypervisor solutions experienced some performance degradation due to the overhead of the virtualizationsoftware, but with the introduction of hardware-assisted virtualization into today’s multi-core processors and platformimprovements, such as expanded memory and I/O capabilities,this performance degradation has been minimized. In fact,there is evidence of some native applications running betterin a virtual environment due to these improvements.Type 1 hypervisor solutions include ESX Server from VMware,Hyper-V from Microsoft, XenServer from Citrix, and xVM fromSun. Another possibility is Xen, an open source alternative.Operating system virtualization — type 2 hypervisorType 2 hypervisors run on a host operating system that provides virtualization services such as I/O device support andmemory management. These services give an application the04 532690-ch01.indd 88/14/09 11:05:33 PM
Chapter 1: Wrapping Your Head around Virtualization9illusion that it is (or they are, if there are multiple applications)running on a machine dedicated to its use. The key thing tounderstand is that, from the application’s execution perspective, it sees and interacts only with those applications runningwithin its virtual OS, and interacts with its virtual OS as thoughit has sole control of the resources of the virtual OS. Crucially,it can’t see the applications or the OS resources located inanother virtual OS.This approach to virtualization is extremely useful if you wantto offer a similar set of operating system functionalities to anumber of different user populations while using only a singlemachine. This is an ideal approach for Web hosting companies:They use container virtualization to allow a hosted Web siteto “believe” it has complete control of a machine, while in facteach hosted Web site shares the machine with many otherWeb sites.There are some limitations to operating system virtualization, though. First and foremost, this approach typically limitsoperating system choice. Containerization usually means thatthe containers must offer the same operating system as thehost OS and even be consistent in terms of version numberand patch level. As you may imagine, this can cause problemsif you want to run different applications in the containers,because applications are often certified for only a certainOS version and patch level. Consequently, operating systemvirtualization is best suited for homogenous configurations —for those arrangements, operating system virtualization is anexcellent choice.Companies offering operating system virtualization includeSun (as part of their Solaris operating system) and Parallels,which offers the commercial product Virtuozzo as well assponsoring the open source operating system virtualizationproject called OpenVZ.Storage virtualizationThe amount of data organizations are creating and storing isexploding. Due to the increasing shift of business processesto Web-based digital applications, companies are being inundated with data.04 532690-ch01.indd 98/14/09 11:05:34 PM
10Virtualization For Dummies, 2nd Sun and AMD Special EditionThis explosion of data can cause problems. First, from a sheerstorage capacity, many applications generate more data thancan be stored physically on a single server. Second, manyapplications, particularly Internet-based ones, have multiplemachines that need to access the same data. Having all thedata sitting on one machine can create a bottleneck, not tomention presenting risk from the situation where many machinesmight be made inoperable if a single machine containing allthe application’s data crashes. Finally, as mentioned earlierin the chapter, the increase in numbers of machines causesbackup problems; in other words, trying to create safe copiesof data is a Herculean task when there are hundreds or eventhousands of machines that need data backup.For these reasons, data has moved into virtualization as well.Companies use centralized storage (virtualized storage) as away of avoiding data access problems. Furthermore, movingto centralized data storage can help IT organizations reducecosts and improve data management efficiency.Virtualization Makes HardwareMore ImportantEven though virtualization is a software technology, it has theeffect of making hardware more important. This is becauseremoving lots of servers and migrating their operating systemsto virtual machines makes the remaining servers that supportall those virtual machines even more important.For example, in an organization that has a “one application,one server” environment, if a single server went down, thiswould inconvenience a single user population. However, virtualization is very different. If each server supports multiplevirtual machines, then a server that goes down would inconvenience multiple user populations. Thus, the hardware cantake on greater importance in a virtual environment.This shift in importance can be seen through the introductionof virtualization-ready hardware such as AMD Virtualization technology found in all AMD multi-core processors. Otherhardware manufacturers have introduced similar enhancementsto support virtualization implementations, so don’t overlook therole of hardware in your virtualization infrastructure.04 532690-ch01.indd 108/14/09 11:05:34 PM
Chapter 2UnderstandingAMD-Virtualization TechnologyIn This Chapter Looking at operating system state Managing memory with AMD Virtualization Technology Explaining AMD’s technologyAlthough you may consider a computer as just one ofthose boring pizza boxes (the term arose from theresemblance that 1U rack-mount servers have to the box thatpizzas are delivered in, although we tend to believe that it’smore reflective of the fact that pizza and technology are inextricably intertwined in the lives of true geeks), in fact a computer combines a number of different resources to enable theautomated processing of data.Four of these resources are crucial to virtualization: Processor: The central processing unit (CPU) is what turnsrandom information into organized data. CPUs manipulate strings of characters, add and subtract numbers, andarrange for information to flow in and out of the system. Asyou’ll remember from the previous chapter, virtualizationenables a single physical computer to support multiplevirtual guest systems. The ability to coordinate processoraccess by the separate guest systems is one of the main05 532690-ch02.indd 118/14/09 11:06:03 PM
12Virtualization For Dummies, 2nd Sun and AMD Special Editionchallenges of virtualization, particularly since the x86processor was never really designed to supportmultiple guests. Memory: A computer contains physical memory to storethe data that the processor manipulates. Similar to the processor, memory must be carefully managed to enable multiple guests to share a single set of physical memory withoutallowing separate guest systems to overwrite one another’sdata. And, as you might have guessed, x86 memory was notdesigned with multiple guest access in mind. Network: Today’s computers are, by default, social; theycommunicate with one another as well as sending andreceiving data from the great cloud that is the Internet.While data flows back and forth on the physical networkcard within a virtualized system, it’s critical to ensurethat each virtual system receives the appropriate network traffic. Storage: The fourth critical resource that is affected byvirtualization is storage — data residing in a place thatit can be retrieved from. If you’ve ever installed a harddrive in your own computer, you’ve managed storage! Torepeat the refrain, each virtual guest system must haveits own data storage and the virtualization software mustkeep each guest system’s storage isolated.Managing OperatingSystem StateState is a term used within computing to (pardon the pun)state the obvious: At each moment in time, the operatingsystem has a number of pieces of data that reflect its currentcondition. For example, if you are writing a document, thestate reflects the sentences you’ve written, the file location onthe disk where the document is stored, the individual valueseach system resource contains, and so on. The value thatevery resource has at a given moment of time is described asthe operating system’s state. Each of those values is stored insystem memory — when you make a change to an individualcharacter in your word processing document, a tiny bit ofmemory is changed to reflect the new state of your document.05 532690-ch02.indd 128/14/09 11:06:03 PM
Chapter 2: Understanding AMD-Virtualization Technology13In a virtualized world, where multiple guest operating systemsshare a single set of system resources, the ability to save oneguest’s state and restore another guest’s state is vital.Because each guest system needs to have its state in systemmemory so that it may operate, the virtualization hypervisorneeds to be clever (and fast!) enough to swap state in and outof system memory so that each guest can share the systemresources without trampling on one another’s state.Think of state as a hotel room. Each guest brings his or herpossessions to the room. Those possessions reflect the guest’sstate at that moment — a suitcase, certain clothing, toiletries,perhaps a briefcase containing a computer, paper notebook,and a book or two. When one guest leaves, another moves intothe hotel room and brings his or her possessions. The hotelroom is a virtual dwelling that is shared by all guests. Now,imagine if the guests all shared the room in quick succession,with each getting the room for a five minute stretch. You can seethe challenge of unpacking and packing every five minutes —well, that’s what virtualization accomplishes for operatingsystems. Virtualization enables operating systems to pack andunpack their state — except it happens thousands of timesper second! You can see that the ability to save and restorestate — to manage system memory which is where stateresides — is the key capability for virtualization software.Virtualizing MemoryLong before computer scientists came up with the notion ofvirtualizing an entire system, architects had already inventedtechniques to virtualize memory management. The Atlascomputer at the University of Manchester was the first systemto incorporate virtual memory technology. Virtual memorytechnology lets a system with a limited amount of physicalmemory look much larger to application software. To createthis illusion, the OS stores the full memory image of the application and its data on the system’s hard drive, and transfersrequired pieces of this image int
Virtualization For Dummies, 2nd Sun and AMD Special Edition explains how virtualization works and how it can benefit your organization. The book covers the kinds of issues virtualization can ad
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4 Virtualization For Dummies, Red Hat Special Edition Virtualization is a technology that lets one big physical server pretend to be a whole bunch of little PC machines, each with its own processor, memory, disk, and network devices. Explaining Server Virtualization When most organizations get started with virtualization, they
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