9 Grade Literary Terms - NYOS
9th Grade Literary Terms**Highlighted terms are of particular importance on the Midterm Exam.**All terms will be discussed throughout the year and students are responsible for knowing every term listed in this packet for theFinal Exam.Allegory: a story in which characters, events,and places stand for ideas, qualities, or otherevents. The overall purpose is to teach a morallesson.Alliteration: the repetition of the sameconsonant sound at the beginning of a word.Example: the repetition of b sounds in Keats's"beaded bubbles winking at the brim" ("Ode to aNightingale") or Coleridge's "five milesmeandering in a mazy motion ("Kubla Khan").Allusion: a reference to a well-known character,place, or situation from history, music, art, oranother work of literature. The writer assumesthe reader will recognize the reference.Ambiguity: (1) a statement, which has two ormore possible meanings; (2) a statement whosemeaning is unclear.Analogy: a comparison that shows similaritiesbetween two things that are otherwise unalike.Example: the analogy between the heart and apump.Analyze: to examine critically, carefully, and indetailAnaphora: the repetition of a word or phrase atthe beginning of successive phrases, clauses orlines.Anecdote: a short written or oral story of anevent from a person’s life. Often used to supportopinions, clarify ideas, grab reader’s attention, orentertain.Antagonist: a character or force that goesagainst the main character (proaganist) and triesto stop him/her from achieving their goal.Argument: a statement, reason, or fact for oragainst a point. Persuasive writing in whichlogic or reason is used to influence a reader’sideas or actions.Aside: a character in a play makes a shortspeech, which is heard by the audience but notby other characters. The speaker does this byturning to one side, away from the action in theplay.Assonance: the repetition of vowel sounds,please-niece-ski-tree.Audience: person reading or viewing the storyor writing.Autobiography: the story of a person's lifewritten by himself or herself.Ballad: a relatively short narrative poem, writtento be sung, with a simple and dramatic action.The ballads tell of love, death, the supernatural,or a combination of these.Biography: the story of a person's life written bysomeone other than the subject of the work.Blank Verse: a poem written in unrhymediambic pentameter.Cacophony/Euphony: Cacophony is anunpleasant combination of sounds. Euphony,the opposite, is a pleasant combination ofsounds. These sound effects can be usedintentionally to create an effect, or they mayappear unintentionally.Characterization: the way an author presentscharacters. 1. Direct or Explicit: a character isdescribed by the author or the narrator2. Indirect or Implicit, a character's traits arerevealed by thoughts, actions, dialogue, orappearance.Chronological Order: time order.Cliché: an overused phrase.Climax: turning point in the story. Determinesthe outcome of the conflict.
9th Grade Literary Terms**Highlighted terms are of particular importance on the Midterm Exam.**All terms will be discussed throughout the year and students are responsible for knowing every term listed in this packet for theFinal Exam.Comedy: a type of drama that is humorous andtypically has a happy ending.Compare: to determine similarities between twoelements.Consonance: the repetition of consonantsounds, typically within or at the end of wordsthat do not rhyme or have similar vowel sounds.Example: horror-hearer.Conflict: conflict occurs when some person orforce in the play opposes the protagonist.External Conflict: a character strugglesagainst an outside force.Man vs. ManMan vs. NatureMan vs. SocietyInternal Conflict: a character strugglesagainst himselfMan vs. HimselfConnotation: the emotional responsesuggested by a word.Contrast: two determine differences betweentwo elementsCouplet: a stanza of two lines, usually rhyming.Dramatic Monologue: a long speech given by acharacter in a play who is having a conversationwith other charactersDrama: a play or story that is written to be actedout in front of an audience.Dramatic Irony: the audience or reader knowsinformation that other characters do not knowDynamic Character: a character that changesthroughout the storyEssay: writing that attempts to explainsomething from a personal point of view.Euphemism: the substitution of a mild word ofphrase for a word that would be consideredundesirable because it is too direct, unpleasant,or offensive.Evaluate: forming a personal judgment about anidea’s or a literary work’s valueExposition: an author’s introduction of thecharacters, setting, and situation at thebeginning of a story, novel, or play.Fable: a brief tale designed to illustrate a morallesson. Often the characters are animals as inthe fables of Aesop.Denotation: the “dictionary” definition of a word.Descriptive Paragraph: writing that shows whata thing looks like, sounds like, smells like, andfeels like, with many details.Dialect: a variation of language by one group inone place.Denouement: the unraveling and resolution of aproblem in a story.Dialogue: conversation between two or morepeople.Diction: author’s choice of words.Example: slaughter vs. killFalling Action: the falling action is the series ofEvents that take place after the climax showingthe results of the conflict.Fiction: prose narrative based on imagination,usually the novel or the short story.Figurative Language: words that mean morethan their individual meanings and express truthbeyond the literal levelFigure of Speech: an example of figurativelanguage that states something that is notliterally true in order to create an effect.
9th Grade Literary Terms**Highlighted terms are of particular importance on the Midterm Exam.**All terms will be discussed throughout the year and students are responsible for knowing every term listed in this packet for theFinal Exam.Flashback: an interruption in the chronologicalorder of a narrative to describe an earlier event.Foil: a character opposite in personality toanother character in the story. There is a strongcontrast between the two characters’ strengthsand weaknesses.Foreboding: hint that something bad willhappenFoot: the basic unit in the measurement ofrhythm in poetryForeshadowing: an author’s use of clues toprepare readers for events that will happen laterin the storyFree Verse: unrhymed poetry with lines ofvarying lengths, and containing no specificmetrical patternLead: the beginning or introduction of a piece ofwriting. The lead establishes the direction yourwriting will take and grabs the reader’s attention.Local Color: the use of specific details to recreate the language, customs, geography, andhabits of a particular areaMetaphor: a figure of speech wherein acomparison is made between two unlikequantities without the use of the words "like" or"as."Mood: the emotions that a reader feels whilereading or viewing a literary workMotif: a significant word, phrase, image,description, idea, or other element that isrepeated throughout a literary work and isrelated to the themeNarrative Poem: a poem, which tells a story.Genre: a category or type of literature.Example: tragedy, epic, comedy, novel, essay,biography, lyric poemHaiku: Japanese poem, which consists of threelines: five syllables in the first and third lines,and seven syllables in the second line.Narrative: writing or speech that tells a storyNonfiction: literature about real people, places,and eventsNovel: a book-length fictional prose narrativeHyperbole: a figure of speech that usesoverstatement or exaggerationOde: a poem in praise of something divine orexpressing some noble idea.Iamb: an iamb is a foot of meter. A foot hastwo syllables—one unstressed syllable followedby one stressed syllable.Onomatopoeia: a literary device wherein thesound of a word echoes the sound it represents.Imagery: a word or group of words in a literarywork, which appeal to one or more of thesenses: sight, taste, touch, hearing, and smellInference: a judgment based on reasoningrather than on direct or explicit statement(reading between the lines).Irony: a contrast or discrepancy between whatis expected and what actually happensOxymoron: a combination of contradictoryterms. Example: jumbo shrimpParadox: a situation or a statement that seemsto contradict itself, but on closer inspection, doesnot.Parallel Structure/Parallelism: the repetition ofa series of words, phrases, or sentences thathave similar grammatical structure
9th Grade Literary Terms**Highlighted terms are of particular importance on the Midterm Exam.**All terms will be discussed throughout the year and students are responsible for knowing every term listed in this packet for theFinal Exam.Parody: a humorous imitation of a literary workthat aims to point out the work’s shortcomingsPersonification: a figure of speech in whichsomething nonhuman is given humancharacteristics.Plot: the structure of a story. The sequence inwhich the author arranges events in a story.(See diagram at end of packet.)Point-of-View: the perspective from which thestory is told. First Person narrator or "I." Omniscient narrator knows everything,may reveal the motivations, thoughtsand feelings of the characters, and givesthe reader information. Limited-omniscient narrator, the materialis presented from the point of view of acharacter, in third person. Objective narrator presents the actionand the characters' speech, withoutcomment or emotion. The reader has tointerpret them and uncover theirmeaning.Protagonist: the hero or central character of aliterary work.Pun: a play on words wherein a word is used toconvey two meanings at the same time.Repetition: the reoccurrence of sounds, words,phrases, lines, or stanzas in a speech or literaryworkResolution: the part of a story or drama whichoccurs after the climax and which establishes anew norm, a new state of affairs-the way thingsare going to be from then on.Rhythm: recurrences of stressed andunstressed syllables at equal intervals, similar tometer.Rising Action: the part of a drama, whichbegins with the exposition and sets the stage forthe climax.Sarcasm: see verbal ironySatire: a piece of literature designed to ridiculethe subject of the work.Setting: the time and place in which a storyunfolds.Short Story: a short fictional narrative.Simile: a figure of speech which takes the formof a comparison between two unlike quantitiesfor which a basis for comparison can be found,and which uses the words "like" or "as" in thecomparison.Situational Irony: the outcome of a situation isthe opposite of what is expectedSoliloquy: in drama, a moment when acharacter is alone and speaks his or herthoughts aloud. In the line "To be, or not to be,that is the question:"Sonnet: a lyric poem of fourteen lines whoserhyme scheme is fixed. ABABCDCDEFEFGGStanza: a major subdivision in a poem.Static Character: a character who remains thesame throughout the narrativeRhyme: in poetry, a pattern of repeated sounds.Stereotype: a generalization about a group ofpeople that is made without regard for individualdifferences (usually a flat character)Rhyme Scheme: the pattern of rhymed words ina stanza or generalized throughout a poem,expressed in alphabetic terms.Style: the expressive qualities that distinguishan author’s work, including word choice,sentence structure, and figures of speech
9th Grade Literary Terms**Highlighted terms are of particular importance on the Midterm Exam.**All terms will be discussed throughout the year and students are responsible for knowing every term listed in this packet for theFinal Exam.Suspense: a feeling of curiosity, uncertainty, oreven dread about what is going to happen in astorySymbol/Symbolism: any person, animal, place,object, or event that exists on a literal levelwithin a work but also represents something ona figurative level. Something that stands forsomething else.Example: the American flag symbolizes freedomTheme: the main idea or message of a story,poem, novel, or play often expressed as ageneral statement about life.Tone: tone expresses the author's attitudetoward his or her subject.Tragedy: according to A. C. Bradley, a tragedyis a type of drama, which is pre-eminently thestory of one person, the hero. "Romeo andJuliet" and "Antony and Cleopatra" depart fromthis, however, and we may view both charactersin each play as one protagonist. The storydepicts the trouble part of the hero's life in whicha total reversal of fortune comes upon a personwho formerly stood in high degree, apparentlysecure, sometimes even happy.Transitions: connecting words needed betweenparagraphs in writing.Understatement: a statement, which lessens orminimizes the importance of what is meant.Verbal Irony: a person says one thing andmeans another (sarcasm)Plot Structure solution
9th Grade Literary Terms **Highlighted terms are of particular importance on the Midterm Exam. **All terms will be discussed throughout the year and students are responsible for knowing every term listed in this packet for the Final Exam. Allegory: a story in which characters, events, and places stand for ideas, qualities, or other events.
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expository guide to literary criticism or literary concepts, nor does it attempt to catalogue the entire body of literary terms in use. It offers instead to clarify those thousand terms that are most likely to cause the student or general reader some doubt or bafflement in the context of literary criticism and other discussion of literary works.
Grade 4 NJSLA-ELA were used to create the Grade 5 ELA Start Strong Assessment. Table 1 illustrates these alignments. Table 1: Grade and Content Alignment . Content Area Grade/Course in School Year 2021 – 2022 Content of the Assessment ELA Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8 Grade 9 Grade 10 Grade 3 Grade 4 Grade 5 Grade 6 Grade 7 Grade 8
An Introduction to Literary Criticism and Theory Before we begin our examination and study of literary theory, it is important that we define exactly what literary theory is and is not, identify some of the main characteristics of such, as well as identify some of the key differences between traditional “literary criticism” and “literary theory.” While literary criticism since the late .
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