The Skeleton: The Types Of Joints And Movement

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The Skeleton:The Types of Jointsand Joints-Movement-Powerpoint.ppt

Lets put the bones into the four categoriesLong BonesShort BonesFlat CarpalsCraniumAxisTibiaPelvis barFibulaRibsSacrumPhalangesMeta TarsalsMeta CarpalsClavicleCoccyx

Aims of the Lesson Within this lesson you will develop yourknowledge and understanding of:– The three classifications of joints– The six types of synovial joints– The types of body movements

Types of Joints Immovable or fixed joints (Fibrous) These joints are held together by toughtissue which develops during childhood. Examples include: the Cranium, pelvis andvertebrae Slightly moveable joints(Cartilaginous) Here, movement is needed but only to acertain point e.g the vertebral column Individual vertebrae are separated bycartilage Freely moveable joints (Synovial) These joints are also called synovial andallow movement to take place. There are 6 types of freely moveable orsynovial joints

Types of Synovial Joints Freely Moveable (Synovial) joints canbe divided into six groups dependingupon the way they move.Key: Ball and SocketJoint Hinge Joint Pivot Joint Gliding Joint Saddle Joint Condyloid Joint

Ball and SocketJointsBall and socketBall and Socket joint Of all the joints in the body,the BALL AND SOCKETJOINT allows the greatestrange of movement In this type of joint, one endof the bone is shaped like aball, and it fits into a hollowsocket at the end ofanother joint. Held together by ligamentsand tendonsTwo main Ball and Socket Joints:Shoulder and hip joints

Hinge Joints HINGE JOINTS allow extensiveflexion and extension (Bendingand straightening) with only asmall amount of rotation. The joint is made by the joining oftwo bone ends which have smoothsurfaces. They are shaped tomove against each other withminimum friction. Strong ligaments stop the bonesfrom sliding off from one side tothe other.Examples of Hinge Joints:Elbow and Knee Joints

Pivot Joint PIVOT JOINTS allow onlyrotation. The joint works by the end of onebone having a “peg” which fitsinto a “ring” formed by the otherbone. There is pivot joint at the top ofthe spinal column, between theaxis and atlas bones of the neck.This allows us to turn, raise andlower our heads – this is crucialin controlling balance andmaintaining awareness.

Gliding Joints GLIDING JOINTS allowflexion and extensionthrough a slight glidingmotion between the ends ofsmall bones such as handsand feet. These small bones canmove over one another toincrease the flexibility of thehands and feet. Strong ligaments link themtogether and stop themmoving to far.

Saddle Joints SADDLE JOINTS occurwhere concave andconvex surfaces meet. The saddle joints allowthe movement of thejoint forward andbackwards, and right toleft. Examples of saddlejoints include the fingersand thumbs.

Condyloid Joints Within the CONDYLOIDJOINT the full convexshape of one bone end,fits into the full concaveshape of an adjoiningbone. This allows for movementin all directions, howeverfull rotations. The main example of theCondyloid joint is the wrist.

Why are they called SynovialJoints?They all have some thing calledSynovial Fluid in them. This lubricates the joint, like oil in aworking engine. It enables all parts ofthe joint to move against each othersmoothly. This is inside the synovial (joint)capsule which holds the fluid inplace. The synovial membrane lies insidethe capsule where the fluid isproduced.

Connective Tissues There are three types of connective tissues usedwithin the joints. Cartilage– Cartilage forms a cushion between bones in order tostop them rubbing Ligaments– Ligaments are like very strong string that holds bonestogether Tendons– Tendons attach muscles to bones (or to othermuscles)

CartilageToughTendonsAttaches bone tomuscleLigamentsAttaches bone toboneFlexibleAt end ofboneCushionsSturdyNon elasticElasticStabiliseSize changesdepending onmuscleMade of manyfibresAnchorStrong

Types of Joint Movement There are six different kinds of movement thejoints can allow These uctionCircumductionRotation

Extension:straightening orextending a limb.(Opening a Joint)Flexion: Bendingor flexing a limb.(Closing a joint)Abduction: Movinga limb away fromthe centre line ofthe body.

Rotation: This is aturning or rotationalmovement of alimb or body part.Circumduction:The ability of alimb to be movedin circles.Adduction:moving a limbtowards the centreline of the body

Plantarflexion (or plantar flexion)Is the movement which increasesthe approximate 90 degree anglebetween the front part of the footand the shin, as when pressingdown on a car pedalDorsiflexion is the movement whichdecreases the angle between the dorsum(superior surface) of the foot and the leg, sothat the toes are brought closer to the shin.The movement moving in opposite directionsis called plantarflexion. Put more simply: itapplies to the upward movement of the footat the ankle joint

Pronation – A rotation of the forearmthat moves the palm from ananterior-facing position to aposterior-facing position, or palmfacing down. This is not medialrotation as this must be performedwhen the arm is half flexedSupination – The opposite of pronation,the rotation of the forearm so that the palmfaces anteriorly, or palm facing up. Thehand is supine (facing anteriorly) in theanatomical position

Hyperextension - Movement at a joint to aposition beyond the joint's normalmaximum extension

The knee (HINGE JOINT) is used when flexing (bending)and extending (straightening) the leg to kick a football

Within this lesson you will develop your knowledge and understanding of: –The three classifications of joints –The six types of synovial joints –The types of body movements . Types of Joints Immovable or fixed joints (Fibrous) These joints are held together by tough

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