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CASE STUDYThe Establishment of a Marine Eco-Park to Conserve Reefs andSupport Environmental Education in TanzaniaThe ChallengeChumbe Island is a small coral island in East Africajust west of the island of Zanzibar, Tanzania.Chumbe Reef has been well recognized as one ofthe most diverse in all of Africa, and is believed tohost 90% of East Africa’s hard coral species, as wellas 425 reef fish species, the critically endangeredHawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) and theendangered Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas). Theisland’s coral-rag forest also possesses numerousrare, threatened and endangered species, such asthe Aders’ duiker antelope (Cephalophus adersi),Coconut crab (Birgus latro), and various species ofbirds, trees and reptiles.Location of Chumbe Island, Zanzibar, TanzaniaThe western reef of Chumbe Island has been traditionally closed to fishing due to its proximity to theshipping channel between Zanzibar and mainland Tanzania. However, overfishing and destructive fishingpractices such as dynamite fishing, smashing corals to encircle fish in nets, and beach seining arecommon in the region. With rapid population growthand the advent of mass tourism in Zanzibar, coral reefsare under pressure from overfishing, poaching and theuse of illegal fishing methods. The situation at ChumbeIsland is not uncommon for developing countries inthe tropics: insufficient capacity for effective marinegovernance and enforcement, poverty, and lack ofalternative livelihoods make it difficult to balance asustainable environment and a sustainablecommunity.Chumbe Reef, live-coral dominated area Chumbe Island Coral ParkActions TakenRecognizing the high level of biodiversity in both reef and forest habitats, Sibylle Riedmiller, aconservationist and former aid worker, spearheaded the establishment of the uninhabited island andsurrounding marine habitat as the Chumbe Island Coral Park (CHICOP) in 1992. The focus was to create amarine park where profits from tourism would help support conservation and environmental education.Ms. Riedmiller further realized that in order to take fishing pressure off of the reef ecosystem, she couldoffer local fishermen employment as park rangers, who would also be trained to educate fellow fishersabout the spillover effect of a no-take zone that would benefit them by restocking over-fished adjacentfishing areas and thus increase catches.Today CHICOP includes the fully-protected, 30-hectare Chumbe Reef Sanctuary (including coral reef,pelagic, coastal shallows and intertidal habitats), a 22-hectare coral-rag forest reserve (Closed ForestHabitat), a visitor’s center, a small eco-lodge, nature trails, and historic ruins. Any extractive uses such as1

CASE STUDYfishing, anchoring, and the collecting of specimens (even for research) are prohibited. Recreational andeducational activities such as swimming, snorkeling and underwater photography are permitted. Themission statement for Chumbe Island Coral Park is:“To manage, for conservation and educational purposes, the Chumbe Island ReefSanctuary and the Forest Reserve. This is also supported by eco-tourism activities whichare directly related to the non-consumptive uses of the natural resources.”How Successful Has it Been?CHICOP has become a successful ecotourism destination and an internationally recognized conservationsuccess. As of 2013, the Park employs and trains 41 local people from Zanzibar (93% of total staff) forpositions such as park rangers, guides, and hospitality workers. The rangers and guides, eight of whomare former fishers, educate fishermen about the importance of coral reefs and of a small no-take zoneas a breeding sanctuary for fisheries. As a result, CHICOP has been able to demonstrate that protectionof the Chumbe reef helps restock overfished reefs beyond the waters of the sanctuary (1 km) within 3-5years.Chumbe Island has won many prestigious international awards and become a center of exceptionalbiodiversity and a breeding sanctuary for endangered and rare species. The Forest Reserve is the lastundisturbed semi-arid 'coral rag' forest in Zanzibar, particularly after successful rat (Rattus rattus)eradication in 1997. With support from the Zoo Munich-Hellabrunn, Flora and Fauna International, andthe Chicago Zoological Society, a translocation program in 1999 made Chumbe Island a sanctuary forhighly endangered endemic Aders' duikers (Cephalophus adersi), which are threatened by poaching andhabitat destruction elsewhere in Zanzibar. Chumbe also harbors the world's largest known population ofrare Coconut crabs (Birgus latro). Attracted by abundant fish in the reef sanctuary, rare Roseate terns(Sterna dougallii) bred on Chumbe in 1994 and 2006.Another outstanding feature of the Chumbe project is the application of state-of-the-art ecoarchitecture and eco-technology in all developments and operations. Rainwater catchment providesshower water that is heated by solar power.Photovoltaic energy is used for lighting, refrigeration offood and drinks, and communication. Compostingtoilets eliminate sewage and save precious water, whilevegetative greywater filtration cleans shower andkitchen water before it is released. Water pollution isalso minimized through biodegradable soaps andcleaners. Organic waste is composted and reused in thecomposting toilets, while other waste is removed fromthe island, and laundry is washed off the island. Guestsare given solar torches for walking to the restaurant atnight to avoid light pollution and protect feeding andbreeding patterns of nocturnal animals.The eco-lodge on Chumbe Island Chumbe Island Coral ParkAccording to the Chumbe Island Coral Park’s Conservation and Education Status Report 2013, numerousbiological, socio-economic and educational successes have been observed by Park staff andmanagement, and acknowledged by the conservation community, the Government and people ofZanzibar:2

CASE STUDYBiological and Habitat MonitoringCHICOP has hosted and conducted extensive research, some in cooperation with the University of Dar esSalaam's Institute of Marine Sciences and the Zanzibar Departments of Environment, Forestry, andFisheries. CHICOP, in collaboration with its partners, have been conducting on-going monitoring in thefollowing areas: sea water temperature monitoring since 1997; coral reef monitoring since 2006;seagrass monitoring since 2006; and humpback whale monitoring since 2008. The following are some ofthe key monitoring results in the Chumbe Reef Sanctuary (CRS) reported in the CHICOP’s 2013Status Report: In April 1998, due to El Niño sea surface temperatures were 2 C higher than average (over 30 C)causing severe bleaching and coral mortality events throughout the Indo-Pacific. The CRS wasalso affected, but its coral health, diversity and absence of anthropogenic stress are believed tohave helped the reef recover more quickly and with more coral diversity compared tosurrounding reefs in Zanzibar.Comparing the abundance of large commercial fish (more than 30 cm in length) betweenChumbe and the fished control reef reveals that larger fish are found in the CRS.Compared to the fished control reef, Chumbe shows a much higher abundance of corallivore(coral polyp eating) butterfly fish. This abundance is linked to a high abundance of live hardcorals in the sanctuary that provide a diverse reef habitat and food source for indicator specieslike the butterfly fish.When increased densities of crown-of-thorns (COT) starfish were noticed inside the CRS in 2004,CHICOP management initiated a manual COT removal program which involved park rangers whocollect, count and measure all COTs detected during random swims inside the CRS. This removalprogram has proven to be a very effective management tool as a total number of 3898 COTstarfish have been removed since 2004, which had a very positive effect on the health status ofthe CRS. The COTs are buried on island once they have been counted and measured.EducationCHICOP has become a pioneer in the field of environmental education on coral reef ecology and natureconservation for teachers and school students in Zanzibar and mainland Tanzania. Though Zanzibar is acoral island and Tanzania has extensive coral reefs, school syllabi do not cover coral reef ecology and thegeneral public has little awareness of their importanceas a valuable natural resource.CHICOP has offered one-day school excursions toChumbe Island to more than 5600 students, 980teachers and 346 community members andgovernment officials since the establishment of theEnvironmental Education (EE) Program in 2000. Fieldexcursions to the island provide hands-on experiencesfor students and teachers in marine biology, forestecology, and conservation.Educator explaining coral bleaching to local students Chumbe Island Coral ParkThe following educational outcomes have been reported in the CHICOP’s 2013 Status Report: The number of different schools applying each year to participate in the program has increasedsignificantly, reflecting the program’s popularity.3

CASE STUDY The number of total education trips per year has constantly been increasing since its initiation inthe year 2000.Increased interest from national and international universities to participate in the educationtrips has been reported.Teacher evaluation seminars, held after each EE season, confirmed in early 2013 that awarenessabout environmental issues has increased among students after their participation in theChumbe Field Excursions.Inspired by the Chumbe Field Excursions, many secondary schools have started environmentalclubs, aiming to increase environmental knowledge and awareness in their communities.CHICOP is often used as an example of good practice for other projects wishing to initiate anddevelop environmental education, e.g. Misali Island (Pemba, Tanzania) or Lamu Island (Kenya).Socio-economicsLong-term staff have noticed an increased awareness after years of educating fishermen about thebenefits of protecting coral reefs. Park rangers have also reported a decrease in poaching andtrespassing, with less than 50 incidents per year since 2008, as opposed to as many as 170 per year in1994.Within the Chumbe Education Program, CHICOP strongly supports Education for SustainableDevelopment (ESD), which is a lifelong learning process. Through ESD, CHICOP helps students andcommunity members to develop the knowledge, skills, and action competence needed to create andsustain a viable future for human and other living things in Zanzibar and on the planet. Thus the ChumbeEducation Program contributes to the Millennium Development Goals, especially on resourcemanagement and strategies for addressing poverty.Lessons Learned and Recommendations Private management of a marine protected area can be effective and economically viable, evenin a challenging political climate.The park has benefited local communities by generating income, employment, market for localproduce, developing new work skills, demonstrating sustainable resource management, andrestocking commercial fish species in adjacent areas (spillover).Extensive work with government agencies in establishing the park has enhanced theunderstanding of environmental issues among local and national authorities.Private management has strong incentives to achieve tangible conservation goals on theground, co-operate with local resource users, generate income, be cost-effective, and keepoverhead costs down.Long-term secure tenure, together with a favorable political, legal and institutionalenvironment, is needed to attract private conservation investment in the developing world.Ambiguous regulations and wide discretionary powers of civil servants in the area of land leases,building permits, business licenses, immigration and labor laws encourage corruption, and arehurdles to doing business by drastically delaying development and increasing costs.Investment in conservation and in environmentally sound technologies, as well as theemployment of additional staff for park management and environmental education programs,raises costs considerably, making it more difficult to compete with other tourist destinations.Favorable tax treatment could encourage such investments, but is not granted in Tanzania.To avoid user conflicts, it is easier to preserve a resource that is not being used to a major extentfor subsistence or other economic endeavors by local communities.4

CASE STUDYFunding SummaryThe pre-operational phase (1991-1998) of CHICOP cost a total of 1.2 million (US). Of this,approximately 50% of the start-up and development costs were funded by the project initiator and maininvestor, Sibylle Riedmiller; 25% by a variety of small donors for non-commercial components (i.e.baseline surveys, visitor center, ranger training, nature trails, education program); and 25% fromvolunteers, including individuals and agencies.Commercial operations opened in 1998. The minimum management costs for running CHICOP areapproximately 250,000 (US) annually, which have been fully funded from the proceeds of ecotourismsince 2001 (a minimum occupancy rate of 30% is required for this to occur, which has been met andexceeded every year thus far).Volunteers have helped with a wide range of tasks, such as: conducting baseline surveys and developingmonitoring systems, rat eradication, training local fishermen as park rangers in marine science andteaching English language, training hospitality staff, designing nature trails and educational materials,designing the eco-lodge, and installing and repairing photovoltaic and other technical equipment.Several donor agencies have supported specific projects:Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ): including GTZ German AppropriateTechnology Exchange, GTZ Centrum für Internationale Migration und Entwicklung, and German TropicalForest Stamp ProgramThe Netherlands Embassies in Kenya and TanzaniaWorld Wildlife Fund TanzaniaFlora and Fauna InternationalChicago Zoological SocietySchloss Buchhof International School, Munich, GermanySeacologyEducational program funders include:World Wildlife Fund—Marine Education, Awareness and Biodiversity ProgramWildlife and Environmental Society of South AfricaNational Fish and Wildlife FoundationInternational Coral Reef Action NetworkSouthern African Development Community / Regional Environmental Education ProgramLead OrganizationsChumbe Island Coral Parkhttp://www.chumbeisland.comPartnersInstitute of Marine Sciences, University of Dar es Salaamhttp://www.ims.udsm.ac.tz/Zanzibar Revolutionary GovernmentDepartments of Environment, Forestry, and Fisherieshttp://zanzibar.go.tz5

CASE STUDYResourcesChumbe Island Coral Park Conservation and Education, Status Report 2013Chumbe Island Coral Park—Governance AnalysisSustainable Marine Park Financing Through EcotourismA Private Sector Approach – Conservation Agreements in Support of Marine ProtectionThe Effect of Fully and Partially Protected Marine Reserves on Coral Reef Fish Populations in Zanzibar,TanzaniaUNESCO, Biodiversity Conservation and Eco-Tourism: Chumbe Island, N Secretary General, Report to the General Assembly on Protection of coral reefs for sustainablelivelihoods and development6

CASE STUDYManaging Fisheries for Reef Resilience: Kahekili Herbivore Fisheries Management AreaNorth Kāʻanapali, West Maui, Hawai‘iThe ChallengeLong term monitoring of coral reefs along the leeward coast of the Island of Maui began in 1999 by theState of Hawai‘i’s Division of Aquatic Resources (DAR)and the University of Hawai‘i’s (UH) Institute of MarineBiology’s Coral Reef Monitoring Assessment Program.Many of these coral reef survey locations wereestablished at previous study sites, providing managerswith a longer term picture of the changes on these reefsystems. Assessments have shown that of the ninereefs monitored, many sites experienced a significantdecrease in live coral cover as reefs became overrun byinvasive algae. At Kahekili in north Kāʻanapali, reefmonitoring sites indicated a decrease in coral coverfrom 55% to 33% between 1994 and 2006.Location of North Kāʻanapali, West Maui, Hawai‘iThe significant increases of invasive algae were seen as a major threat to West Maui’s coral reefs. AtKāʻanapali, specifically, red algal blooms of Acanthophora spicifera had become much more abundant,which was suggested by UH research to be a result of elevated nutrients from wastewater andfertilizers. Despite the sources of land-based pollution, the increasing abundance of algae wasexacerbated by the fact that there was a decrease in abundance of reef grazing herbivores, which fishsurveys at the same sites confirmed.Actions TakenA cooperative “Fish Habitat Utilization Study” by DAR and the National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration (NOAA) revealed clear evidence of the relationship between grazing fish and theabundance of invasive algae; the more herbivorous fishes present, the less algae on the reefs.Therefore, in July of 2009, the State of Hawai‘i designated the Kahekili Herbivore Fisheries ManagementArea (KHFMA) in order to control the overabundance ofmarine algae on coral reefs and restore the marine ecosystemback to a healthy balance. The killing, injuring, or harming ofsea urchins and certain herbivorous fishes, including seachubs, parrotfish, and surgeonfish is prohibited in order toincrease the local abundance of these beneficial fishes andsea urchins in the area. Feeding of these fishes is alsoprohibited in order to promote grazing. The onshoreboundaries extend from Honokōwai Beach Park (and offshorefor a distance of 1,292 yards) south approximately 2 miles toHanaka'ō'ō Beach (and offshore for a distance of 335 yards)(Hawai‘i Revised Statues, Chapter 13-60.7).Boundaries of the KHFMA along theKāʻanapali Coast, West Maui Hawai‘i DLNR7

CASE STUDYHow Successful Has it Been?Although some fishermen and cultural practitioners opposed fishing rules, the majority of thecommunity was in strong support of the KHFMA. Many of the local fishermen understood the poorconditions of the reef, and realized the benefits offisheries management. The overwhelming support forthe KHFMA has led to more education within the areaas well as compliance with the rules.Since the establishment of the KHFMA in 2009, DAR, inpartnership with UH and NOAA’s Pacific IslandsFisheries Science Center (PIFSC), has continuedmonitoring the reefs at Kahekili. According to the PIFSCInterim Monitoring Report from February 2013, resultsthus far indicate the following:Beneficial herbivorous fishes now fully protectedwithin the KHFMA Hawai‘i DLNR Consistent upward trend in biomass of parrotfishes, which more than doubled between 2009and 2012Increases in parrotfish biomass have not been distributed evenly across the KHFMA, and, inparticular, there has been little or no recovery of parrotfish biomass in the shallow, nearshorereef areas adjacent to Kahekili Beach Park;Strong positive relationship between total parrotfish biomass and total crustose coralline algae(CCA) cover. CCA is a benign algae that is important for coral settlement, and studies show thatincreases in parrotfish biomass leads to increased CCA coverNo clear overall trend in biomass of surgeonfishesA possible reason for the lack of change in biomass of surgeonfish could be linked to their lifespan; theycan live up to 40 years, so with three years of data, it is not surprising that biomass has not changed.The steady increase in biomass of parrotfishes since the establishment of the FMA has potentiallysignificant indications for reef resilience. The larger the fish, the deeper the excavating bites, which isimportant because this removes algae from the substrate, exposes bare rock and opens up new sites forcoral recruitment.Lessons Learned and Recommendations In addition to increasing stocks of herbivorous fishes on the reefs to control invasive algae,management must also include reducing sources of land-based pol

CASE STUDY The Establishment of a Marine Eco-Park to Conserve Reefs and Support Environmental Education in Tanzania . The Challenge . Chumbe Island is a small coral island in East Africa just west of the island of Zanzibar, Tanzania. Chumbe Reef has been well recognized as one of the most diverse in all of Africa, and is believed to

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