Appendix 9C: Design Calculations For Electrical Design
Chapter 9 Electrical DesignAPPENDIX 9CDesign Calculations for Electrical DesignSPU Design Standards and GuidelinesNovember 2020i
Chapter 9 Electrical DesignAppendix 9C Design Calculations for Electrical DesignContents1.Introduction . 12.Software . 13.Calculation Matrix . 24.Basic Requirements for Electrical Calculations. 45.Basic Electrical Engineering Formulas . 45.1List of Symbols .45.2Direct Current (DC) Formulas .55.3Alternating Current (AC) Single Phase .55.4Alternating Current (AC), Three-Phase.55.5Motors .65.6Power Factor Correction .76.Sample Calculations . 76.1Load.76.2Generator Sizing.76.2.1Sizing Procedures for Generator Single or Multi-sets . 86.2.2Definitions: Generator Sizing . 86.2.3Underlying Equations . 86.3Conductor Size, General .106.4Conduit Size and Fill .136.5Motor Branch Circuit .146.6Power Factor Correction Capacitors.166.7Transformer Primary and Secondary Conductors .186.8Voltage Drop .206.8.1Feeder and Branch Circuits . 206.8.2Motor Starting . 216.9Short Circuit .226.10Lighting .246.11Grounding .296.12Cable Pulling Tension.296.13Equipment Heat Loads .30ii SPU Design Standards and GuidelinesNovember 2020
Chapter 9 Electrical DesignAppendix 9C Design Calculations for Electrical DesignList of TablesTable 9C-1 Calculations for Electrical Design . 2Table 9C-2 NEC References for Conductor Sizing . 10Table 9C-3 Total conductor area . 14Table 9C-4 General Electric’s Recommendations . 15Table 9C-5 Coefficient of Utilization Zonal Cavity Method . 25Table 9C-6 Candlepower Distribution Curve. 27Table 9C-7 Losses in Electrical Equipment . 30List of ExamplesExample 9C-1 Motors. 6Example 9C-2 Conductor Size No. 1 . 11Example 9C-3 Conductor Size No. 2 . 12Example 9C-4 Conductor Size No. 3 . 12Example 9C-5 Conductor Size No. 3 . 13Example 9C-6 Conduit Size and Fill No. 1 . 13Example 9C-7 Conduit Size and Fill No. 2 . 14Example 9C-8 Motor Branch Circuit No. 1. 15Example 9C-9 Motor Branch Circuit No. 2. 16Example 9C-10 Power Factor No. 1 . 17Example 9C-11 Power Factor Correction Capacitor No. 2 . 18Example 9C-12 Transformer Primary and Secondary Conductors No. 1 . 18Example 9C-13 Transformer Primary and Secondary Conductors No. 2 . 19Example 9C-14 Transformer Primary and Secondary Conductors No. 3 . 20Example 9C-15 Feeder and Branch Circuits . 21Example 9C-16 Short Circuit . 22Example 9C-17 Lighting No 1: Lumen or Zonal Cavity Method . 24Example 9C-18 Lighting No 2: Point by Point Calculation . 27SPU Design Standards and GuidelinesNovember 2020iii
Chapter 9 Electrical DesignAppendix 9C Design Calculations for Electrical Design1.INTRODUCTIONThis appendix presents standards and guidelines for electrical design calculations for SPUprojects.Design calculations establish minimum guidelines and requirements for generating electricalcalculations on projects. Electrical calculations should be made for all SPU projects that includeelectrical components and should be filed in the project notebook. Design calculations may bemade either manually or by SPU-approved computer programs. At a minimum, the followingtypes of calculations should be made where applicable: Load calculations Conductor sizing Conduit sizing Motor branch circuit sizing Power factor improvement Transformer primary and secondary circuit sizing Voltage drop Motor starting voltage dip Short circuit analysis Lighting levels Grounding in substations where step potentials are of concern Harmonic distortion analysis Cable pulling calculations Generator capability/motor starting2.SOFTWAREThe electrical design engineer must use only SPU-approved electrical analysis software. Theresults should be validated with a hand calculation or order of magnitude estimate. Some SPUapproved software tools are: SKM Power Tools for Windows (PTW) software. It includes a basic tool, DAPPER (loadcurrent, voltage drop, conductor sizing, etc) and several specialized tools such asHI WAVE (harmonic analysis) and CAPTOR (circuit breaker coordination and settings) Cummins Power Suite for sizing emergency generators CenterONE available from Rockwell Automation for laying out motor control centersSpreadsheets may also be used to perform basic electrical load calculations with programs suchas Microsoft EXCEL.SPU Design Standards and GuidelinesNovember 20201
Chapter 9 Electrical DesignAppendix 9C Design Calculations for Electrical Design3.CALCULATION MATRIXProject calculations serve as formal documentation of the project electrical design. They mustcontain sufficient description and detail to communicate the design concept, assumptions, andjudgments associated with the design. Explanatory comments should be provided to assistreviewers and engineers who may use the calculations in the future.Table 9C-1 describes electrical calculation required for projects, tools to do the calculations, whois responsible for the calculations, and when they should be done.Table 9C-1Calculations for Electrical Phase (%)30/ 60/90CalculationLoad facility,switchgear,MCCDescriptionLoad at each load center perNEC to determine bus,protective device & circuitsizeRequired Tools1SKM PTWDAPPER,Spreadsheets,hand calcsLoad panelboardLoad on each panelboard perNEC to determine panel,circuit, and transformer sizeSKM PTWDAPPER,spreadsheetsXX60 and 90GeneratorsizingTo size engine generatorbased on critical run andstart loads.Cat, Kohler,Cummins, orother vendorsoftwareXX30/ 60/90Short CircuitAvailable fault current at eachbus to determine equipmentshort circuit/interruptingratingsSKM PTWDAPPER,Hand CalculationXXLightingTo determine fixturesneeded given desired lightlevel; also energy calculations(where req’d)AGI 32, Vendor,spreadsheetsXX60 and 90ConductorsizingTo size conductors per NECTables, hand calcsXX60 and 90Circuitbreaker andfuse sizingTo size circuit breakers andfuses per NECTables, hand calcsXX60 and 90ConduitFill/Tray SizeTo size conduit and cabletray per NECNEC Tables,Cablematic PlusXX60 and 90Voltage dropFor heavily loaded and/orlong circuits to confirmoperation within NECrecommendations (min)SKM PTWDAPPER,spreadsheets,hand calcsXX60 and 90TransientMotorStartingFor starting large motors(largest motor at each loadcenter) to determine ifvoltage drop on motorstarting is magnitude toadversely impact othersystem equipment (e.g. 20%voltage dip could makecontrol relays drop out. ManySKM PTW TMS,hand calcsX2 SPU Design Standards and GuidelinesX30/60/90November 2020
Chapter 9 Electrical DesignAppendix 9C Design Calculations for Electrical DesignByEngr3ByCntr3DesignPhase (%)XXX30/60/90NEC Tables,Cablematic PlusXX60 and 90For higher than "normal"ambient temperatures--couldinclude heat from multiplecircuits in duct bankAMP CALC, NECtablesXX60 and 90ProtectivedevicecoordinationTo minimize outages tosmallest portion of systempossibleSKM PTWCAPTORXXX90Cable PullingTo assure no damage to cablewhen pulled in conduit givenconduit size, distance andbends. Rq’d for mediumvoltage & some large/longlow-voltagePolywater or othervendor softwareXXX60, 90 dsgncheck;by cntrctrin ConstrbeforepullingArc-flashTo label gear regarding arcflash hazard and PPErequired. NEC requires label,not calcs. Reference NFPA70E and IEEE 1584.SKM PTW ArcFlash EvaluationXX90Power factorcorrectionTo size capacitors for singlemotor or systems.XXBattery/UPSsizingTo determine amp-hourbased on load and duration.XXX90, ConstrTransformerK-factorTo determine appropriate Kfactor for transformers withnon-linear loadsXXX90, ConstrVFDreflectivewaveFor motor distant from VFDXXX90, ConstrLightningProtectionStrikeDistanceMay be performance specifiedXXX60 and 90CalculationDescriptionare only designed to operate15% below rated voltage.)Required Tools1HarmonicDistortionAnalysisTo confirm operation withinIEEE 519 requirements (min)for non-linear loadsSKM PTWHI WAVE, GE orother vendorsoftwareMultiplecircuitderatingFor more than 3 currentcarrying conductors in aconduit per NECAmbienttemperaturecircuitderatingper NFPA 780Req’dAllReq’dCond260 and 90Notes1 Suggested tools for use in SPU projects.2 Responsible party. Contractor-provided calculations may require design engineer-provided criteria.3 Required conditionally: Required when applicableSPU Design Standards and GuidelinesNovember 20203
Chapter 9 Electrical DesignAppendix 9C Design Calculations for Electrical Design4.BASIC REQUIREMENTS FORELECTRICAL CALCULATIONSThe following are SPU basic requirements for electrical calculations:1. Non-computer generated calculations must be on standard calculations sheets with theheading completely filled out.2. Calculations generated by computer programs must conform with the followingprocedures:a. Include all heading information on each sheetb. Insert comments wherever possibly to clarify concepts and actions taken in thecomputer inputc. Provide clear documentation of electrical geometry, support conditions, loadapplication, and load requirementsd. Where practical, provide sketch of model indicting nodes, materials, connectivity,etc.e. Provide electronic copy on CD or other suitable device of analysis input and outputwith hard copy calculations.f.5.Provide manual checks of pertinent results (e.g. service size, main feeder voltagedrop) for computer generated output.BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERINGFORMULASThis section describes basic electrical engineering formulas for creating design calculations.5.1LIST OF SYMBOLSV- Voltage (volts)I- Current (amps)R- Resistance (ohms)X- Reactance (ohms)Z- Impedance (ohms)WReal Power (watts)θ- Phase angle whose cosine is the power factoreff- Efficiency4 SPU Design Standards and GuidelinesNovember 2020
Chapter 9 Electrical DesignAppendix 9C Design Calculations for Electrical Design5.2DIRECT CURRENT (DC) FORMULASBasic FormulasVoltsV IxRP V IPower in watts5.3P I2 RALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) SINGLEPHASEV denotes line to neutral voltage.Basic FormulasVoltsV I ZPower Factorpf cosθApparent PowerVA V x IReactive PowerVARS V x I x sin θReal PowerW V x I x pfPhase Angleθ arctan(W/VARS)Power Factorpf W/(V x I) W/VAVoltage DropVd 2 ( I R cos θ I X sin θ )where:Vd voltage drop in circuitsinθ load reactive factorXreactance 5.4ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC),THREE-PHASEV denotes line to line voltage.Basic FormulasApparent Power(kVA V I 3)kVA kW 2 kVAR 2SPU Design Standards and GuidelinesNovember 20205
Chapter 9 Electrical DesignAppendix 9C Design Calculations for Electrical DesignReal PowerkW kVA cos θReactive PowerkVAR kVA sin θPhase Angleθ arctan Power Factorpf cos θ Voltage DropV 3 ( I R cos θ I X sin θ )d kW kVAR kWkVAwhere:Vd voltage drop in circuitsinθ load reactive factorXreactance 5.5MOTORS1 horsepower (hp) 746 watts.Note: Motor hp rating relates to motor mechanical output. To determine motor input kVArequirements, the motor efficiency and power factor must be accounted for. In general, for preliminaryor rough load calculations, assume:1 kVA of electrical input power for 1 hp of motor.Example 9C-1MotorsCondition: A motor control center with a total connected horsepower of 337 hp can be assumed torequire 337 kVA of input power. This is a conservative value, particularly for larger motors.Torque (hp x 5250)/revolutions per minute (rpm)Fan hp (cubic feet per minute [cfm] x pressure)/(33000 x eff)Pump hp (gallons per minute [gpm] x head x specific gravity)/(3960 x eff)Motors (Single Phase)hp (V x I x eff x pf)/746Motors (3 phase)Synchronous Speed: ns (120)(Frequency)/(# of Poles)hp (V I 3 eff pf746)6 SPU Design Standards and GuidelinesNovember 2020
Chapter 9 Electrical DesignAppendix 9C Design Calculations for Electrical Design5.6POWER FACTOR CORRECTIONThe size of the capacitor needed to increase the power factor from pf1 to pf2 with the initialkVA given is: kVAR kVA 1 pf 2 pf / pf 1 pf 2 1122 6.SAMPLE CALCULATIONSThis section presents sample calculations for electrical design.6.1LOADLoad calculations should be made using applicable sections of National Electrical Code (NEC)Articles 220, 430, and other sections of the NEC. The following load calculations should generallybe used for sizing: Feeder conductors and protective devices Transformers Panelboard and switchboard main busses Motor control center components Service entrance devices and conductorsLoad calculations must include all loads. They should be made by summing all of the loads (usingappropriate diversity factors allowed by NEC Article 220) that are connected to eachpanelboard, switchboard, and motor control center. An allowance must be made for future loadgrowth. The loads for each branch of the distribution system can then be summed back to theservice entrance equipment.6.2GENERATOR SIZINGThe following information is intended to familiarize the design engineer with terms used bygenerator sizing software and underlying formulas.Generator single or multi-sets must be sized to supply maximum starting (SkVA), stead-staterunning (RkVA) and non-linear (GkW) demands of connected and future electrical equipment.Information critical to the sizing and selection of generator single or multi-sets include: Environmental conditions: elevation, temperature, indoor or outdoor Noise abatement requirements: mufflers, enclosure, silent models Fuel: diesel, gasoline, natural gas Fuel storage: skid mounted tank, day and remote tanksSPU Design Standards and GuidelinesNovember 20207
Chapter 9 Electrical DesignAppendix 9C Design Calculations for Electrical Design Cooling: liquid cooled radiator, forced air Voltage regulation: maximum allowable voltage dips Operation: prime, standby Voltage ratings: voltage,3-phase, 1-phase, solid grounded, delta, wye Connected loads: Linear, non-linear, power factor Load operation: Motor starting methods, single step, single step with diversity, multiplesteps of loading Future loads6.2.1Sizing Procedures for Generator Single orMulti-setsThe following is the sizing procedure for generator single or multi-sets:1. Prepare a load schedule.2. Enter individual load characteristics in software.3. Enter loads in step sequence in software.4. Have software calculate and select a generator set. It is a good practice to request averifying calculation from the preferred genset manufacturer.6.2.2Definitions: Generator Sizingeff EfficiencyFLA Full Load AmpsGkW Non-linear kW of connected load(s)LRA Locked Rollor AmpsRpf Running Power Factor of connected loads(s)RkVA Running kVA of connected load(s)RkW Running kW of
BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING FORMULAS This section describes basic electrical engineering formulas for creating design calculations. 5.1 LIST OF SYMBOLS V - Voltage (volts) I - Current (amps) R - Resistance (ohms) X - Reactance (ohms) Z - Impedance (ohms) W Real Power (watts) θ - Phase angle whose cosine is the power factor .
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Issue of orders 69 : Publication of misleading information 69 : Attending Committees, etc. 69 : Responsibility 69-71 : APPENDICES : Appendix I : 72-74 Appendix II : 75 Appendix III : 76 Appendix IV-A : 77-78 Appendix IV-B : 79 Appendix VI : 79-80 Appendix VII : 80 Appendix VIII-A : 80-81 Appendix VIII-B : 81-82 Appendix IX : 82-83 Appendix X .
Appendix G Children's Response Log 45 Appendix H Teacher's Journal 46 Appendix I Thought Tree 47 Appendix J Venn Diagram 48 Appendix K Mind Map 49. Appendix L WEB. 50. Appendix M Time Line. 51. Appendix N KWL. 52. Appendix 0 Life Cycle. 53. Appendix P Parent Social Studies Survey (Form B) 54
3. Using the Graphical User Interface 4. Calculating indices from netCDF data 5. Batch processing multiple station text files APPENDIX A: Table of ClimPACT2 indices APPENDIX B: Input data format for ClimPACT2 APPENDIX C: Quality Control (QC) diagnostics APPENDIX D: Heatwave and coldwave calculations APPENDIX E: Threshold calculations APPENDIX F .
