Skin Depth Investigation
Skin Depth InvestigationLei ZangThe University of Sheffield1
Introduction: CST STUDIO CST STUDIO is a package of tools for designing, simulating and optimizingelectromagnetic systems. CST: Computer Simulation Technology It includes various modules dedicated to specific application areas: Microwave studio, EM Studio, Particle Studio, MPHYSICS Studio, Design Studio, PCB Studio,CABLE Studio CST is based on “MAFIA”--- “solving MAxwell’s equations using the FiniteIntegration Algorithm*”*T. Weiland, "A Discretization Method for the Solution of Maxwell’s Equations for Six-Component Fields", Electronics and Communication, (AEÜ), Vol. 31, p.116, 19772
Some Accelerator Related Example with CST CST Microwave Studio: RF Cavity design CST EM Studio: Magnet design CST Particle Studio: particle and Wakefield3
CST Work DemonstrationFLUX Concentrator Pulsed current flows to theprimary coil. The induced current flow intothe inner core through the slit. Duo to the skin effect, currenthas a path near inner surface0.5measurement data at lowcurrent (1.36 kA)0.4FC2 data BzCST BzBzBz [T]0.30.20.1Field measurement and simulationresults agreed very well!!0.0-20020406080100Longitudinal Position [mm]0.010Primary CoilBx0.005SlitCentral CoreBx [T]Bore0.000-0.005-0.010FC2 data BxCST Bx-0.015Primary CurrentInduced Current-0.020-200204060804Longitudinal Position [mm]100
LBNE Horn Inner ConductorFor the first step:What is the skin depth in the horn neck section?5
Simulation Results Validation The penetration of current in a good conductor ischaracterized by the skin depth. At this depth, thecurrent density is 1/e 0.37 of that at the conductorsurface.𝛿 Software: CST Studio Purpose: compare the simulation results with the theoretical calculation2[𝑚]𝜔𝜇𝜎 Where ω is the angular frequency of current, μ is thepermeability and σ is the conductivity. Geometry: Cylinder, R 15mm Material: Aluminium and Aluminium alloy (6061-T6)Current PathAC CurrentFrequency 625HzAluminium MaterialAl, Al alloy and Alalloy at 75oCCalculate the current density in themiddle position z 100mm6
CST Simulation ResultsAluminium Skin Depth 3.46mmTheoretical prediction 3.28mm6061-T6 Skin Depth 4.17mmTheoretical prediction 4.02mm7
6061-T6 at 75 degreeCST and theory agrees well for a simple cylindergeometry. We proved that the software iscapable of doing this calculation.Now, how about a HORN?At 75 degree, 6061-T6’s resistivity 4.7 e-8 ohm-mSkin depth 4.45mmTheoretical prediction 4.36mm8
Horn Neck Skin Depth Approximate Evaluation9
Same thickness as Horn neckA Tube Material 6061-T6 at 75 degree Inner radius is 9mm Outer radius is 13.5mmMax 2.3e 11Min 1.8e 11Current density will not drop to 1/e10
Conclusions CST Studio could simulate skin effect to get fair accurate results.(Tested with different frequency, material and resistivity) Skin depth theoretical equation can only apply to the simplegeometry such as a cylinder. In which case, CST agrees well with it. A tube geometry has been used as an approximation. The resultsindicated a current density degradation of 22%. Therefore, we can conclude that the current flow in horn neck shouldbe relatively uniform.11
Future Plan After obtaining the the skin depth with some approximation, I wouldlike to see the results again with the realistic geometry. I expect theyare the same. Investigate the magnetic field distortion, which is caused by the inputpower. Generate 3D horn field map to implement it to G4LBNE simulation. Arealistic 3D field should return a more accurate neutrino yield.12
Introduction: CST STUDIO CST STUDIO is a package of tools for designing, simulating and optimizing electromagnetic systems. CST: Computer Simulation Technology It includes various modules dedicated to specific application areas: Microwave studio, EM Studio, Particle Studio,
What does skin cancer look like? There are many different types of skin cancer (such as melanoma and basal cell skin cancer). Each type looks different. Also, skin cancer in people with dark skin often looks different from skin cancer in people with fair skin. A change on the skin is the most common sign of skin cancer. This may
outer part, the skin is prone to disease. One of these diseases is known as skin cancer. Skin cancer is an abnormality in skin cells caused by mutations in cell DNA. One of the most dangerous types of skin cancer is melanoma cancer. Melanoma is a skin malignancy derived from melanocyte cells, the skin pigment cells that produces melanin .
Skin care cares for the outside of the skin the epidermis. Cell Care vitalizes the deeper cell tissues in the skin the dermis. Skin care can do a lot, such as smoothing and protecting the skin. But, since skin care does not reach the cell nucleus the mitochondria skin care generally cannot organize any
of skin disorders and diseases for the following reasons: In order to provide even the most basic of skin care services, you must understand the underlying structure of the skin and common skin problems. You must be able to recognize adverse conditions, including inflamed skin conditions, skin diseases, and infectious skin disorders, and
Document any risks factors in care plan and potential or actual areas of skin damage including rashes and birthmarks. Chart any invasive devices and skin damage on the skin care plan diagram. If any skin damage is observed (the skin assessment score is 0): Act on findings and follow skin care guidance for babies with dry, red or
plasma physics texts and courses. Therefore we will keep the discussion as general as possible, addressing plasmas both with and without a large mass asymmetry and noting differences between the two as they come up. 2.Plasma skin depth and plasma frequency The plasma skin depth is the depth in a col
ST60 Depth instrument. Your ST60 Depth instrument provides depth information, plus maximum and minimum depth alarms. Switching on and off All the time that power is applied to the instrument, you can use the depth button to switch the instrument off and on as follows: † To switch the instrument off, hold down the depth button for approximately
depth buffer with the scene’s final depth values. Using this method, the rest of the scene can be rendered with depth test enabled and depth writes disabled. Note that it’s not necessary to render the entire scene in the Pre-Z pass as long as you keep track of what objects have been rendered to the depth buffer and
