A Review On Latest Trend Of Cosmetics-Cosmeceuticals
International Journal of Pharma Research & Review, May 2015; 4(5):45-51ISSN: 2278-6074Review ArticleA Review on Latest Trend of Cosmetics-CosmeceuticalsNikita Wanjari, *Jyotsna WaghmareDepartment of Oil, Oleo-chemicals and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, NathalalParekh Marg, Mumbai-400019, India.ABSTRACTNow days a new hot topic in the cosmetic industry is 'Cosmeceuticals', which is the fastest growingsegment of the natural personal care industry. Cosmeceuticals are the future generation of skin care. Theyare the advances made within the world of dermatological products and the new backbone in skincare.All cosmeceuticals claim to contain functional ingredients with either therapeutic, disease-fighting orhealing properties. The term Cosmeceutical was coined by Raymond Reed but the concept was furtherpopularized by Dr. Albert Kligman in the late 1970’s. Cosmeceuticals are topically applied as cosmeticpharmaceutical hybrids, intended to enhance the beauty through ingredients that provide additionalhealth-related function or benefit. That means they are applied topically as cosmetics, but containingredients that influence the skin's biological function. Today’s Cosmeceuticals are serving as a bridgebetween personal care products and pharmaceuticals; also Cosmeceuticals are the fastest growingsegment in skin care market. There is no regulatory category for Cosmeceuticals; hence this review triesto understand regulatory scenario as well the difference between drug and cosmetics is enlightened. Thepaper is an earnest endeavor to evaluate a Cosmeceutical product that claims a beneficial physiologiceffect. This review paper is to give recent knowledge about the latest trend of cosmetic industryCosmeceuticals.Keywords: Cosmeceuticals, cosmeceutical chemistry, regulatory aspects, skin cosmeceuticalReceived 3 April 2015Received in revised form 22 April 2015Accepted 24 April 2015*Address for correspondence:Jyotsna Waghmare,Department of Oil, Oleo-chemicals and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, NathalalParekh Marg, Mumbai-400019, India.E-mail: jt.waghmare@ictmumbai.edu.in, jyotsna.waghmare@gmail.com, s are future generation of skincare. They are the advances made within theworld of dermatological products and thenew backbone in skincare. brids intended to enhance the health andbeauty of skin. Some cosmeceuticals arenaturally-derived while others are synthetic,but all contain functional ingredients witheither therapeutic, disease-fighting orhealing properties. Raymond Reed, Founderof U.S. Society of cosmetic chemist, createdthe concept of “cosmeceutical” waspopularized by American dermatologist.Albert Kligman in the late 1970’s. Howeverthe Egyptians were the first to recognize thehealth-giving properties of cosmetics. The“Ebers” a medical papyrus wrote in 1600 BC,made frequent to several cosmeceutical-typeproducts. A favorite formulation was usingNikita Wanjari et.al, IJPRR 2015; 4(5)honey and milk that claimed to help cureskin diseases.For many medieval Arab physicians andtheir European counterparts, there were nodistinctions among cosmetics, fragrance andherbal medicines. Their research anddevelopment work covered all thesedisciplines simultaneously. Separation of thecosmetic and toiletries, industry frommedicines, and pharmacy was 19th century.This phenomenon occurred when themodern pharmaceutical industry was firstdeveloped and the first government statueregulation the sale of drugs was drafted. Therole of cosmetic as a positive healing aidignored until its revival in the late 1970’sand early 1980’s Kligman rekindled interestby developing formulations to improve theappearance of UV- damaged and wrinkled45
International Journal of Pharma Research & Review, May 2015; 4(5):45-51skin using retinoic acid as the activeingredient [1].The concept of beautifying is not restrictedto women alone, even men have becomeaware about their look. Now day’sadvertisements of many anti-wrinkle andfairness cream are aimed at men. Keycosmeceuticals used by men include hairgrowth products, anti-aging, antiperspirant,athlete’s foot and astringents. Cosmeceuticalmost commonly used by women includeanti-wrinkles, anti-cellulite, hair removal,tanning skin whitening, antioxidants, andcell recovery products [1].CLASSIFICATION OF COSMECEUTICALS:The term Cosmeceuticals can be used withdifferent terms. For all the terms thedefinitionremainsthesamei.e.Cosmeceuticals formulations which areneither pure cosmetics, like lipsticks, norpure drug, like corticosteroids. It is a hybridcategory of products lying on the spectrumbetween drugs and cosmetics. The variousterms by which Cosmeceuticals can besubstitutedareactivecosmetics,nutricosmetics, performance cosmetics,functional cosmetics, and dermaceuticals.Ccosmeceuticals basically can be classifiedinto following categories:1) Skin cosmeceutical product- Antiagingcreams, Mosturizres, Facial products andLotions.2) Hair cosmeceutical product- Gel andcreams, Hair colorants and Dyes, Shampoos,Growth Stimulators and Conditioners.3) Others- Lipstick, Nail polish, Toothpasteand Powders.SKIN COSMECEUTICALSCosmeceuticals are the cosmetic productsthat have medicinal or drug-like benefits areable to affect the biological functioning ofskin owing to type of functional ingredientsthey contain. These are skin-care productsthat go beyond coloring and adorning theskin.Suchproductsimprovethefunctioning/texture of the skin byencouraging collagen growth by combatingharmful effects of free radicals, thusmaintaining keratin structure in goodcondition and making the skin healthier.OLAY vitamin line, which includes vitaminsA, C, D, E, selenium, and lycopene,pycnogenol plus zinc and copper, is a wellknown skin care line. The treatment of agingNikita Wanjari et.al, IJPRR 2015; 4(5)ISSN: 2278-6074skin with a cream containing a hormonesuch as estrogen results in a freshappearance with a rejuvenating effect. Kunoand Matsumoto had patented an externalagent for the skin comprising an extractprepared from olive plants as a skinbeautifying component, in particular, as ananti-aging component for the skin and/or awhitening component. Dry emollientpreparation containing monounsaturatedJojoba esters was used for Cosmeceuticalpurpose. Martin utilized plant extract ofgenus Chrysanthemum in a cosmeticcomposition for stimulating skin and/or hairpigmentation [2].COMMONLY USED SKIN COSMECEUTICALS1) Hydroxy Acid: Hydroxy acid also referredto as fruit acids; they are a commoningredient found in many cosmeceuticalproducts. Examples include citric acid, malicacid, and lactic acid. AHAs improve skintexture and reduce the signs of aging bypromoting cell seeding in the outer layers ofthe epidermis and by restoring hydration.One hypothesis suggests that AHAs reducethe calcium ion concentration in theepidermis and, through chelation, removethe ions from the cell adhesions, which aretherebydisrupted,resultingindesquamation. This is enhanced by cleavageof the endogenous stratum corneumchymotryptic enzyme on the catherins,which are otherwise protected fromproteolysis by conjugation with calcium ions.The resulting reduction of the calcium ionlevels tends to promote cell growth and slowcell differentiation, thus giving rise toyounger looking [3].2) Botanicals: Botanicals comprise thelargest category of cosmeceutical additivesfound into the market place today. Somebotanicals that may benefit the skin includegreen tea extract, ferulic acid, and grape seedextract.Ferulic acid: This compound, which isderived from plants, is considered to be apotent antioxidant, and has been shown toprovidephotoprotectiontoskin.Furthermore, when ferulic acid is combinedwith vitamins C and E, the product has beenshown to provide substantial UV protectionfor human skin. Moreover, Murray et al.reported that because its mechanism ofaction is different from sunscreens, ferulic46
International Journal of Pharma Research & Review, May 2015; 4(5):45-51acid could be expected to supplement thesun protection provided by sunscreens.Grape Seed Extract: This botanical has beenestablished as a potent antioxidant and hasbeen shown to speed wound contraction andclosure. Topical application of grape seedextract has also been shown to enhance thesun protection factor in humans [3].3) Depigmenting Agent: Skin-lighteningagents added to product formulations havebecome increasingly popular and suchproducts are in demand. Commondepigmentingingredientsincludehydroquinone, ascorbic acid (vitamin C),kojic acid, and licorice extract (glabridin).Hydroquinone: Hydroquinone has been thepopular agent of choice for skin lightening.The US FDA has proposed concentrationsbetween 1.5% and 2% in skin lighteners. Arecent study suggests that this concern hasbeen based mainly on studies with animalmodels utilizing long-term exposure at highdosages are carcinogenic. Routine topicalapplication may pose no greater risk thanthat from levels present in common foods.4) Exfoliants: Exfoliants promote skinturnover by removing adherent cells in thestratum corneum. Common exfoliants foundin cosmeceutical preparations includesalicylic acid (SA), lactic acid, and glycolicacid. There are concerns that repeated use ofSA and AHAs could cause the dermis andepidermis to be more vulnerable topenetration by UV radiation.5) Moisturizers: Moisturizers restore watercontent to the epidermis, and provide asoothing protective film. They improve theappearance and tactile properties of dry andaging skin, restore the normal barrierfunction of the skin, and reduce the releaseof inflammatory cytokines. t in the management of variousskin conditions (e.g. eczema, psoriasis,pruritus, and aged skin).6) Topical Peptides: Topical peptides areregarded as cellular messengers that areformed from amino acids and are gicactivity.Thesepentapeptides (e.g. KTTKS) are comprised ofa subfragment of type I collagen propeptide,and play a role in signalling fibroblasts toNikita Wanjari et.al, IJPRR 2015; 4(5)ISSN: 2278-6074produce collagen in the skin, which canimprove the appearance of wrinkles.7) Retinoids: Retinoids are among the mostcommoningredientsfoundincosmeceuticals. In fact, they are the moststudied and have the most data behind them.They consist of natural and syntheticderivatives of vitamin A that reducehyperpigmentation and inhibit enzymesfrom breaking down collagen [3].8) Sunscreen: Sunscreens are the singlemost important cosmeceutical, because theyprotect skin against solar radiation, which isthe most important damaging environmentalagent. As a result, they help to prevent thesigns of aging. To be effective, sunscreensshould provide broad spectrum coveragethat includes both UVA and UVB blockingagents to inhibit photoaging and be part of adaily skin care regimen. Sunscreens containactive ingredients that act as ultravioletfilters9) Antioxidants: Antioxidants reduce freeradicaldamage,therebypreventingimpairment at the cellular level. They inhibitinflammation, which leads to collagendepletion, and they offer protection againstphotodamage and skin cancer. Commonantioxidants include alpha-lipoic acid (ALA),L-ascorbic acid (vitamin C), niacinamide(vitamin B3), N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG),α-tocopherol, and ubiquinone [3].COSMETIC VS DRUGThere are multiple slightly variabledefinitions of both ‘drugs’ and ‘cosmetics’,but some commonalities do exist explainedin (Table 1). The term cosmetic refers to apreparation designed to enhance the bodysuperficially to hide a real comprehendeddeficiency or flaw, by direct application. Thisapplication is considered to be decorative,lacking in depth or significance, as opposedto a response to a medical requirement. Thedefinition of a drug is more complex.Generally, a drug is a chemical substancewhich, when absorbed into a livingorganism, alters normal function. Thepharmacology definition of a drug will apply"a chemical substance used in the treatment,cure, prevention or diagnosis of disease orused to otherwise enhance physical ormental well-being, for a limited duration orindefinite period of time." Individual47
International Journal of Pharma Research & Review, May 2015; 4(5):45-51governments regulate the availability ordrugs to the public.1. Over-the-counter (OTC) medication isavailable from pharmacies.2. Behind-the-counter medication (BTC)medication must be dispensed bypharmacist, but does not require theauthority of a doctor, and finally3. Prescription-only medicine (POM) canonly be prescribed by a licensed medicalprofessional.There are also numerous bodies thatregulate the drugs present in the market:Table 1: Cosmetic Vs CosmeceuticalsCosmeticsFD& C ACT defines a cosmetic product byits intended use meaning, cleansing,beautifying, promote attractiveness oraltering appearance.cosmetic products only deliver theiringredient at a very superficial level intothe skin.ISSN: 2278-6074a) The Medicines and Healthcare productsRegulatory Agency (MHRA) - is agovernment agency responsible for ensuringthat medicines and medical devices workand are acceptably safe. They areresponsible for public information as wellthe investigation and handling of complaintsand patient feedback.b) The National Biological Standards Board(NBSB) - is a non-departmental public body,established in 1975 by Act of Parliament.The board takes responsibility for safeguarding and advancing public health byassuring the following [3].CosmeceuticalsCosmeceuticals products on the other handhave pharmaceutical benefits to the skin.Cosmeceutical products contain activeingredients that act on the skin cellularstructure through topical application witheither therapeutic, disease-fighting orhealing properties.Cosmetics do not delay your skins aging Cosmeceuticals are more concentrated ,process because they work at the pureandmoreeffectivegivinguppermost layer of the epidermis which is pharmaceutical benifits.topmost layer of the skin.COSMECEUTICAL CHEMISTRYWhen asked to evaluate a newCosmeceutical product that claims abeneficial physiologic effect, it is importantto ask three questions:1. Can the active ingredient penetrate thestratum corneum and be delivered insufficient concentrations to its intendedtarget in the skin over a time courseconsistent with its mechanism of action?2. Does the active ingredient have a specificbiochemical mechanism of action in thetarget cell or tissue in human skin?3. Are there published tistically significant clinical trials tosubstantiate the efficacy claims? [4]CAN THE ACTIVE INGREDIENT PENETRATETHE STRATUM CORNEUM AND BEDELIVEREDINSUFFICIENTCONCENTRATIONS TO ITS INTENDEDTARGET IN THE SKIN OVER A TIME COURSENikita Wanjari et.al, IJPRR 2015; 4(5)CONSISTENT WITH ITS MECHANISM OFACTION?The stratum corneum is an effective barrierto transepidermal water loss and topenetration of exogenous substances. . Oneneed not progress to the stage of clinicaltrials to suspect that these active ingredientmarketing claims have little basis inscientific reality. For example, topicallyapplied hyaluronic acid is found in manycosmeceutical moisturizers. It has not beenshown that hyaluronic acid penetratesthrough the stratum corneum. It increasescutaneous water-holding capacity; but doesnot have any other pharmacologic effects inhuman skin? This situation awaits furtherresearch [5].DOES THE ACTIVE INGREDIENT HAVE ASPECIFIC BIOCHEMICAL MECHANISM OFACTION IN THE TARGET CELL OR TISSUE INHUMAN SKIN?If the agent can meet the first criterion(penetration of the stratum corneum), the48
International Journal of Pharma Research & Review, May 2015; 4(5):45-51second question must be: Is there a feasiblebiochemical or pharmacologic mechanism ofaction for this active ingredient tosubstantiate the efficacy of the marketingclaim? If a feasible biochemical orpharmacologic mechanism of action exists,and the product can reach its target atsufficient concentrations for sustained times,the product is deserving of further clinicalexperimentation. It is possible that some ofthese products have mechanisms that arecurrently unknown, requiring futureresearch.Forexample,vitaminK(phytonadione) has a known biochemicalmechanism of action in liver it is a cofactorin the enzymatic carboxylation of glutamateresidues on a variety of hepatic enzymes thataffect blood clotting. Vitamin K is now beingmarketed topically as a substance thatspeeds the resolution of endogenouspurpura (solar purpura) and iatrogenicpurpura (after cosmetic procedures such aslaser procedures) [6]. Purpuru refers toextravagated red blood cells and theirassociated hemoglobin breakdown productsdeposited in the dermis. What is themechanism of action of vitamin K for thisclaim in skin? This question should raise aspecter of doubt until evidence is presentedexplaining the mechanism of action.One of the largest areas of interest inCosmeceuticals is topical vitamins andantioxidants.These include derivatives of vitamin A(retinol), vitamin C (ascorbic acid), andvitamin E (d-a-tocopherol). Vitamin C has adual role as an antioxidant and an enzymaticcofactor. It is accepted in the field of agingresearch that oxidative stress is important inthe aging process. UV light generates freeradicals, reactive oxygen species that resultin tissue damage and subsequentinflammatory responses [7], in the skin. Afew articles have been published on themeffects of topically applied vitamins C and Eon UV-induced erythema; however, moreresearch is needed." [8-12]Numerous topicalvitamin C products are marketed;formulation is difficult, however, because themolecule is oxidized rapidly. The questions adermatologist must ask regarding topicalvitamin C therapy are: How often does itneed to be applied to the skin, is there areservoir within the stratum corneum, andNikita Wanjari et.al, IJPRR 2015; 4(5)ISSN: 2278-6074does it penetrate rapidly into the dermis andstay there in sufficient concentration? Can itprevent some of the negative effects of UVAdamage on elastin and collagen? Topicalapplications probably would not provideincreased concentrations of vitamins to thedermis greater than what can be suppliedorally; however, they may supply increasedepidermal concentrations. These areaswarrant further research on a basic scienceand clinical level.ARE THERE PUBLISHED PEER ICALLY SIGNIFICANT CLINICALTRIALS TO SUBSTANTIATE THE EFFICACYCLAIMS?If a Cosmeceutical can meet the first twocriteria-the penetration of the stratumcorneum and a feasible biochemicalmechanism of action-it is important toundertake a double- blinded, placebocontrolled, statistically significant clinicaltrial to show the efficacy claims. Humanclinical trials are expensive and difficult todesign. Promising agents usually are testedon mouse skin before proceeding to humantrials. It should be possible to go to thescientific literature and review trials of theseproducts tested first on animal (mouse) skin.Most published studies on Cosmeceuticals inhuman skin are uncontrolled and areperformed on small study groups.Manufacturers need to fund well-controlled,double-blinded clinical trials to show theefficacy of these products (as has been donefor retinoic acid) if they want to make claimson reversal of photo aging.REGULATORY ASPECTSThere is no regulatory category forcosmeceuticals. In fact, FDA does not evenrecognize the word as an official producttype. However, it regulates cosmetics underthe Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act(FDCA), which define cosmetics as “intendedto be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or spray on,introduced into, or otherwise applied to thehuman body for cleansing, beautifying,promoting attractiveness or altering theappearance”. To avoid drug regulation,cosmeceuticals must not be intended todiagnose, cure, mitigate, treat or preventdisease. FDA has stated marketing claims,consumer’s perception of a productsintentions and incorporation of certain49
International Journal of Pharma Research & Review, May 2015; 4(5):45-51ingredients well know to the public astherapeutic can all trigger drug regulations.This leaves cosmeceuticals in a similarsituation to that of functional foods anddietary supplements, so the same amount ofmarketing and formulation care will berequired [13].The claims made about drugsare subject to high scrutiny by the Food andDrug Administration (FDA) review andapproval process, but cosmetics are notsubject to mandatory FDA review. Muchconfusion exists regarding the status of‘cosmeceuticals.’ Although there is no legalclass called cosmeceuticals, this term hasfound application and recognition todesignate the products at the borderlinebetween cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.Cosmeceuticals are not subject to FDAreview and the Federal Food, Drug andCosmetic Act do not recognize the termitself. It is also often difficult for consumersto determine whether ‘claims’ about theactions or efficacies of cosmeceuticals are infact valid unless the product has beenapproved by the FDA or equivalent agency.Some experts are calling for increasedregulation of cosmeceuticals that wouldrequire only proof of safety, which is notmandatory for cosmetics. Some countrieshave the classes of products that fallbetween the two categories of cosmetics anddrugs: for example, Japan has ‘Quasi-drugs’;Thailand has ‘controlled cosmetics’ andHong Kong has ‘cosmetic-type drugs.’ Theregulations of cosmeceuticals have not beenharmonized between the USA, European,Asian and other countries [3].INDIAN REGULATORY SCENARIOKey issues with the current Indian cosmeticregulations include the following:1. Multiple and complex regulations underdifferent bodies.2. Indian cosmetic definition is narrow &restrictive.3. Lack of implementation guidelines of theD & C Act for regulators for issues relatedto cosmetics such as Non uniform licensing approvals acrossvarious states. Inconsistent approach across authoritiesin interpretation of a particular issue.1) Absence of guidelines on product claiminterpretation as well as illustrative list ofcosmetics,causedifferenceinNikita Wanjari et.al, IJPRR 2015; 4(5)ISSN: 2278-6074interpretationbetweenlicensingauthorities on product classification andhence delaying the process of productlicensing and product trade cycle2) Pace of BIS Standards development/revision are not in line with technologicalprogress thus deterring innovation andgrowth. Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940governs the provisions relating tomanufacture, sale, storage, distributionand import of Drugs as well as cosmeticsin India. Whereas the said Act clearlydefines the terms “Drug" and "Cosmetic"as under, there is no term as"Cosmeceutical" in the Act. As suchnobody has a legal or statutory right touse the term for drawing benefits of anysort. For all intents and purposes either"drug" or "cosmetic" terms have to beused and usage of any other term toreplace or substitute either of these twoterms is simply illegal, there is norationale.Howevertheterm"Cosmeceuticals" may be used forpurposes other than legal/statutory/drawing benefits/ seeking relaxations orconcessions etc [3].CONCLUSIONThe usage of cosmeceuticals has drasticallyhiked in recent years, which in turn hasincreased the spectrum of the physician tobroaden their range of products to enhancethe comeliness of the patients associatedwith dermal problems. However, at times,where generations are keenly worried fortheir beauty, lots of manufacturingcompanies are competing and working hardto provide convincing results to meetrequirements of the patients. Claims ofeffectiveness lack convincing evidence, thusthe industry is challenged to provideevidence on the effectiveness of thesecompounds. Cosmeceuticals like vitamins,sunscreens, hydroxyl acids & many morehave proved their efficacy in treating skindiseases thus enhancing the skin texture.Clinical trials of cosmeceuticals areimportant to know the interaction betweenskin and cosmeceuticals which could even beinfluenced by environmental fact. The globaltrend in the cosmetic industry towardsdeveloping ‘medicinally’ active cosmetics,and in the pharmaceutical industry towards‘cosmetically’ oriented medicinal products as50
International Journal of Pharma Research & Review, May 2015; 4(5):45-51part of a current ‘life-style’ ideology [14].Thefuturepromisesincreasinglysophisticated formulations for cosmetics andskin-care products. Cosmetic companies arefinding ways to deliver small-doseingredients that do not require medicalregulations and to introduce steroids andhormones into lip balms, which would resultin production of cosmeceuticals that couldhelp to improve body mass, nail, and hairgrowth. New challenges will also bepresented to government regulatoryagencies as more chemicals with truebiological activity are invented and tested.Claim substantiation and premarketingtesting must also evolve to accurately assessefficacy and safety issues with importantimplications for total body health. The newvehicles and delivery systems combinedwith established ingredients will alterpercutaneous absorption, requiring reevaluation of substances with an assumedgood safety profile [15]. Biotechnology willalsocompetedirectlywiththepharmaceuticals and cosmetic businesses.The most influential angle over the coming 5years will be the links between internalhealth, beauty, and anti-aging. The next bigbeauty trend will include skin gestibles thatwill promote beauty from the inside out,borrowing of pharmaceutical terms forcosmetic applications, amino peptides tomake the skin more elastic, neuronmediators which are chemicals to tell thebrain to be happy and the blurring ofboundaries between surgeries.REFERENCES1. L. Philips. Cosmeceuticals taking in Europe.Functional Ingredients. [Cited 2009 May al-taking-root-Europe.2. J. Padma Preetha, K.Karthika,”InternationalJournal of ChemTech Research”, CODEN (USA):IJCRGG ISSN: 0974-4290,Vol.1, No.4, pp 12171223, Oct-Dec 2009.Nikita Wanjari et.al, IJPRR 2015; 4(5)ISSN: 2278-60743. Abdullah B J,et al. ,”International Journal OfPharmacy & Technology”, IJPT ,Vol. 4 , IssueNo.1 , 3925-3942, April-2012.4. Bigby M: Snake oil for the 21st century. ArchDermatol, 134:1512, 1998.5. Rieger MM: Hyaluronic acid in cosmetics.Cosmetics and Toiletries 113:3542, 1998.6. Lou WW, Quintana AD, Geronemus RG, et al:Effects of topical vitamin K and retinol laserinduced purpura on nonlesional skin. DermatolSurg 25:942-944, 1999.7. Dreher F, Gabard 8, Schwindt DA, et a1 Topicalmelatonin in combination with vitamins E andC protects skin from ultraviolet-inducederythema: A human study in vivo. Br JDermatol 139:332-339, 1998.8. Darr D, Combs S, Dunston S, et al: Topicalvitamin C protects porcine skin fromultraviolet radiation induced damage. Br JDermatol 127247-253, 1992.9. Darr D, Dunston S, Faust H, et al: Effectivenessof antioxidants (vitamin C and E) with andwithout sunscreens as topical photoprotectants. Acta Derm Venerol (Stockh)76:264-268, 1996.10. Dreher F, Denig N, Gabard B, et al: Effect oftopical antioxidants on UV-induced erythemaformation when administered after exposure.Dermatology.11. Dreher F, Gabard 8, Schwindt DA, et a1Topical melatonin in combination withvitamins E and C protects skin fromultraviolet-induced erythema: A human studyin vivo. Br J Dermatol 139:332-339, 1998.12. Eberlein-Konig 8, Placzek M, Przybilla 8:Protective effect against sunburn of combinedsystemic ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and d-atocopherol (vitamin E). J Am Acad Dermatol38:4548, 1998.13. Abdullah B J, Nasreen R, Ravichandran N,”International Journal of Scientific andResearch Publications”, Volume 2, Issue 2,ISSN 2250-3153, February 2012.14. Zesch A. Cosmetics: definition and legalaspects of the term. Huatarzt 1999;50:243-49.15. Draelos ZD. New developments in cosmeticsand skin care products. Adv Dermatol1997;12:3-17.51
A Review on Latest Trend of Cosmetics-Cosmeceuticals Nikita Wanjari, *Jyotsna Waghmare Department of Oil, Oleo-chemicals and Surfactants Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal . Others- Lipstick, Nail polish, Toothpaste and Powders. SKIN COSMECEUTICALS Cosmeceuticals are the cosmetic productsCited by: 5Publish Year: 2015Author: Nikita Wanjari, Jyotsna WaghmareExplore furtherLiterature review cosmetic industry Studymodewww.studymode.comResults Page 2 About Literature Review Cosmetic Industry .www.studymode.com10 Marketing Tips To Promote Your Cosmetic Brand Effectivelywww.designhill.comRecommended to you b
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