These Notes Cover The Current 640-460 Examination As The .
Cisco CCNA notes -- Tech NoteCisco CCNA-Voice Check List - Training Notesupdated October 2009These notes cover the current 640-460 examination as the singleexam option for CCNA Voice to complete the CCNA Voicecertification.The following notes may help narrow the study topics to the relevant areas.The 'Study Summary' for each section highlights the main items covered bythe examination. *** This information is not supported or endorsed by CiscoSystems, Inc. *** please report any errors/comments.NOTE the actual Vue/Pearson examinations DO NOT ALLOW you to goback and change or mark any questions, as many other demo and trainingexaminations do. AND not all questions are multiple choice and may requireyou to fill in the blank, drag & drop responses, telnet simulation or input yourresponse to a diagrammatic exhibit (very few simulation questions ascompared to the CCENT/CCNA exams). Unfortunately, there are manyquestions on the use of the CCA GUI to configure the SBCS range of productsand several non-technical questions regarding product range andspecificationssee also CCNA Voice example questions, IOS Configuration Examples,The Vue / Pearson tests can be booked online via www.vue.com/cisco(since Cisco changed from Thomson/Prometric to Vue/Pearson there seemsto be less testing centers available outside of the US, so check on their web sitefor centers and schedules in your area)
PSTN and Legacy Telephony Study SummaryREMEMBERLoop Start vs Ground Start and that LOOP START is susceptible to GLARESupervisory SignalingxxxOn-hook signalOff-hook signalRingingAddress SignalingxxDTMFPulseInformational Signaling (all the rest)xxxxxxxxDial ToneRingbackBusyCongestionReorderReceiver off-hookNo such numberConfirmationAnalogue to Digital Conversion(human hearing range 20-20kHz at very best, human speech 200-9kHz, PSTNuses 300-3400Hz)xxxxNyquist theorem (300Hz – 4,000Hz, sample @ 2 x highest frequency)Sample (PAM)Quantize & Encode (PCM)Compress (CODEC)Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)xxtime slots for each channelT1 has 24 x 64kbps channels mainly in the Americas and JapanE1 has 30 x 64kbps channels mainly in EUCAS Channel Associated Signaling uses the same bandwidth/channel asthe voice or data. T1 using CAS will steal bits (every eighth bit of everysixth DS0 time slot) often called robbed bit signaling (RBS). An ESF
(extended super frame) T1 frame is sent as 24 DS0 frames (8 bits x 24) PLUS asingle framing bit 193 bits. The older SF (super frame) standard T1 framewas sent as 12 DS0 frames with framing bits on each of the DS0.E1 CAS does not use RBS but has DS0:1 for framing and DS0:17 for voicesignaling not really CAS, but considered so because it uses the same formatof ABCD bits as T1 and can therefore be compatible and interconnected.T1 and E1 will use loop start, ground start or E&M (1-5) for the interfaceconnections and signaling (NOTE- Cisco do not support E&M type 4).REMEMBER CAS T1 (rbs 8th bit every 6th frame), 24th timeslot (chan 23)for signaling, CAS E1 (framing on 1st timeslot chan 0), 17th timeslot (chan16) for signaling, configure for PSTN trunks using ‘ ds0-group # timeslots xx‘CCS Common Channel Signaling ’complete channel for signaling’ usesa separate, dedicated channel (OUT OF BAND SIGNALING). T1 dedicates24th time slot to signaling. E1 dedicates 17th time slot to signaling. Mostpopular signaling is Q.931 and SS7.REMEMBER CCS T1 24th timeslot (chan 23) for signaling, configure forPRI trunks using ‘ pri-group # timeslots x-x ‘ and don’t forget the globalconfig to set the PRI ISDN switch type. CCS E1 17th timeslot (chan 16) forsignaling, configure for PRI trunks using ‘ pri-group # timeslots x-x ‘ anddon’t forget the global config to set the PRI ISDN switch type.REMEMBER THE PSTN TERMS Analogue telephone/fax/modem, localloop, central office (CO), trunk, private switch (PBX/PABX), digitaltelephone, ip telephone, numbering plans such as ITU e.164 (15 digit max)PBX FLAVORS Key Systems (PSTN to extensions - one to one) or PBX(internal dialing and PSTN sharing etc) or hybridCisco IOS Study SummaryThe examinations use a syllabus based upon extracts from IOS commandsand basic knowledge of the current ‘small enterprise’ network devicesincluding the 29xx Catalyst series switches, 26xx /18xx/28xx ‘standard IOS’routers as seen in the CCENT and CCNA studies plus the CME, CUE andbasics of the GUI for CME, CUE and the UC500 SBCS range using the CiscoConfiguration Assistant application.The 2500 and 2600 are fine for CCENT and CCNA as excellent home trainingrouters and are available at very low cost, but the CCNA Voice requires 12.4IOS with Cisco Call Manager Express, so you may need memory and flash
expansion to run the required IOS on a 2600 (CME will not run on 2500). Inaddition to the equipment needed for the CCENT and CCNA studies, and thecapability of running Call Manager Express you will need two or more IPphones and/or soft phones. The SBCS UC500 is only GUI driven and notessential in the training lab. The few exam questions on the SBCS are mainlyregarding product specification, default addressing and basic GUI functions.This document is used as checklist within the KCC CCNA Voice FastTrackand Flex training courses;xSwitch and Router basic ops and configuration as seen on the CCENTand CCNA (memory use and functions RAM, FLASH, ROM, NVRAM)xRouter and Switch CLI (Command Line Interface) and exec modebasics for ;xofile system messages commands for logging etc. {lab #1}ointerface configuration and monitoringoVLAN configuration for voice and dataoVTP configurationoCDP functions, DHCP, DNS, TFTP & ip phone boot sequence{all labs}{all labs}CME CLI for ;oloading the software {lab #1}osetting up the CME as TFTP server {lab #2}oinitial configuration requirements & file structure etc. {lab #2}oCCNA routing and addressing configuration {all labs}oCDP functions, DHCP, DNS, TFTP & ip phone boot sequence{all labs}oePhone-dn and ephone configuration {all labs}odial-peer configuration {all labs}odial planning and digit manipulation configuration {all labs}
oCME features (phone button configuration, after hours, overlay,shared line, paging, hunting, intercom, pickup groups, callparking, auto attendant, music on hold, phoneregistration/provisioning, emergency and pstn backup)oCME GUI and it’s limited functionalityoservice module configuration basics (CUE)oCisco Unity Express features and specificationsoCisco Small Business Communications Systems features andspecificationsoSBCS UC500/520 basic administrationBASIC IOS FUNCTIONS REQUIRED BY CCNAV;{all labs}(PRACTICE !)FUNCTIONCOMMANDDHCP exclude rangesip dhcp excluded-address {range}DHCP define poolip dhcp pool {name}(may be abbreviated to firstfew non-ambiguous characters of each command)DHCP networknetwork {network, mask}DHCP gatewaydefault-router {address}DHCP DNS serverdns-server {address}DHCP TFTP serveroption 150 ip {address}DHCP directed broadcastip helper-address {server address}Practice configuration of voice VLAN and data VLAN connecting to arouter on a different network for DHCP services. Remember your ‘routeron a stick’ from the CCNA training and the ip helper commands
BASIC IOS ADMIN FUNCTIONS REQUIRED BY CCNAV;(PRACTICE !)FUNCTIONCOMMANDcopy config from tftp server toRAM for CMERouter # copy tftp system(may be abbreviated to first few nonambiguous characters of each command)save/copy running-config (RAM) Router # write memory or copy runningto NVRAMconfig startup-configcopy file from tftp server to flashmemoryRouter # copy tftp flashcopy file from flash to tftp serverRouter # copy flash tftpdelete start-up (NVRAM)configurationRouter # write erase or erase startupconfigview IOS version informationRouter show versionview current configuration (RAM)Router # show running-config or writeterminalview saved (startup) configurationRouter # show config or show startupconfigview basic files system (flash)Router # show flash (or dir)view router utilizationRouter # show processesdisable CDP for entire routerRouter (config) # no cdp rundisable CDP on an interfaceRouter (config-int) # no cdp enableshow interfaces and ip addressing Router show ip interface briefshow routing tableRouter show ip routeshow ntp statusRouter # show ntp statusshow ip arp tableRouter # show ip arpNOTE:CCNAV makes use of 'standard catalyst' 29xx switches,‘standard IOS’ routers (26xx,18xx,28xx etc) and CCME version 3,CCUE version 2.3.4Be prepared to use the exam simulator to configure an entire VoIP lab, fromCME initial configuration, DHCP pools, VLANs, ephone configuration andadministration.
Reference Models Study SummaryoOSI Reference model (as seen on the CCENT/CCNA etc.)oTCP/IP Reference model (as seen on the CCENT/CCNA etc.)oCisco VOIP Reference model (end points, applications, call routing,infrastructure)oFrames, Packets and Segments (RTP, RTCP, UDP, TCP)oFlow control methods (buffering, congestion avoidance andwindowing, basic QoS)NETWORK LAYER UTILITIES;REMEMBERARP Address Resolution Protocol will resolve a mac address from a given ipaddress. A device may send an ARP broadcast to ask every station on it’snetwork for the mac address of a given IP address. REMEMBER HOW theip address and mask dictate if the device should send traffic to it’s localnetwork or to it’s gateway.DNS Domain Name System will resolve domain names to IP addresses. So adevice looking for cisco.com will request a domain lookup from it’s DNSserver to be able to send traffic to the IP address of cisco.com ( and then usingARP to resolve the IP address of cisco.com to a mac address in order to sendit’s traffic)DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol can be used to supply IPaddresses to any device either via static configuration (mapped to macaddress) or via a pool of addresses. DHCP can also provide much moreinformation to the end device such as multiple DNS server addresses andTFTP server addresses etc. REMEMBER to exclude addresses from yourDHCP pool for router and other networking devices. USE IP HELPER todirect the DHCP broadcast to the DHCP server from other networks thatrequire the DHCP services. DHCP OPTIONS and how the ip phones usethe option 150 during their boot up procedure etc.NTP Network Time Protocol said (by Cisco) to be crucial to the Cisco VoIPoperation. Make sure you know the stratum values expected from a goodNTP source and how to configure the routers to make use of NTP.
OSI MODEL AND EXAMPLES;OSI Layer NameDescriptionExampleApplicationlayer 7Application / userinterface(including userauthentication etc)Telnet, HTTP, FTP, SMTP,SNMP, SIP, MGCP, POP3,FTPPresentationlayer 6Data translation/presentation /encryptionJPEG, EBCDIC, ASCII,GIF, MPEG, MIDI,Encryption.Sessionlayer 5Session control,allocation/trackingOp systems, SQL,NetBIOS, DECnetlayer 4Multiplexing /control,Data delivery usingflow control and errorrecovery &segmentation etcTCP, UDP, SPXlayer 3logical addressing andpath determination(routing)IP, IPX, AppleTalk, X.25Data Linklayer 2frame construction, macaddressing, error802.2/802.3, VTP, HDLC,detection using frameATM, PPP, Frame Relay,check sequenceEthernet, CDP.(switching)Physicallayer 1Electrical connections &Cables specifications; RJ45,signals physicalV.35, EIA232, EthernetmediaTransportNetworkTCP/IP LayerNameDescriptionExampleApplicationApplication / user interface /Presentationand session control) maps toLayers 5, 6 & 7 of OSITelnet, HTTP, FTP, SMTP,SNMP, VoIP, POP3, FTP,SIP, MGCPTransportMultiplexing /control,Data delivery using flow controlTCP, UDPand error recovery etc . maps toLayer 4 of OSIInternetlogical addressing and pathdeterminationmaps to layer 3 of OSIMaps to Layer 1 & 2 of OSINetwork Access model mac protocols &physical media etcIP802.2/802.3, PPP, FrameRelay, Ethernet, CDP.
CISCO VOIP REFERENCE MODELLayer NameDescriptionExampleEnd PointsTerminating point for voiceIp phones, gsm, videophone, soft phone clientsetc ApplicationsApplication servicesVoice mail, call centerapplications, ACD, CRM,911 server .CONTROL Supplying dial toneand doing the call switchingCall Manager unifiedcommunications manager,CCME, UC500/SBCS,Asterisk, Avaya IP PBXetc Call ProcessingInfrastructure Network equipmentREMEMBERFirewalls, voice gateways,voice router, voice enabledswitches etc according to Cisco ;Cisco UC500/SBCS 8 to 48 users, no redundancy, router based, fixed sizesCUCME/CCME up to 250 users (or 240 users in some older books), noredundancy, router basedComm Manager Bussiness ED, to 500 users, no redundancy, server basedCUCM up to 30,000 per cluster, full redundancy, server basedReview the maximum number of supported users for each of the Ciscoproducts and know the differences between the three Unity products.CUE up to 250 users, no redundancy, email relay, router basedCUC up to 7500 users, no redundancy, email relay, server basedCU up to 7500 per server to 25,000, redundancy support, full emailintegration, server basedBe aware of the Cisco application products such as IVR/AA, Contact Center,Mobility and Emergency Responder.
LAN SWITCHING Study SummaryxProtocol Type Fields and header formats – CCNA knowledgexEthernet Standards (mac specifications, cable lengths & types)x Spanning Tree basic functions (now including RSTP 802.1w andPVSTP) – no need to know the timing and protocol details, but essential toknow the port naming, election procedure, bridge ID and basicspanning tree functionality. CCNA knowledgex VLANs overview inter-vlan routing, collision domain / broadcastdomain and segments, voice VLAN configuration and native VLAN.CCNA knowledge PLUS voice vlan configuration and basic QoS.x Trunking/Tagging Protocols & VTP basics (VTP modes, taggingspecifications ISL/802.1q)REMEMBER: VTP MODES on all Cisco Catalyst switches (flooded every5mins & when ever there has been a change);FunctionServerClientTransparentsource VTP messagesyesyesnolisten to VTP messagesyesyesnocreate/edit/delete VTPmessagesyesnolocalsave VTP messagesyesnolocalTRUNK/TAGGING DETAILS;oCisco's ISL encapsulation (adds 26 bytes overhead) tagging for VLANidentification for Fast Ethernet or Gigabit Ethernet links onlyo802.1Q is the IEEE standard (subset of Cisco's ISL) for VLAN taggingadds a 4 byte shimoVTP is Cisco's method for distribution of VLAN configurationinformationoVTP pruning increases available bandwidth by restricting floodedtraffic to contain only the required/configured VLANs for that trunkand not sending all available VLAN informationsee also VLAN Overview
Power Over Ethernet (PoE) Study SummaryCisco Inline Power the Cisco pre-standard power over Ethernet system that uses aFAST LINK PULSE (FLP) tone to check for Cisco device requiring inline power. ACisco inline power device will loop the tone back to the switch if it requires power.The switch will make a minimum of 6.3W power available until the actual value isreceived using CDP.802.3af PoE IEEE standard delivers a small current to detect a PoE device thatrequires power. Each 802.3af device has a resistor on the power lines to let the switchknow it’s power requirements based on the following four classes;xxxxClass 0Class 1Class 2Class 3 (no value requested, just ‘give me power’) 15.4W,4W,7W,15.4WReview the Cisco IP Phones and their power standardsNetwork Protocols Study Summary (CCNA VoIP)xTCP/IP (RFC 793, UDP, port numbers and type numbers (RFC 1700),DNS, ARP, ICMP, SCCP, SIP, RTP, RTCP, MGCP, H323)x IP Addressing and classes (subnet masking before VLSM), defaultroutes CCNA knowledge.x Encapsulation in IP header sizes and compression savings(IP,TCP,UDP,RTP - overheads 40 bytes becomes 2-4 bytes)Ethernet overhead 20 bytes, PPP overhead 6 bytes, Frame Relay 4-6bytes, GRE/L2TP 24 bytes, MPLS 4 bytes, IPSec 50-57 bytesx IP and MAC addressing flowx DNS, DHCP (and helper) and general WEB traffic flowx NTP configuration and stratumx FTP TFTP (and using the CCME as a TFTP server)x IOS commands (CCNAV sub-set of commands for CME & CUE)x KNOW CDP and how the ip phone uses it, what it can show, how itcan help fault findingx KNOW the skinny IP Phone boot sequencex KNOW the CCME telephony-service configurationsxxxREMEMBER - CUE needs a static route IF configured to use the loopbackinterface of the CCME routerCisco IP phones can be loaded with SIP, SCCP or MGCP firmwareSBCS will only support SCCP ip phones, but will support SIP trunks
VoIP ntPeer to peerMGCPIETFFairClient – ServerSIPIETFVery GoodPeer to peerSCCPCiscoProprietaryClient – ServerIAXDigiumProprietaryPeer to peercommon configuration & show commands; (practice these commands !)show ip protocolView routing protocols in use for ipshow controller {serial ethernet .}view controller for interface (checkcable type etc)show debugView current debug settingshow voice port summaryview pots voice portsshow telephone-service tftp-bindShow tftp configuration for CMEshow ip interface {brief}View IP interface detailsshow telephone-service allView CME configurationshow dialplan number xxxxxTest and display dialplan for xxxxxshow ip interface {brief}View IP interface detailsshow ntp statusView ntp statusip host name {tcp-port-number} address1address2.configuration of host tableip route prefix mask {next hop outputinterface}configure static routeip name-server server address1 {serveraddress2.}configure name server(s) for DNSshow ephone unregSee registration attemptsshow run begin dial-peerSee dial-peer configurationauto qos voip cisco-phone (on a switch)Trust if from Cisco phone enable qosauto qos voip trustTrust existing marking enable qosauto qos voip (on a router)ACL or NBAR to identify QoS
CCME – CCNAV NEED TO KNOW;LICENSING REQUIRED ON CMExxxIOS LicenseFeature LicensePhone User LicenseCCME installDescriptionCommandInstall CME softwareInstall from TFTP toflashcopy tftp://{file} flash:Extract software to flasharchive tar /xtract tftp:/Extract files from tar filedirectories/{file} flash:CCME initial configConfigGo into telephonyservice configurationmodeconfig term followed bytelephony-servicesSet memory limits forephones to be used(config-telephony)#and directory numbers (config-telephony)#commandmax-ephones {number}max-dn {number}Set CME source addres(config-telephony)#ip source-address(address}Create phone configs(config-telephony)#create cnf-filesREMEMBER - main steps to start the CMExxxx(as above)Set maximum phones and directory numbers (max-dn, max-ephone)Set source ip addressGenerate configuration files for the ip phonesFirmware load files configured for TFTP use (tftp location and/or CME tftp& alias global commands etc.)
ephone-dn configurationDescriptionnoteephone-dn {tag} {dual}Tag identifies the logical ephonedirectory numberDefault singlelinenumber {number}secondary {number}Assign directory number to theephone-dnname {directory name}Set internal callerid namecall-forward {op}{number}Assign directory number to theephone-dnpark-slotSet as parking slotpickup-groupSet pick up group numberintercom {number} label{txt}PagingDefine dn as paging numberephone configurationDescriptionephone {tag}Tag identifies the logical ephonedevicemac {mac address}button {number} {op}{number}noteAssign ip phone mac address toephone logical tagAssign dn lines to ip phone button SEE BUTTONlines with the various buttonOP TABLEfunctionsBELOWSet preference for ephoneDefault 0(best)Warm reboot of ephoneFor restart afterminor changessuch as buttonline or speeddial changesResetCold reboot of ephoneFor reset aftermain changessuch as DHCP,date, firmware,locale, services,voicemail etc HuntstopStop huntingDefaultHuntstop channelStop hunting on channelPrevents callgoing to callwaiting ondual linePagingSet ephone paging grouppreference {value}Restart
membershippin {number}Set pin number for loginafter-hour exemptAllow after-hours exemptionBUTTON COMMANDDescriptionbutton {number} : {number}Assign dn line to ephonebutton linebutton {number} b {number}Assign with call waitingbeep, no ringbutton {number} f {number}Assign with feature ringnotebutton {number} m {number} Assign as monitor lineMonitor single numberbutton {number} w {number} Assign as watched deviceMonitor entire ipphonebutton {number} o {number}Assign as overlay, no callwaitingbutton {number} c {number}Assign as overlay with callwaitingbutton {number} x {number} Assign as expansion overlaybutton {number} s {number}Assign as silent ring, no callwaitingWAN Protocols & CODEC Considerations,xxxxxxxxxxxxCODEC for WAN T1 G.729CODEC DEFAULT for dial-peers G.729CODEC DEFAULT for CUE G.711ulawG.729 defaults to 20ms 20bytes per packetG.711 defaults to 20ms 160bytes per packetVAD can save about 35% bandwidthRTP header compression results in the 40 byte (IP/RTP/UDP) headers beingstripped to leave an overhead of 2 bytes plus 2bytes of checksumRTP port numbers range from 16384 to 32767RTP uses the even numbered ports, RTCP uses the odd numberMax end to end delay advised as 150msJitter max 30msPacket Loss should be 1% or lessBYTES PER PACKET (SAMPLE SIZE x CODEC BANDWIDTH) / 8
CODECComplexityBandwidth bps4.1So for example, it can be seen that a G.729 call using the default 20ms would have asample size of ( 20ms x 8kbps ) / 8 20 BytesADD the overheads (assume no compression) ;IP 20 bytes, UDP 8 bytes, RTP 12 bytes, Ethernet 20 bytesThat is 60 bytes of overhead plus the voice payload of 20 bytes 80 bytes for every 20msBandwidth required for 1 second (1000ms) would be80 bytes x (1000/20 ms) 4000 bytes/second 4000 x 8 32kbpsbits per second{this calculation by formula only required @ CCVP level}
ALSO REMEMBER the irrelevant :xxxxxxxxxxxxxCUE supports up to 250 mailboxes (up to 50 on AIM)CUE default AA recordings are: welcome, office open, office closed, holidayCUE GDM is accessed via an associated voicemail subscriberCUE uses TRACE and not debug to troubleshoot problemsAccess the CUE AIM via the ‘service-engine interface’ using the ‘service-moduleservice-engine 1/0 session’ command from the CME router CLICUE software download upgrade command is only required for version 2.3.4CUE license requires CME/CM, GDM count, mailbox count, IVR countSBCS is ‘simple and affordable’ - provides simplicity, predinfined hardware andlicensing, plug and play feature rich suite, predefined use case assumptions, CCAconfiguration (to allow auto phone assignment, dial plan setup, voice and data vlansetting, firewall setup and cisco best practice QoS)UC520/SBCS manager defaults to 192.168.10.1 (seed for CCA)UC520/SBSC data defaults to 192.168.1.0/24 VLAN 1UC520/SBCS auxiliary/voice vlan defaults to 10.1.1.0/24 (VLAN 100)CCA is a powerful GUI that connects via http or https for 800 seriesrouters, Cat Express switches, UC500/520, WLAN controllers and HWICAPsSBCS ‘key-system’ configuration has no COR, ‘PBX’ has COR enforcedKCCVoIP.CO.UK CCNAV Fast TrackE & OE 2009not supported or endorsed by Cisco Systems Inc.,
Cisco CCNA notes -- Tech Note Cisco CCNA-Voice Check List - Training Notes updated October 2009 These notes cover the current 640-460 examination as the single exam option for CCNA Voice to complete the CCNA Voice certification. T
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