Blue Skies For Your Cloud With IBM XIV Storage
IBM Systems and TechnologyThought leadership white paperBlue skies for your cloudwith IBM XIV storageIBM System Storage
2Blue skies for your cloud with IBM XIV storageContents2 Executive summary2 Cloud computing for protected shared resources4 Why XIV storage is an excellent fit for cloud environments14 Delivering on the promise of cloud computing14 About the IBM XIV Storage System series15 For more informationExecutive summaryClouds are all the rage these days. Call it hype, but look again.The benefits of cloud computing are increasingly provingthemselves in deployments in just about every sector. IDC hasfound abundant compelling reasons why organizations areadopting cloud solutions, among them: to improve ITinfrastructure utilization, boost operational efficiency anddecrease capital spending.1This white paper focuses on storage as an essential cornerstoneto a private cloud environment and proposes the key elementsto successful implementation. It describes the IBM XIV Storage System as a highly strategic general purpose storagesolution for private cloud environments, as well as an essentialcomponent of the IBM private cloud portfolio.This paper also highlights, through documented customercloud stories, how XIV storage lends itself to easy creation of awell-balanced cloud ecosystem and how its proven attributes ofpowerful virtualization, performance, and elasticity, andadvanced features, help in accelerating implementations andmeeting tenant service level goals while minimizing costs.Cloud computing for protected sharedresourcesThe definition of cloud computing, which differs across the ITindustry, has been finely tuned by the US National Institute ofStandards and Technology as follows:“Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient,on-demand network access to a shared pool of configurablecomputing resources (e.g., networks, servers, storage,applications and services) that can be rapidly provisioned andreleased with minimal management effort or service providerinteraction.”Key cloud objectivesWhy a cloud? Organizations have several objectives whendriven to implement a private cloud or purchase cloud services,among them: R educe IT complexity, development and costs byoutsourcing IT systems and services Accelerate the realization of results and gain immediateaccess to resources using implementation-ready deliverymodels Enable re-focus on the core business by offloading specificIT overhead Reduce the risk inherent in large-scale IT management Achieve economies of scale through resource consolidation Enable end-user self service Scale workloads quickly and smoothly without complexoverhead or costly development
IBM Systems and Technology3The bright forecast is “cloud”Seeding the cloud: StorageReports indicate that 84 percent of cloud users areexperiencing reduced costs when moving applications to thecloud.2 With such compelling advantages, small wonder thatCDW predicts that 34 percent of company IT budgets will beallocated to cloud services by 2015.3 In describinginfrastructure-related cloud computing, Gartner states, “Thisis a rapidly evolving market that represents the transformationof IT infrastructure over 10 to 20 years.”4Storage is a key component in a cloud computing foundation—and not just any storage, but storage capable of integratingeffectively with virtual server technologies. A recent IDCsurvey confirmed that after server virtualization, storagevirtualization is the technology that plays the most critical rolein deploying a private cloud.5 Storage plays a role in a completecloud solution by serving specific purposes:It’s worth pausing for a moment to review the different kindsof cloud services that are taking shape in this evolving space.Models for delivering ready resourcesCloud services are typically defined by a spectrum of deliverymodels—from basic infrastructure to turnkey services.Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)In the Infrastructure as a Service delivery model, organizationsoutsource computer equipment to support their operations,including servers, storage, networking components and otherhardware. The service provider owns, houses, operates andmaintains the infrastructure.Platform as a Service (PaaS)The PaaS model offers a complete environment to develop anddeploy applications, including hardware and software, such asoperating system, hosting services, database services andapplication program interfaces. This model frees up applicationdevelopers from infrastructure management, letting them focuson business logic and configuring applications.Software as a Service (SaaS)In the SaaS model, customers have complete ready-to-useapplication functionality, without application development ormaintenance overhead. The user is unaware of the underlyinghardware and software or its location. SaaS offers the mostexpedient time to results, but application flexibility can belimited. General purpose storage: Multi-purpose on-line datastorage for day-to-day or periodic use Archive and records management: Available andrecoverable long-term immutable data retention supportingcompliance and litigation Data protection: Data replication, backup and restore forbusiness and data continuity
4 Blue skies for your cloud with IBM XIV storageIBM System Storage Cloud Services Compliance and immutability Long-term retention Available/recoverable Litigation supportArchive and recordsmanagement serviceSTORAGE CLOUDStorageservice General purpose storage Performance optimized Cost optimized Available/recoverableStorage requirements for the cloudAny cloud, regardless of its intended use, has the samerequirements of the storage layer—derived from the previouslycited definition of cloud computing—namely:Data protectionservice Business and datacontinuity Disaster recovery Backup/restoreFigure 1: Storage serves multiple purposes within a cloud environment.Effective resource sharingOptimized interoperability with virtualized serversSimple, rapid provisioningSimple, automated management High elasticity for transparent scaling and service to ondemand requests High availability and robust data protection to help promotebusiness continuity Comprehensive reporting and flexible integration withbilling and chargeback systemsWhy XIV storage is an excellent fit forcloud environmentsThe IBM XIV Storage System is a high-end general purposedisk storage series with a revolutionary design that is an idealmatch with cloud delivery models. Its massively paralleled gridarchitecture allocates system resources evenly at all times andscales performance with capacity, transparently providing theelasticity so critical to cloud infrastructures.The XIV series offers highly affordable storage suitable foreven the most demanding and highly fluctuating workloads,providing tier 1 consistent high performance and highreliability at tier 2 costs. The system scales seamlessly withoutthe need for complex, time-consuming tuning, provisioning orconfiguration.
IBM Systems and Technology5Providing exceptional levels of integration with cloud platformtechnologies, such as VMware server virtualization solutionsand IBM Tivoli products, XIV storage offers outstandingagility for accommodating growth. The XIV system sets a newstandard for ease of use with benchmark enterprise storagemanageability, including the automation of most tasks and ahighly intuitive user interface that is customer-acclaimed for itssimplicity.Effective resource sharingPredictable performance with heterogeneous workloadsStorage in the cloud is shared between diverse systems,supporting numerous tenants—each unaware of the others.Each cloud customer has a service level agreement (SLA) thatdefines the performance, quality and other standards withwhich the cloud provider must comply—regardless of servicelevel commitments to other tenants.Figure 2: IBM XIV Gen3 Storage System.XIV storage provides consistent and predictable performancefor heterogeneous workloads that allows the sharing of storageresources without impact across users. The XIV systemsupports a wide range of simultaneous workload needs, fromcapacity-hungry to ultra-high performance. These featurestranslate into more effective resource consolidation andreliable scalability. Inherent load balancing of all systemresources (such as CPU, cache and disk) gives the XIV system apowerful ability to meet diverse SLAs, even as workloadsfluctuate in the dynamic cloud environment and evolve overtime.
6Blue skies for your cloud with IBM XIV storageQuality of Service (QoS)A major challenge for cloud providers is to share a huge poolof resources on demand according to each contracted servicelevel while preventing the heavy loads of some customers fromaffecting others.The XIV Quality of Service feature places bandwidth limits oneach storage volume to ensure that extreme loads on somevolumes don’t starve or degrade performance for others.Enabling total customer control over QoS parameters, XIVstorage simultaneously supports multiple lines of service,promoting effective and efficient managed services for storage.Motionless tiering for RAID-free virtual prioritizationWith traditional storage tiering technologies, not only dohigh-performance disk systems require expensive outlays, theyalso demand precious processing power, overhead and time tophysically move data to the appropriate tier.The groundbreaking IBM XIV architecture enables tier 1storage performance using commodity disk drives. To managethe priority of specific data volumes, the XIV system provides“motionless” storage tiering—highly efficient virtual storageprioritization without the need to copy or move data. Inaddition, upgraded quality of service and lowered priority areeffective immediately, obviating the need for financial outlaysand bulk data movement, and eliminating performance impact.Virtualization for demanding dynamic environmentsThe cloud computing resource-sharing model uses large poolsof virtual servers and storage, requiring tight integrationbetween servers and storage. IBM XIV storage supportsnumerous hypervisors, including VMware, IBM PowerVM ,Microsoft Hyper-V and Xen. With its inherent design andcertified VMware interoperability, XIV storage is the idealstorage-architecture complement to VMware platforms.Storage architecture for agile virtualizationAll too often organizations deploying server virtualizationdon’t take into account the storage that underlies their virtualIT systems. The resulting challenges quickly become evidentin the form of unevenly distributed workloads, performancedegradation and compromised reliability.The XIV architecture inherently lends itself to optimizingserver-storage environments. Native XIV features, detailedbelow, bring powerful performance, consolidation andscalability value to the dynamic system environments thatvirtualization typically demands.Robust XIV storage integration with VMwareThe XIV Storage System provides best-in-class virtual storagearchitecture for virtual servers. The combination of its optimalresource use and hotspot-free server-storage performancemakes for exceptional synergy with the VMware serverinfrastructure and products. Inherently promoting optimizedserver-storage environments, the XIV architecture leveragesthe range of interoperability features provided by VMware,delivering the following features for cloud virtualization: S torage capability transparency to support policy-basedstorage deployment—via a provider for vSphere APIs forStorage Awareness (VASA) The ability for VMware administrators to manage andprovision storage through a VMware vCenter plug-in, withcontrolled storage delegation Improved VMware performance and scalability withvStorage API for Array Integration (VAAI) hardware support Automated storage replication and failover functionality viathe XIV Storage Replication Adapter (SRA) for VMware SiteRecovery Manager (SRM)
IBM Systems and TechnologyIn order to balance workloads across multiple storage systems,administrators can use VMware Storage vMotion to manuallymove virtual disks nondisruptively from one physical XIVStorage System to another.XIV storage: Proven Hyper-V cloud integrationThe XIV Storage System is a foundation of IBM’s contributionto the Microsoft Hyper-V Cloud Fast Track Program, a jointeffort between Microsoft and its OEM partners to helporganizations accelerate the development and implementationof private clouds. This program provides a proven, end-to-end,ready cloud solution based on Microsoft Hyper-V servervirtualization, IBM XIV virtualized storage and other essentialtechnologies. This modular, extensible and flexible format canhelp optimize value, to ease deployment as well asadministration, support and expansion. The integration,provisioning and management are performed centrally byMicrosoft System Center Virtual Machine Manager(SCVMM).In PaaS and IaaS cloud models, the cloud provider typicallydoes not have visibility into the specific usage of the storage orbusiness application. Therefore, the provider cannot tunestorage for specific application needs, fluctuations in demand,or other variables, which can cause suboptimal applicationperformance.The autonomic XIV Storage System is always optimally tunedby design; it automatically maintains optimal performance withno tuning or management throughout an application’s lifetime,regardless of workload growth or fluctuation.Instantaneous copying for ready-to-use storageTo keep up with dynamic cloud demands, the cloudenvironment needs to enable the provisioning of fullyfunctional virtual machines in a very short timeframe. Thevirtual machine must include the operating system andbusiness applications installed and ready to go. XIV VolumeCopy instantaneously creates a full volume replica. By cloninga template volume previously installed, XIV storage enablesimmediate provisioning of virtual machines and applications.Minimal management to save time and effortIn-balance virtualized capacity with no tuning requiredResource virtualization promotes cloud objectives of achievinga low-touch system that maintains and manages itself whilemaximizing resource utilization.7Figure 3: IBM XIV storage provides effortless provisioning with GUI-basedvolume resizing.
8 Blue skies for your cloud with IBM XIV storageRapid storage provisioning and decommissioningDue to its dynamic nature, the cloud environment shouldenable simple, rapid self-service provisioning anddecommissioning of virtual servers and their associated storagevolumes. For most storage systems, the tasks of provisioningnew LUNs, adding them to host clusters and decommissioningresources are relatively complicated, non-automated andtime-consuming, and performed by trained technicians. Thisapproach often does not keep pace with the dynamic demands,minimal intervention and maximized economies of scalerequired with cloud management.The XIV Storage System can provision and decommissionstorage almost instantly with no configuration effort, makingstorage immediately available to new and existing virtualmachines in the cloud, while automatically ensuring optimalstorage array load balancing. With this immediate resourceavailability, organizations can cut their implementation timesand maximize resource utilization, achieving results morequickly and preventing unnecessary additional storageinvestments.Thin allocation for conservative capital outlaysDisk storage supports multiple concurrent cloud consumers. Inmany cases, customers request or reserve more disk space thanactually needed. Supplying the capacity requested by eachtenant—with breathing room—can require a major investmentin storage hardware that will never, in fact, be utilized. In thiscase, thin storage allocation can prevent major over-investmentin storage, helping keep storage acquisition in line with actualusage.The XIV Storage System inherently allocates data “thinly,”using physical capacity only when the data is actually written.This ensures that space allocation facilitates rather thanhinders system elasticity. The XIV system also offers built-inthin provisioning, which cloud providers can leverage to createand provision virtual volumes that are larger than the actualphysical storage to fulfill the demands of all cloud users.Automatic reconfiguration that preserves performance and capacityutilizationIn traditional storage systems, frequent configuration changesoften have negative side effects—reducing performance andwasting capacity. The XIV grid architecture is designed tohandle rapidly evolving environments, retaining greatperformance and using storage capacity efficiently, and helpingmaximize effective resource usage.Cloud product integration for maximum functionality and efficiencyIBM XIV storage is a keystone in the comprehensive privatecloud offering by IBM, which includes:Hardware IBM Power Systems : Enterprise servers and software IBM XIV Storage System series: High-end disk storagewith exceptional performance, TCO and ease of use IBM SAN Volume Controller (SVC): Simplified andcentralized storage infrastructure management IBM Scale Out Network Attached Storage (SONAS):Scale-out storage featuring IBM Active Cloud Engine filemanagement IBM ProtecTIER : Data deduplication IBM backup and recovery systemsSoftware IBM PowerVM: Robust server virtualization IBM Tivoli storage software family: Tivoli StorageManager, Tivoli Storage FlashCopy Manager, TivoliStorage Productivity Center and Tivoli Usage andAccounting Manager
IBM Systems and TechnologyCIBER creates a next-generation IT infrastructuresolutionCIBER Managed Services GmbH built a dynamic cloudinfrastructure for SAP landscapes, based on acombination of IBM server, storage, database and systemmanagement software. The new storage infrastructure,which consists of the IBM XIV Storage System and IBMSAN Volume Controller (SVC), offers individual serviceclasses to suit different customer needs, maximizingoperational efficiency and minimizing expenses. The SAPapplication landscapes run on both IBM Power Systemsservers and IBM System x blade server technologies.See case study.Benefits: Ability to provide faster and more flexible and scalableSAP hosting services to businesses, with 99.9 percentVMware-based virtualization and improved service levelagreements Improved business continuity and higher availabilityeven across two locations, using IBM SVC storagevirtualization and the IBM XIV Storage System Reduced workload for IT staff through simplified setupand administration of the XIV Storage System Reduced operating costs with improved service qualitysupported by three levels of storage service classes, anintegrated and virtualized storage architecture, and newserver hardware Reduced time for provisioning and deployment of newsystems from weeks to hours with the new storagesolution9Elasticity for maximum agilityScalability in capacity and performanceTypical cloud requirements dictate that storage has the abilityto scale dynamically up and down according to user demands.However, downward elasticity is less common since mostorganizations continually add data while purging very little.On the chance that one tenant frees up capacity, it will, mostlikely, be swallowed up by other demand for more storage. Inmost cases, when more capacity is needed, scaling up bydeploying additional hardware on the storage network is onlypart of the solution; a major issue with expanding storage isreconfiguring it to make the capacity usable.The modular XIV architecture simplifies capacity expansion byenabling the nondisruptive addition of storage modules intothe system grid. Newly added capacity is not only immediatelyand fully usable, the system automatically redistributes dataamong all modules to optimize utilization.Performance that scales along with capacityCapacity elasticity alone is not sufficient to satisfy cloudcomputing requirements. Storage for clouds must also offerconsistent I/O performance as capacity grows or shrinks; if not,cloud customers will not receive their contracted servicequality level.
10Blue skies for your cloud with IBM XIV storageSince every XIV module contains the computing power andnecessary cache to support its capacity, the system maintains itshigh and consistent performance as it scales up. The XIVStorage System is scalable in all key elements, including diskcapacity, interfaces, cache and CPU power, enabling systemperformance to grow proportionally with capacity.This dependable scalability in resources makes the IBM XIVsystem low-risk storage for meeting service commitments.Steadfast performance during virtual machine growthIn virtualized cloud environments, as the number of virtualmachines per host increases, storage access increases. Inconventional storage solutions, an increase in storage accesstypically results in degraded system performance.The XIV Storage System is fully and automatically distributed,with random I/O optimized, advanced caching algorithms andoptimal I/O levels. The system architecture dramaticallyreduces random seek times—offering granular and efficientcaching that results in powerful performance at all times.Technische Universität München enables cloudready SAP businessThe University implemented a fully cloud-enabledinfrastructure based on the IBM Power Systems platformthat automates many administration tasks and greatlyaccelerates preparation for the new semester. Thevirtualization solution allows for a fast and flexibledeployment of new SAP systems and software on IBMPOWER7 and Intel processor-based systems accessingIBM XIV Storage System. See case study.Benefits:TU München can provision a new server in 30 minutes (a90 percent reduction) and provision a new SAP instancein less than half a day. Data was migrated to the XIVstorage systems, resulting in balanced performance andcapacity utilization as well as simplified management.The University replaced 150 Sun servers with two IBMPower servers and two IBM BladeCenter systems,cutting 13 full racks to four half-racks, a savings of 85percent, and cut energy usage by around 80 percent.Migration to IBM DB2 resulted in a database size of 63GB, a 40 percent reduction.
IBM Systems and pOSVMDKAppOSVMDKAppOSVMDKDatastore11Figure 4: IBM XIV storage accommodates peak demand through optimized distribution.Hotspot-free load balancingThe XIV Storage System is inherently load balanced at alltimes, actively distributing data and processing evenly across allspindles, providing hotspot-free storage that requires notuning.Centralized multi-system managementCloud environments can expand to numerous XIV systems. Tosupport this level of scalability, XIV storage provides centralmanagement for multiple systems. The ability to centrallymanage local or geographically distributed XIV systems andgroup systems by geography or other parameters promotesflexible, efficient management, such as control over primaryand disaster recovery sites.
12Blue skies for your cloud with IBM XIV storageData protection and business continuityTypical cloud SLAs dictate that cloud services andinfrastructure are always available, with no service disruption.Traditional storage systems, which aggregate disks into RAIDgroups, can experience hours to days of data recovery delaysand days to return to contractual performance levels followinga hardware or disk failure.The XIV cloud solution minimizes downtime and promotesrapid return to operations—perhaps the fastest in its class—which dramatically reduces impact on ongoing operations andpromotes contract compliance, helping avert major risk in theevent of hardware failure or disaster. Even during a diskrebuild, performance impact is negligible because all XIV disksparticipate in the rebuild simultaneously, effectivelydistributing the processing throughout the system.Continuous availability and nondisruptive upgrades and maintenanceUnplanned outages can typically impact a larger population oftenants in cloud environments than in traditionalinfrastructures. Planned cloud downtime also presents majorproblems since it is nearly impossible to coordinate with manyunrelated tenants that have different system needs. Therefore,highly available storage systems must support self-healing, hotupgrades and on-line maintenance.To help ensure system availability during routine maintenanceand hardware failures, the XIV Storage System provides: N ondisruptive upgrades and maintenance—with allhardware and software maintenance performed whileapplications are running Self-healing through hardware redundancy and distributeddata redundancy—without human intervention—for rapidrecovery with minimal performance impact Benchmark-speed disk rebuilds in the case of a hardwarefailureData protection and recovery to ensure business continuitySince protecting data from loss and corruption is afundamental cloud requirement for storage, cloudinfrastructures must include snapshots, mirroring and backups,as well as rapid recovery.The XIV system is designed for business continuity,eliminating unplanned downtime and accelerating return tooperations from disasters large and small. Incorporatinghardware, software and data considerations, the XIVarchitecture delivers: B est-in-class, space-saving, minimal-impact differentialsnapshots with service level agreement granularity Synchronous data replication for total data currency Asynchronous data replication for long-distance replicationthat strikes the right balance between remote datapreservation and minimal impact on ongoing system latency Highly responsive, automatic recovery, ensuring predictableresults and minimizing risk in a range of disaster scenarios
IBM Systems and TechnologyGetronics launches new pay-per-use cloud servicemodelGetronics’ new Utility Hosting service is built on adynamic infrastructure that employs IBM IntegratedService Management solutions for provisioning andstorage management to help staff rapidly switch on andoff cloud environments and proactively increase capacityas needed. See case study.Benefits: Enabled the company to launch a new pay-per-useservice model that differentiates it from other hostingproviders Reduced management costs per server per year bynearly 80 percent Reduced time to market for new services from as longas four weeks to just a few hours13Flexible reporting, billing and chargeback featuresMore than a technology shift, cloud computing is about a newtechnology-enabled business model. Instead of purchasing andmaintaining IT resources, organizations pay a fee for thenecessary computing services. The most significant economicbenefit of this model is the “pay-for-what-you-use” approach,in which large investments in hardware and software, and themajor infrastructure maintenance effort, are replaced withdynamic payment for resources actually used. Storage resourceusage is usually measured by the amount of data stored on thecloud and transferred to and from the cloud. In some cases,other usage parameters, such as bandwidth consumed may bebillable as well. Typically, cloud providers use a monthlyutilities-like billing model. Storage must be able to track thecloud-based usage of each customer, providing all the necessaryinformation to the billing system.The extensive XIV reporting and statistics tools make the dataeasily available for chargeback and billing purposes. Since theXIV system provides this functionality out-of-the-box, there isno need to install management services to collect the data, astypical systems require. The XIV Storage System can alsoexport the information in a variety of formats to integrateeasily with resource utilization software, such as IBM TivoliUsage and Accounting Manager. The XIV solution curtailsbilling complexity, overhead and expense.
14 Blue skies for your cloud with IBM XIV storageThe cloud-proven success of general purpose XIV storageacross a variety of industries makes IBM XIV storage anessential element of an IT cloud infrastructure. Itstransformational virtualized design, powerful architecture andintegration with virtualized environments are ideal for anydelivery model and any stage of cloud implementation. Asevidenced by XIV success stories, even though the XIV seriesis positioned for the private cloud space, many customers areleveraging XIV storage for their public clouds as well.An end-to-end cloud solution featuring IBM XIV storageminimizes storage management overhead, creates an agile,future-driven environment and can ensure continuous businessoperations, helping the organization achieve its cloudobjectives and drive organizational vision and efficiencies.Figure 5: IBM XIV storage provides GUI-based capacity reporting forpay-for-what-you-use billing.Conclusion: Delivering on the promise ofcloud computingCloud computing is a strategic solution for driving cost savingsand realizing results, while promoting deployment flexibilityand accelerating implementations. IBM is a clear leader incloud services, ranking as a “cloud champion” by a BTC LogicSurvey.6 IBM XIV storage, a robust component of the IBMprivate cloud portfolio, offers unique value to cloudenvironments, integrating IBM server and storage products,and value-added software such as Tivoli storage managementproducts. It is no wonder that so many Fortune 500 companiesrely on IBM cloud solutions.About the IBM XIV Storage System seriesThe IBM XIV Storage System is a proven, high-end diskstorage series designed by listening to customers andaddressing their storage challenges across the broadestspectrum of business applications. The XIV series offers highlyaffordable storage suitable for even the most demandingworkloads, providing tier 1 consistent high performance andhigh reliability, at tier 2 costs. Never compromisingperformance for reliability, the XIV grid architecture appliesmassive paral
Figure 2: IBM XIV Gen3 Storage System. Providing exceptional levels of integration with cloud platform technologies, such as VMware server virtualization solutions and IBM Tivoli products, XIV storage offers outstanding agility for accommodating growth. The XIV system sets a new s
Bruksanvisning för bilstereo . Bruksanvisning for bilstereo . Instrukcja obsługi samochodowego odtwarzacza stereo . Operating Instructions for Car Stereo . 610-104 . SV . Bruksanvisning i original
The World of the 7 Skies 1 The World of the 7 Skies Above the Blue, skyships ply the 7 Skies, soaring from cloud-island to cloud-island for adventure: conquest, espio-nage, trade, and piracy. Kingdoms clash, cultures collide, and secrets abound. Heroes and villains roam, both on and betw
10 tips och tricks för att lyckas med ert sap-projekt 20 SAPSANYTT 2/2015 De flesta projektledare känner säkert till Cobb’s paradox. Martin Cobb verkade som CIO för sekretariatet för Treasury Board of Canada 1995 då han ställde frågan
service i Norge och Finland drivs inom ramen för ett enskilt företag (NRK. 1 och Yleisradio), fin ns det i Sverige tre: Ett för tv (Sveriges Television , SVT ), ett för radio (Sveriges Radio , SR ) och ett för utbildnings program (Sveriges Utbildningsradio, UR, vilket till följd av sin begränsade storlek inte återfinns bland de 25 största
Hotell För hotell anges de tre klasserna A/B, C och D. Det betyder att den "normala" standarden C är acceptabel men att motiven för en högre standard är starka. Ljudklass C motsvarar de tidigare normkraven för hotell, ljudklass A/B motsvarar kraven för moderna hotell med hög standard och ljudklass D kan användas vid
LÄS NOGGRANT FÖLJANDE VILLKOR FÖR APPLE DEVELOPER PROGRAM LICENCE . Apple Developer Program License Agreement Syfte Du vill använda Apple-mjukvara (enligt definitionen nedan) för att utveckla en eller flera Applikationer (enligt definitionen nedan) för Apple-märkta produkter. . Applikationer som utvecklas för iOS-produkter, Apple .
The Gateways to Blue Skies Competition (Blue Skies) expands engagement between universities and NASA's University Innovation Project with the intent to reach as many college students as possible. Submissions from ANY and ALL academic levels (i.e., freshman, sophomore, junior, senior, and graduate) and majors are highly encouraged and anticipated.
Crimson Skies Aces Complete Rules This Is Crimson Skies: Aces! Crimson Skies: Aces is a fast-paced game set in a time of planes, air pirates, and heroic adventure. In this game, you play the Aces and other characters who fi ll this aviation-dominated world, and you
