Of AAA-2000-3752 HELICON PLASMA INJECTOR AND ION
Source of AcquisitionNASA Johnson Space CenterAAA-2000-3752HELICON PLASMA INJECTOR AND ION CYCLOTRON ACCELERATIONDEVELOPMENT IN THE VASIMR EXPERIMENTJared P. Squire", Franklin R. Chang Dia4 Verlin T. Jacobson , and Greg E. McCaskill§Advanced Space Propulsion Laboratory, JSC / NASA, Houston, TXRoger D. BengtsonThe University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TXRichard H. Goulding"Oak Ridge Nationdl Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TNABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONIn the Variable Specific Impulse MagnetoplasmaRocket (VASIMR) radio frequency (rf) waves bothproduce the plasma and then accelerate the ions. Theplasma production is done by action of helicon waves.These waves are circular polarized waves in thedirection of the electron gyromotion. The ionacceleration is performed by ion cyclotron resonantfrequency (ICRF) acceleration. The Advanced SpacePropulsion Laboratory (ASPL) is actively developingefficient helicon plasma production and ICRFacceleration. The VASIMR experimental device at theASPL is called VX-10. It is configured to demonstratethe plasma production and acceleration at the IOkWlevel to support a space flight demonstration design.The VX-10 consists of three electromagnets integratedinto a vacuum chamber that produce magnetic fields upto 0.5 Tesla. Magnetic field shaping is achieved byindependent magnet current control and placement ofthe magnets. We have generated both helium andhydrogen high density ( 1018 M-3 ) discharges with thehelicon source. ICRF experiments are underway. Thispaper describes the VX-10 device, presents recentresults and discusses future plans.High power density plasma propulsion would vastlyimprove human exploration of our solar system. Thefusion energy research community has long known thatmagnetized plasma systems enable high energy densitydischarges, and that the magnetic field insulates thematerial wall from the hot plasma. Radio frequency (rf)waves have proven to be efficient at plasma productionin helicon' devices, where a right-hand circularlypolarized wave is launched into the plasma. Also infusion research, ion cyclotron resonant heating (ICRH)2has been very successful at producing energetic ionswithout having electrodes or grids in contact with theintense plasma. The same concept of rf production andheating of magnetized plasmas can be used for highperformance propulsion."Senior Research Scientist, Muniz Engineering, Inc.'ASPL Director, NASA Astronaut.# Research Staff, Muniz Engineering, Inc. Electrical Engineer Staff, Muniz Engineering, Inc.9 Research Professor, Fusion Research Center.Research Staff, Fusion Energy Division.Efficient helicon plasma production and injection into astrong magnetic field is crucial for the performance ofthe Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket(VASIMR) concept.3, 3 The subsequent ICRFacceleration of the ions via rf driven waves is necessaryto produce significant thrust. The experiment in theAdvanced Space Propulsion Laboratory (ASPL) at theNASA Johnson Space Center is presently focused onresearch in these two areas. The experimental device inthe ASPL is called VX-10. It is configured to operatein the 10 kW power range to support the design of anearly space flight demonstration of the VASIMRconcept. 5 This paper reports on the status of thehelicon plasma source development and ICRFacceleration research.THE VX-10 EXPERIMENTCopyright 2000 by the American Institute ofAeronautics and Astronautics, Inc. No copyright isasserted in the United States under Title 17, U.S. Code.The U.S. Government has a royalty-free license to exerciseall rights under the copyright claimed herein forGovernment Purposes. All other rights are reserved by thecopyright owner.The VX-10 experiment is quickly evolving to aconfiguration that demonstrates the plasma productionand ion acceleration components of the VASIMRconcept. The VX-10 will soon operate at a total power1American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Quartz tube Helicon5 cm dia, antennaoI 1(a)Mgasfeed"3ichambeI5 msur,orbox0directional HRF sourc1 kWcouplerr Iong gaugeoHelicon Quartz tubeantenna 5 cm diagasThe injected neutral gas is contained in a quartz tube (5cm in diameter) until it is ionized by an rf drivenhelicon wave in a magnetic field on the order of 0.1Tesla. The plasma then flows near the sound speed,about 10' m/s, into a hi g h magnetic field, about 0.2Testa for hydrogen, region where ICRF accelerationtakes place. The accelerated ions (--100 eV) move outin an expanding magnetic nozzle where perpendicularvelocity is converted to axial velocity.\(b)a\ Mafeedresm 354ensorMatchv. . W' t" 'boxdirectionalcoupler ICRF ant.arrayaRF sourc3 kW0 chamber0JIQFIG. 2. The VX-10 device running.IongaugeThe magnetic field in the experiment is produced usingthree independently driven liquid nitrogen cooledcopper coil electromagnets capable of a maximum fieldof 0.3 Tesla for 10 minutes. A one Tesla capability forshort pulses, 30 seconds, is being implemented. Lightweight high temperature superconducting magnets areFIG. 1. Experiment configurations. (a) Helium heliconstudy configuration. (b) Low field helicon configurationwith magnetic choke for hydrogen experiments.being developed to replace the low cost copperlevel of 10 kW and targets a specific impulse of 5,000to 10,000 seconds. Figure 1 shows two mainconfigurations in the recent experimental evolution.The primary focus of the work so far has been heliconplasma production with helium and hydrogen. Theearlier configuration (Fig. la) was designed to producean almost uniform magnetic field for just helicon study.magnets. 6 The VX-10 will soon start evolving to asuperconducting magnet system.A precision mass flow controller (MFC) measures andregulates gas flow into the system. The MFC range is10 — 1000 standard cubic centimeters per minute(sccm). This corresponds to maximum mass flow ofabout 1.5 mg/second for hydrogen. The MFC also has100 ms time response for gas pulsing experiments. Abaratron measures the pressure in the gas inlet. Amagnetically shielded ion gauge measures the neutralpressure in the vacuum chamber at the plasma exhaustregion. The plasma exhausts into a 5 m 3 vacuumchamber, which is pumped at 5000 liters/second.Components for a 50,000 liter/second pump upgradehave been acquired and installation is being planned.The later configuration incorporates what we call a lowfield helicon section and magnetic choke. Thisconfiguration also has shifted the helicon antennalocation and moved the gas injection plate to a muchlower magnetic field location. The ICRF antenna isinstalled near the ma g netic choke. Figure 2 shows theVX-10 in operation.In the present configuration (Fig. lb), neutral gas(hydrogen or helium in the present data) is injected atless than or about 1 m g/s into an axisymmetricmagnetic field that is shaped in strength alon g the axis.In the helicon section, a water-cooled half-turn helicalantenna is driven at 7 — 50 MHz with up to 3 kW of2American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
FIG. 3. Helicon antenna with the quartz tube runningthrough it.power. Figure 3 shows a photograph of an antenna.The 50 Ohm transmission line is matched to theantenna impedance using two vacuum variablecapacitors in a simple network. Forward and reflectedpowers are measured with a directional coupler in theimpedance matched section on the transmitter side ofthe matching network.A water-cooled phased double half-turn antenna arrayis installed to launch waves at about 3 MHz for ICRFacceleration of the ions. The antenna array is installjust downstream of the magnetic choke and justupstream from the ion resonance. The two antennarings are separated about 0.03 m axially and the rfpower feeds are rotated 90 *. Figure 4 shows theantenna array being installed.A 100 kW rf steady state source is in operation at 3MHz to drive the antenna array, although the array isdriven only at the 10 kW power level. The powersplitting, phasing, and impedence matching networkshave been installed and tested.FIG. 4. The ICRF antenna array being installed.Retarding potential analyzer (RPA) diagnostics arebeing installed to measure the accelerated ions. A 70GHz microwave density interferometer will soon beinstalled in the plasma exhaust region. It will belocated about 0.3 m downstream of the ICRFresonance. There is also a CCD camera installed in thevacuum chamber that has an oblique view of theantennas and discharge.Accounting for all of the power losses in the system isvery important, so we have added several diagnostics tomeasure these quantities. Water calorimeters measureheat loads on all of the antennas. Thermocouples areused to measure heat loads on components such as thequartz tube. A bolometer has been recently installed tomeasure the total radiated power. To compliment thesemeasurements, we are installing rf antenna current andvoltage diagnostics to determine the plasma loadedpower from the antennas. This is an active area ofstudy, so results will be presented in subsequent papers.0250.2DIAGNOSTICSReciprocating Langmuir and Mach probes are theprimary plasma diagnostics. The Langmuir probemeasures electron density and temperature profileswhile the Mach probe measures flow profiles. Togetherthis gives total plasma particle flux. The Langmuirprobe has four molybdenum tips that are biased as atriple probe', with an extra tip for measuringelectrostatic fluctuations. The Mach probe has twomolybdenum tips biased in ion saturation, one upstreamand one downstream of a stainless steel separator.8Langmuir &Mach probe .locations a Ot5NNm 0t0.05heliconantennaf'quartz tubez(m),0FIG. 5 A typical axial magnetic field profilecorresponding to Fig. la. The antenna configuration andLangmuir probe locations are shown.3American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
-7MHze 13.56 MHz-- 19 MHzECrNCB (tesla)radius (m)aB 0055T—B 0.18TB 0.25TcNra radius [m]FIG. 6 Radial profiles for 600 W at 7 MHz with helium.(a) The electron density profile. (b) The electrontem p erature profile.FIG. 7. Magnetic field scan for three rf frequencies.(a) The central electron density. (b) The central electrontemperature.In this configuration, we scanned the gas flow,magnetic field and input power for three rf drivefrequencies. Figure 6 shows typical radial profiles ofdensity and temperature for a 7 MHz driven case.(There is some small uncertainty to the plasma center,but the r 0 point on the graph is within 1 cm of thecenter.) The density profiles are usually peaked and thetemperature profiles are flat. We did see a modechange to a hollow profile at higher magnetic fieldswith the 7 MHz drive frequency. The 0.18T profilesshown in Fig. 6 have a typical shape of the other rfdrive frequency cases.HELICON RESULTSConfiguration variations of the helicon section arebeing explored to optimize plasma productionefficiency. Both hydrogen and helium dischargesstudies have been performed. Many parameters arevaried, such as: rf drive frequency and power; magneticfield shape, strength and polarization; quartz tubelength and diameter; Antenna structure and location; andgas flow rates.In Fig. 7 we see the effect of scanning only themagnetic field strength. Power is fixed at 600 W andHELIUMParametric studies presented here start with heliumdischarges in a fairly uniform magnetic field, and nomagnetic choke. A typical magnetic field axial profileis shown in Fig. 5. In this study, the helicon antenna isnearly centered in the three-magnet set, shown in Fig.Ia. The quartz tube containing neutral gas extendsthrou-h the antenna and a short distance beyond. Thethree magnets were confi g ured in series and spacedequally.gas flow at 200 sccm (9X10' 9 /Sec) of helium. Theplasma density rise starts at or about when the rffrequency equals the lower hybrid frequency (0) LH ).as defined by the following equation91(011(Oce ci d pi (ci4American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
eI6OC6E Ni.O5IC 5Ca,m m m sm 6m ,gyma TeoF sioismonHelium flow [10 19 x particle/sec]Prf [Watts] oEom half-width m half-width mooa0 osUUNNQOELomUm ofLEL sccamQxUv.LQoo,sx0comcs plasma particlefluxsas plasma particle Flux .m U mJ tle 6m a ,m 900 i Prf [Watts] o„mFIG. 8 Power scan at 13.56 MHz with 200 sccm ofhelium. (a) Central electron density and temperature.(b) Profile half-width and plasma flux estimate.The density peaks when wrf 0.25co LH . The densityquickly falls off at higher ma gnetic fields. The electrontemperature, shown in Fig. 7b, rises quickly at the firstdensity rise, but then changes very little. The higherfrequency generates a slightly higher temperature.These results indicate that higher frequency operationcould lead to better plasma production performance.IFigure 8 shows the result of scanning the rf power for a13.56 MHz drive frequency with 200 sccm mass flowof helium. Below about 150 W, a high density helicondischarge can not be generated, but a very low densitydischarge is still seen. After the helicon dischar ge iswell started, above 300 W, the density rises almostlinearly with the applied power. The electrontemperature rises very slowly and stays about 7 eV.The profile shape almost stays constant as shown by thehalf-width plotted in Fig. 8b.mOHelium flow [10 19 x particle/sec]FIG. 9 Injected gas flow scan for 1000 W at 13.56 MHz.(a) Central electron density and temperature. (b) Profilehalf-width and plasma flux estimate.Also s hown in Fia. 8b is an estimate of the total plasmaTflux ( 1 p,.mn )in the exhaust. This is estimated by1 plasma "-- 11eo ' A - C s ,(2)where n e o is the central electron density, A is theeffective cross sectional area of the plasma colume asdetermined by the Langmuir probe profile, andCS Je / nt, is the plasma sound speed. Thisformula assumes a sonic flow speed of the plasma,since the Mach probe typically measures a sonic(Ma 0 1) flow speed. The plasma flux estimatealmost rises proportional to the applied power. At themaximum power, about 25% of the injected neutral gasgets ionized.Figure 9 plots the effect of scanning the injected gasrate for fixed power at 1000 W. Below flow rates of5American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
about 5x10' 9 / SeC , hi gh density discharges could notbe generated.Z.5Above flow rates of aboutU20 x 10 19 / sec , the background vacuum chamberNNNneutral pressure is very hi gh and may be effecting thedownstream measurements. Between the flow ratelimits, the plasma density and flux estimate generallyrise with input gas flow rate. The electron temperaturetrends downward and the profiles tend to broaden.About 25% of the injected gas becomes ionized,independent of the input flow rate.7UWIS.ai5Sm00250m00a0a0.500B at antenna (tesla)0e0 2:UNNbolometehelicon quartz015injector antenna tubeNmUr 05a00.Vo3XMaim o1i\/06NLangmuirprobe'i} plateo pro 4d0.05X01Langmuir \probe00150510Z (m)FIG. 10. Two typical magnetic field axial profilescorresponding to Fig. lb.0a03B at antenna (tesla)FIG. 12. Plasma flux estimate measure duringmagnetic field scans for hydrogen discharges with 2000W at 25 MHz. (a) The field under the helicon antennascan with the choke field fixed. (b) The choke fieldscanned with the field at the antenna fixed.15The helicon antennaconfiguration and Langmuir probe locations are shown.uvnunCPNHydrogen helicon discharge studies performed at theOak Ridge National Laboratory 10 discovered that highdensity plasma production is only achieved near thelower hybrid frequency in the VX-10 type ofconfiguration. We reconfigured the VX-10 device, asfigure lb shows, in preparation of hydrogenexperiments with a lower hybrid resonance in thehelicon section. Figure 10 shows the typical magneticprofile. The plasma exhaust with the Langmuir probeinserted is shown in Fig. 11.The VX-10 also sees the close connection to the lowerhybrid frequency. We see a very strong densitydependence on the magnetic field when O) rf O)L.H asFig. 12a shows. Here we carefully scanned themagnetic field in the low field region near the antenna.The hydrogen flow was 70 sccm and the input rf powerwas 2 kW at 25 MHz. We see a strong peak in thedensity at a specific field strength. This field issomewhat lower than that required for lower hybridFIG. 11. Hydrogen plasma exhaust with the Langmuirprobe inserted.6American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
resonance because the field profile is not flat and theresonance may occur downstream at a higher magneticfield. High density discharges are only achieve whenthe magnetic polarization is such that the right-handwave is launched downstream.The experiments also find that a high magnet fieldchoke is required to achieve high density discharges.Figure 12b shows a sharp cutoff in density at amagnetic choke field of about 0.18 T. This correspondsto a magnetic field ratio from the choke to antenna ofover 5. This indicates that some axial confinement maybe required.The hydrogen helicon experiments are fairly recent.Exploration with these type discharges are continuing.We are already seeing nearly 30% of the incoming gasionized. The densities are on the order of what isnecessary for a plasma thruster device.FUTURE PLANSIntense ICRF studies are beginning. Concomitantly,hydrogen helicon source optimization will continue.Presently, we are installing a high power (10 kW)vacuum antenna feed for the helicon system. The ICRFsystem is nearly complete and experiments will beginwith this system in June of this year. A substantialhelicon source upgrade will be performed by Augustthat will allow nearly steady state high power operationwith both the helicon and ICRF. This upgrade willinclude a larger diameter helicon source and a rf baffleto prevent power deposition of the ICRF on theupstream ion resonance in the source.CONCLUSIONThe Advanced Space Propulsion Laboratory recentlyconfigured a device called VX-10. This device focuseson the development of helicon plasma production andion cyclotron resonant frequency acceleration tosupport an early space flight demonstration of theVASIMR concept at a 10 kW power level. We havedescribed the VX-10 system with several of itsdiagnostic subsystems. Hi gh density helium andhydrogen helicon plasma discharges have beengenerated. We presented parametric (rf power,magnetic field and injected gas flow rate) scans inhelium discharges for 3 fixed rf frequencies (7, 13.56and 19 MHz). The fraction of injected neutral gas thatgets ionized increase linearly with rf power and wasmeasured as 25%, at maximum power. The dataindicate that higher rf frequency may lead to betterefficiency.Hydrogen discharges with densities in excess of1x10 18 /m 3 were g enerated with the rf frequency (25MHz) near the lower hybrid frequency. Strongdependence on the magnetic field was observed. Also,a downstream magnetic field with a choke ratio ofabout 5 seems necessary for high density operation.Approximately 30% of the injected gas was ionized.Ion cyclotron resonant frequency systems have beeninstalled and tested. Experiments in this area arebeginning in the next few months.NOMENCLATURECSPlasma cross sectional area.Plasma sound speed.MnMach number.miion mass./1 e0Central electron density.TElectron temperature.AStandard cubic centimeters per minute.Plasma flux estimate.rPtnsmasccmaO ,electron cyclotron frequency.()aion cyclotron frequency.Q)LyO)Piwrflower hybrid frequency.ion plasma frequency.rf drive frequency.ACKNOWLEDGMENTSThis research was sponsored by NASA L. JohnsonSpace Center. The authors would like to thank Garland(Buddy) Goebel for all of his work putting theexperiment together.REFERENCES1. F. F. Chen, Plasma Plrys. Controlled Fusion 33,339 (1991).2.Porkolab, M., in Fusion, edited by E. Teller,Academic Press, New York (1981), Vol. 113.3.F. R. Chan g Diaz, et al. "Research Status of theVariable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma7American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
iRocket", Transactions of Fusion Technology, 35,87 (1999).4.Chang Diaz, this conference.5.Petro, A. this conference.6.Schwenterly, S.W., et al, "HTS Magnets forAdvanced Magnetoplasma Space PropulsionApplications," to be published in Advances inCryogenic Engineering, 45 (2000).7.Chen, S. and Sekiguchi, T., J. Appl. Phys., 36, no.8, p. 2363.8.Hutchinson, I.H., Phys. Rev. A, 37, no. 11, p. 4358.9.Stix, T. Waves in Plasmas (American Institute ofPhysics, New York, 1992).10. Goulding, R.H., et al., Bulletin of the AmericanPhysical Society, Program of the 41 s' AnnualMeeting of the Division of Plasma Physics, 44,(1999) p99.-J8American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics
THE VX-10 EXPERIMENT The VX-10 experiment is quickly evolving to a configuration that demonstrates the plasma production and ion acceleration components of the VASIMR concept. The VX-10 will soon operate at a total power 1
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