Major Challenges In Water Sector
Major Challenges in Water SectorGlobal/Indian Scenario‘National Training Programme on Audit of Waste Management and Water Issues’iCED, Jaipur10th July 2014AnshumanAssociate Director,Water Resources DivisionThe Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
Structure of Presentation1. State of Water Resources: MajorChallenges2. Case Studies: Water Audit
About Us TERI has been endorsed asRegional Water Knowledge Hubfor water and climate changeadaptation in South Asia by theAsia-Pacific Water Forum's(APWF) Governing Council TERI has been identified as ‘KeyResource Centre for water andsanitation’ by Ministry ofDrinking Water & Sanitation(MoRD). Water Laboratory (Environmentlaboratory) has been recognized(accredited) by MoEF underEnvironment Protection Act (EPA).
Water Resources Division: Thrust AreasWater Resources Policy and Management (WRPM) Urban & Rural Water Supply & Demand ManagementDrinking Water and SanitationWater Audits and Water Use EfficiencyWater and Climate ChangeWater Quality and Pollution studiesWater Conservation, Recycle and ReuseIntegrated Water Resource Management (IWRM)Socio-economic AssessmentPolicy, Institutional and Regulatory reformsOutreach, Training and Capacity Building
Thrust AreasCenter for Himalayan Ecology (CHE) Glacial studies (Glacier vulnerability assessment) Hydro-meteorological monitoring Mountain water resource management
State of Water ResourcesGlobal & Indian Scenario
State of water resources: IndiaWater: Historical state-Per capita water availability: 5177 m3(1951) . 2200 (1991)!Low per capita water storage capacity.Water quality of most Indian rivers: Class CRural access to safe drinking water : 26.5% (1981)Water resource potential-Total average annual water resource potential in the river basins ofIndia: 1869 BCMEstimated utilizable flow excluding groundwater: 690 BCM (37%)Total annual replenishable groundwater resource: 433 BCMTotal annual utilizable water resource of India: 1123 BCMWater storage capacity of India: 213 BCMHighly uneven water distribution: Most of the rainfall occurs in 34 months of a year that varies between 100 mm (Rajasthan) to10000 mm (Meghalaya)
State of water resources: GlobalTotal annual renewable water resources: GlobalMost recent estimates (1985-2010)Source: WWAP (World water assessment programme). 2012. The UN WWDR 4: UNESCO
Developmental stress on water resourcesIncreasing & competing demand(Worldwide) Freshwater withdrawals are expected to rise by 2025By 50% in developing countries and by 18% in developed countries.Worldwide, the volume of water used by industries is estimated to risesignificantly from 752 km3/year (1995) to 1170 km3/year by 2025.(Source: UNESCO World Water Assessment Programme, WWDR) Low & middle income countries expected to follow the growth pattern ofhigh income industries increasing their industrial water use overagricultural use.Domestic Use8%Domestic Use8%Industrial Use10%DomesticUse11%Industrial Use22%AgriculturalUse70%WorldAgriculturalUse82%Low and MiddleIncome CountriesIndustrial Use59%AgriculturalUse30%High Income Countries
Developmental stress on water resourcesCompeting Water demand (BCM)Increasing & competing demand Fierce competition amongsectors: industries, irrigation,drinking water etc.Industrial water requirementdoubled during last decade &expected to increase 7 folds by2050 (from 8 BCM in 2000IrrigationWater Demand (Billion Cubic ers105Total120102025Years2050
Developmental stress on water resourcesOver-exploitation of groundwater-Significant increase in rate of groundwater development:Stage of GW Development (India) 30% (1991) to 58% (2006): Recent – 63 %Alarming status of overexploited states.Delhi (170%), Punjab (145%)Comparative Trend of GWabstraction (Select countries)Rajasthan (125%), Gurgaon (311%)(km3/Year)Depleting GroundwaterDue to several factors like increasing no. ofbore wells, ineffective regulation, croppingpattern, cross subsidies, increasing demand) Mayfurther worsen under climate change scenariosIndia (% Stage of GW Development)Rising trend of groundwater development70Stage of development (in %)-60585042403030201001991Years20032006
Groundwater Abstraction/DraftIndiaOut of the total 5723 units(Blocks/Mandals/Talukas) :- 10% (550) remains semi-critical,4% (226) remains critical and15% (839) remains overexploited.IndiaCategorization ofBlocks/Mandals/Talukas(2004)Worldwide: (Top 10; as on 2010)Source: WWAP; WWDR4Source: Dynamic GW resources of India: CGWB. 2004
Impacts on water resourcesDeclining water availabilityFalling per capita water availability:5177 m3 (1951).to 1654 m3 (2008) .to 1545 m3 (2011)1050 m3 (TERI estimates, 2006); “water stressed”Declining PCWA has put India on the verge of water scarce category by 2050Nine out of our 20 river basins with 200 million populations are already facing“water-scarce” conditionDeclining Per Capita Water Availability1800Water Stress Mark(1700)16001400Water Availability(Cubic Meter/Capita)-120010008006001077706663400Water Scarcity Mark(1000)782662513481434407200020002025YearPer capita water availability (NCIWRD, 1999)Per capita water availability (Narasimhan, 2008)Per capita water availability (Garg & Hassan, 2007)2050
Impacts on water resourcesPer capita water storage capacity:-India is far below at 213 m3 as compared to countries like Russia(6103 m3), Australia (4733 m3), United States (1964 m3), and China(1111 m3).
Water PollutionDeterioration in surface water qualityIncreasing trends of river waterpollution–Rising trend of BOD–Rising trend of bacteriologicalcontamination (Total Coliform)Lakes & wetlands Pollution observed for Loktak lake(Manipur), Hussain Sagar lake(Hyderabad), Renuka Lake(Himachal Pradesh) Meghalaya and Tamil nadu showheavy pollution for their wetlands.Wetlands of many states aremoderately polluted.
Water in most Indian rivers is not potableWater PollutionDeterioration in surface waterqualityIndia wide–Class AClass BClass CClass DClass E3000300600 kilometersMost of the river stretchfall in Class ‘C’ & ‘D’
Water PollutionGroundwater contaminationMain pollutants of concern(Affect drinking waterquality)----Fluoride: Rajasthan is worstaffected followed by Gujarat,Orissa and Andhra Pradesh,(Several other states)Arsenic: West Bengal, Bihar,U.P and ChhatisgarhNitrate & Iron: Several statesInland Salinity: Mainlynorthern & western states[Rajasthan, Haryana (10000µS/cm ), Punjab and Gujarat]Coastal Salinity ingress:Tamil Nadu & Mangrol–Chorwad-Porbander beltalong the Saurashtra coast;Orissa coast & Pondicherryregion.Heavy Metals & Pesticides
Fluoride affectedareas in India
Water Borne Diseases-Inadequateavailability andpoor quality atsource-ill-maintaineddistributionpipes & sewers-Open defecation-Waste disposal-Awareness onsanitation &Hygiene
Impacts on water resourcesIndustrial and domestic wastewater discharge-CPCB (1994-95) survey of the total 644 class I and II cities &towns shows that of the total 71% wastewater collected only31.5% was treated.-Maharashtra, Delhi, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, and Gujaratalone contribute 59% of the total wastewater generated in thecountry.-In 2007, the BOD load of the WW discharge in Delhi increasedby about 13% as compared to 2006 (Attributed to highpollution discharge from the city or decrease in treatmentefficiency of the STPs)
Impact of Climate ChangeImpacts of Climate Change The impacts of climate change may further exacerbate thesituation. Some of the observations over the 20th century include(IPCC, 2007); Increase in temperatures , Decrease in snow and ice cover(Glacial melting), Rise in global average sea level rise (SLR), Risein Sea Surface Temperatures (SSTs), Increase in frequency andintensity of extreme eventsChanges in precipitation/rainfall, its frequency and intensity. Directly affecting the runoff rates and thus the surface andgroundwater supply (availability & quality) to various sectorsincluding irrigation, domestic, industries etc.NAPCC (National Water Mission) (Revised draft 2009) Conservation of water, minimizing wastage and ensuring its moreequitable distribution both across and within States throughintegrated water resources development and management”
NAPCC/ NWMNAPCC (National Water Mission)(Five Identified Goals) Comprehensive water data base in public domain andassessment of impact of climate change on water resource; Promotion of citizen and state action for water conservation,augmentation and preservation; Focused attention to over-exploited areas Increasing water use efficiency by 20% Develop guidelines; Recycling/reuse of water/wastewater,Water positive/neutral technologies, Urban water supplyefficiency Develop guidelines for mandatory water audit Pilot studies in collaboration with states by 2012 Promotion of basin level integrated water resourcesmanagement
Urban Water SectorMajor Challenges
Major issues in Urban Water SectorInequitable accessAccess to safe drinkingwater in Urban areas hasincreased in last two decades(96%; 2008). However, stillabout 5% lack access inurban and 16% in rural (84%;2008).-Percent-Access to safe drinking 981High Disparity in per capitawater supply (Eg. Delhi 29 to509 lpcd); (India wide- 9 lpcdin Tuticorin to 584 lpcd alUnsustainable & inefficient water-use-Inconsistent supply (2-3 hours) with high leakages, thefts
Major issues in Urban Water SectorHigh UFW--UFW (Unaccounted for water)in Urban water supply:(generally 20-50%);NCR – 30-50%Metering-Very low coverage in metering.Many places no metering at allA recent (2007) study by MoUD & ADB in 20 major cities of India shows anaverage water availability of 4.3 hours/day, an average UFW of about32% and average metered connection of only 24.5%
Major issues in Urban Water SectorIrrational Tariff-Water tariff does not represent the actual O&M, social and environment cost ofwater. Lack of ‘water pinch’. -Bhopal (lowest tariff that can not cover production cost of Rs. 3/m3 )- Rs. 0.6/m3Indore: Average tariff Rs. 2.79/ m3 against production cost of Rs. 13.18/m3Low billing & collection efficiency,High Staffing ratio (Bhopal (20.7), Indore (18.7), Mumbai (17.2)
Major issues in Urban Water SectorDemand Supply gap---Water demand will grow annually by2.8% to reach a whopping 1,500bcm (by 2030) while supply isprojected at only about 744 bcm,that is, just half the demand.Growing due to growing population& urbanization, (Agri/food demandetc.)Informal Market (water mafias)Water quality issues--GW Contamination (Salinity,TDS, Bacteriological, F, As,Nitrate, Fe) & quality issues insupply waterVOCs, Pesticides, HeavyMetalsPoor bacteriological qualityRaksa (Jhansi); 20/2/2010
Major Future ChallengesIncrease onfuel inTechnologiesPopulationGrowth &UrbanisationUrban WaterSystemChanges inPublicBehaviourGlobalizationand EconomicDevelopmentGovernance &PrivatizationClimateChange
Challenges to water sourcesFactors stressing water sourcesIncreasingpopulationEncroachment ofexisting water bodiesCompeting claimsfrom across sectorsVulnerableWater sourceChanging climateresulting inunreliableprecipitationChanges in land-usepatternSource: UNEP, 2009
Water Supply Norms&Service Level benchmarks (SLBs)
Service Level Benchmarks (India)IndicatorBenchmarkWater Supply1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.Coverage of Water Supply connectionsPer Capita Supply of WaterExtent of Non-revenue WaterExtent of MeteringContinuity of Water suppliedEfficiency in redressal of customer complaintsQuality of Water SuppliedCost RecoveryEfficiency in Collection of Water Charges100%135 lpcd15%100%24 age of ToiletsCoverage of Sewerage NetworkCollection efficiency of Sewerage NetworkAdequacy of Sewage Treatment CapacityQuality of Sewage TreatmentExtent of Reuse and Recycling of SewageExtent of cost recovery in waste water managementEfficiency in redressal of customer complaintsEfficiency in Collection of Sewage Water Charges100%100%100%100%100%20%100%80%90%Storm Water Drainage1.Coverage100%
Service Level Benchmarks (India)
Water Supply Norms (India)Per capita supply norms- CPHEEO & MoUD
Water Quality StandardsWater Quality Standards Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS):- IS 10500 (2012): Drinking Water (64 parameters)CPCB-Wastewater Discharge Standards-Water quality criteria (based on designated best use)
Government ResponseMajor Programs and Initiatives
Government ResponsesMajor Programs (Urban Sector)---Pollution control: Surface water: GAP (Ganga Action Plan); YAP(Yamuna Action Plan), NRCD.Regulation: Water Policy (2002), Groundwater regulation; Water(prevention & control of pollution) Act, 1974; Environment ProtectionAct (1986), NAPCC (NWM) 2008.Rajiv Gandhi National Drinking Water Mission (RGNDWM),ARWSP (Accelerated rural water supply project)JNNURM (Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission):Covering 63 cities across India above one million population including35 metro cities and other State capitals (Period 2005-2012). JNNURMencourages ULBs to access market-based financing and PPP forurban infrastructure projects that are funded by the Mission.UIDSSMT (Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small andMedium Towns): for the remaining 5098 towns having population lessthan one million to cover all the towns as per 2001 census. (Anextension of AUWSP- Accelerated Urban Water Supply Project, 1994)(GoI formulated PPP guideline for Urban infrastructure particularlyWater supply & sanitation (March, 2004))
Public Private Partnership (PPP)PPP (Public Private Partnership): The underlying policy rationale is by and large of using PPPs tosubstitute capital investments by the state.Initiatives by GoI Setup PPP cell under the DEA (Dept. of Economic Affairs) toadminister proposals and promote PPPs,Incorporated project finance company (India Infrastructure FinanceCompany Limited) to provide long term financeCreated Viability Gap Fund (VGF) facility to address financial viabilityof projects that are economically justifiable but commercially not viablein immediate future.Formation of inter-ministerial group to determine pre-qualification,preparation of PPP toolkit; and Model Concession Agreements Present focus of many state governments in India are on Transport sector (ports, airports, roads, and rail), Telecom andEnergy, Water & Sanitation and Other urban infrastructure (solidwaste management, light rail, bus terminals).
PPP: Examples in water sectorIndia Water Sector PPP Projects: (Some Examples)ModeConstruction cum BOT ContractJoint Sector CompanyManagement ContractPerformance Based Service ContractService ContractProjectAlandur Sewerage ProjectTirupur and Visakhapatnam Water SupplyJamshedpur Utilities & Services Co. (JUSCO)Navi MumbaiChennaiTirupur Water Supply and Sewerage Project To develop water supply infrastructure on a BOOT basis to draw raw waterand distribute it to industrial and domestic sectorAlandur Under Ground Sewerage Scheme (UGSS) Pubic participated in the sewerage scheme by financial contribution toproject through upfront payment of service connectionChennai Desalination Plant Chennai Water Desal Ltd. Setup to implement 100 MLD seawater plant onDBOOT basis for 25 yearsJUSCO Water Supply JUSCO entered a tripartite contract with the Mysore City Corporation(MCC) and the Karnataka Urban Water Supply and Drainage Board(KUWSDB) for distributing water to Mysore city from the Cauvery River.
Questions/Discussion
Thank YouContact Details:AnshumanAssociate DirectorWater Resources DivisionThe Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)India Habitat Center, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-03.Ph: 9111 24682100 (Ext: 2304)Mobile: ( 91)9899809115Email: anshuman@teri.res.in
Water Audits(Concept & Case studies)„National Training Programme on Audit of Waste Management and Water Issues‟iCED, Jaipur10th July 2014AnshumanAssociate Director,Water Resources DivisionThe Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)
Water AuditingConcept & Procedures
Water Audit: ConceptWater Audit is a quantitative andqualitative analysis of waterconsumption/use to identify lossesand options for water conservation bymeans of recycling and reuse of water.
“What gets measured,gets managed”Water Audits should become routineexercises and must be institutionalised
Types of Water Audits Municipal systems/ local public utilities Industrial process operations Residential Water Audits Agriculture Water Audits
MethodologyDesk review and scoping exerciseSecondary data collectionReconnaissance survey(For plant water use)(Walk through the plant)Flow measurement & establishingplant water balanceWater quality monitoring &characterization- Flow monitoring & validation- Assess use, distribution/storage, discharge- Loss estimation, SWC, Benchmarking- Water sampling & field monitoring- Laboratory testing of water samples- Characterisation, treatment efficacyData analysis and recommendations for water management Identification of interventions for water conservation, recycle/reuse,Zero discharge etc.Development of water management frameworkCost benefit evaluations & recommendations
Water Balancing(Evaluation of water quantity and availability)
Flow MeasurementDepends on type of source.(Open channel, Closed conduit) Measurement in open channels(Wiers, V-Notches, Current meter) Velocity area methodsElectro magnetic probe methodVenturi meters, Pitot tubesFlow meters (Ultrasonic)Domestic water metersBulk metersSpecial methods for flow measurement Bucket and Stopwatch estimationVolume/Frequency estimation
Water Quality
Water Sampling & Testing Grab/Composite Sampling & monitoringTesting (relevant parameters of drinking water,Wastewater discharge etc.)Compliance & regulation (BIS 10500;CPCB/SPCB etc.)Opportunities for reuse/recycle StandardMethods :APHA; BIS
Water Audit: Case StudyThermal Power Plant
Scope of Water Audit Establishment/investigation of water supply& distribution network, pipes, pumps etc.Establishment of complete water balanceoverall and individual stages.(Including the raw water, clarified water, DMwater, drinking water system; circulating water,fire water, service water, cooling towers, ashhandling water, drain/sewage, residentialcolony drinking water etc.)Assessment of overall water consumptionCharacterization of water quality in mainstreams and identification of options for recycleand reuse.Assessment of Cycle of Concentration (COC),specific water consumption.Identification of leakages and losses in thesystem.Identification of scope for water conservationwith recommendation on recycle and reuse.
Approach & MethodologyReconnaissance surveySecondary data collectionFlow monitoring and establishmentof water balance Entire water supply network ofStage-I, II & IIIDrinking water supply andsewage water discharge fromtownship.Leak detection & estimation ofUFWEstimation of cycle ofconcentration (COC) and waterconsumption/MWHWater Quality Monitoring &Characterization Water sampling (at variouslocations at Stage-I, II & III eg. forIntake Water, Process Water, OAC,Drinking Water, and Wastewaterdischarge)Laboratory testing & analysisData analysis & Recommendationsfor water & wastewatermanagement
Establishment of Water BalanceWater Balance Diagramof Thermal Power PlantWater source canal / RiverWater Reservoir Stage-IWater Reservoir Stage-III(Main Intake)(Main orStage-IIClarifierStage-INavjeevan Vihar ColonyAsh -IIFire HydrantCLW PumpHouse Stage-IIStage-IITo Plant (Drinking)To Township (Drinking)Filter HouseStage-IDM PlantStage -IStage-IAsh DykeStage-III- Plant (Drinking)- Township (Drinking)- Service waterAWRPH-2OACAHPCLW Pump HouseDM PlantAsh WaterTank Stage-IIUnitsStage-IIDW itsStage-IPHEStageIIAHPPHEAuxiliary CoolingCooling Towers Stage-I5373Cooling TowersStage-IIAshDykeAshDykeCooling Towers Stage-IIILake ParkPond
Specific Water Consumption (m3/MW)Specific Water Consumption (Overall for VSTPS)(m3/MW )DM water0.05(1.1 %)Drinking water0.24(5.1 %)Fire Fighting0.31(6.5 %)Others0.26(5.3 %)Ash Handling1.42(29.6 %)Cooling Towers2.51(52.4 %)Actual Overall Specific Water Consumption – about 5 m3/MWScope for optimizing (Achievable SWC) – 3 m3/MW
State of water use before audit
Potential water saving areas identified(after audit)
Potential for water saving Immediate saving potential of about 23% of totalintake water A total overall water saving potential was about 60%of the total intake water (freshwater) of the entireplant. Significant financial savings from water savinginterventions of about INR 7-9 Crores. Cost benefit of water recycling system waspositive with a payback period of just 2.3 years.
Water Audit: Case Study-3Water Audit of Indian Railways:(Wastewater Recycling)
Designing a model for water recycling andreuse on maintenance lines forIndian RailwaysA Case study from New Delhi RailwayStation
Designing wastewater recycling systemDemand Supply analysisIt was estimated that implementation of the recycling systemwill lead to saving of around 0.23 MLD of water at one clusterof washing line. By recycling wastewater from all washinglines around 1 to 2 MLD of water can be saved which canmeet almost 45%-60% of the demand supply gap for potablewater by reducing fresh water requirements
Questions/Discussion
Thank YouContact Details:AnshumanAssociate DirectorWater Resources DivisionThe Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)India Habitat Center, Lodhi Road, New Delhi-03.Ph: 9111 24682100 (Ext: 2302)Mobile: 91 9899809115Email: anshuman@teri.res.in
TERI Policy BriefPOLICY BRIEFDecember 2012The Energy and Resources InstituteEnhancing water-useefficiency of thermal powerplants in India: need formandatory water auditsIntroductionCONTENTS Introduction Process water use in power generation 3 Specific water consumption3 Case study of a water audit for athermal power plant in India: scopefor improvement3 Cost–benefit: various scenarios4 Recommendations7 Specific recommendations for powerplants7 Policy recommendations8 Need for establishing water-usebenchmarks8 Economic viability9 Need for a Bureau of Water Efficiency 9 Third party water audits to be mademandatory9 Why third party audits?9 Benefits of water audit102104 ConclusionThe Energy and Resources InstituteDarbari Seth Block, IHC Complex,Lodhi Road, New Delhi- 110 003Tel. 2468 2100 or 4150 4900Fax. 2468 2144 or 2468 2145India 91 Delhi (0) 11www.teriin.orgTERI Policy Brief December 2012.indd 11With its continuously declining per capita water availability (from about5,177 m3 in 1951 to 1,654 m3 in 2007),1 India stands water stressed2and is close to being categorized ‘water scarce’.3 Water demand inIndia is expected to grow annually by 2.8 per cent to reach 1,500 bcm(by 2030) while the current supply is only about half (viz.,744 bcm).4The Government of India, in its National Water Mission (NWM)under the National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC), hasemphasized the need to develop a framework for optimizing wateruse efficiency by 20 per cent, through regulatory mechanisms withdifferential entitlements and pricing. It further emphasizes the needto focus on integrated water resource management through waterconservation, wastewater minimization, etc. This would requirevarious sectors, including industries, to optimize their practicesensuring conservation, recycling, and reuse.Challenges to industrial water use in IndiaAgriculture is the largest consumer of water in India, and in 2010, itaccounted for about 85 per cent of the total demand, followed byindustry at 9 per cent, and the domestic sector at 6 per cent.5Water requirements of various sectors of Indian industries had almostdoubled during the last decade and are expected to increase more than135Central Water Commission, National Institute of Hydrology. 2008. “Preliminary consolidatedreport on effect of climate change on water resources”. New Delhi: Ministry of WaterResources.A situation of per capita water availability falling below 1,700 m3.A situation of per capita water availability falling below 1,000 m3.2030 Water Resources Group. 2009.“Charting our water future: economic frameworks toinform decision-making”, Executive Summary.Infrastructure Development Finance Company (IDFC). 2011. Water: policy and performancefor sustainable development, India Infrastructure Report 2011. New Delhi: Oxford UniversityPress.EDITORR K Batra12/7/2012 3:55:11 PM
TERI Policy Briefthreefold by 2050.6 Various industries require largequantities of water for their manufacturing processes,while at the same time discharging significant volumesof wastewater. In view of their corporate structure,technical know-how, etc., industries are better placed,compared to other sectors, to improve water-useefficiency and reduce consumption in the short run.Table 1 provides the water consumption pattern ofvarious industrial sectors.In view of the very high share of water consumptionin thermal power plants, this policy brief highlightsthe water-use scenario in this sector and emphasizesthe need for third party/mandatory and regular wateraudits, along with the setting up of water consumptionstandards in the power sector.Power generation scenario in IndiaThe total power generation capacity of India (as on31 March 2012) was 199,627 megawatts (MW), ofwhich thermal power generation accounted for 66per cent, followed by hydro (20 per cent), renewableenergy sources (12 per cent), and nuclear (2 per cent).Coal accounted for 85 per cent of the total fuel suppliedto thermal plants as shown in Figure 1.Between 1947 and 2012, the total powergeneration capacity has increased from 1,362 MW to199,627 MW. This high growth is expected to continueTaBle 1 Industrial water use in IndiaSectorPercentage of water consumedThermal power plants87.87Engineering5.05Pulp and .18Others0.78Total100.00source Centre for Science and Environment. (Figures based on wastewaterdischarge data published by Central Pollution Control Board[CPCB] in “Waterquality in India (status and trends) 1990—2001”. Available online at 40215/misuse.htm. Lastdate of access: 22 October 2012)62Indiastat.com. Also, Central Water Commission, 2008.Total thermal power generationcapacity 131,353 MWGas, 18,131 MW(14%)Diesel, 1,200 MW(1%)Coal, 112,022 MW(85%)FIguRe 1 Share of fuel (coal, gas, and diesel) in thermal powergeneration of Indiasource Central Electricity Authority (CEA), 2012.“All India region-wisegenerating installed capacity (MW) of power utilities including allocatedshares in joint and central sector utilities”. Available at http://cea.nic.in; lastaccessed in March 2012.in the future. It is of significant importance to focus onwater-use efficiency of thermal power plants, especiallycoal-fired power plants, while reforming the powersector in India.Box 1 Shut down of Chandrapur Super Thermal Power StationMaharashtra’s Chandrapur Super Thermal Power Station (CSTPS),one of the largest power generation plant of Maharashtra State PowerCorporation Ltd, was forced to shut down on 15 May 2007 due to anunprecedented scarcity of water.Chandrapur district was severely hit by insufficient rains during theprevious year, leading to a sharp decline in the water level of the Eraidam, which supplies water to the power station, besides also beingthe source of drinking water for the city and the surrounding villages.The situation led to closure of the power plant.Water consumption by thermal power plants in IndiaA rough estimate based on 1999–2001 data fromCentral Pollution Control Board (CPCB) states thatout of a total of about 83,000 million litres per day(MLD) of water discharged by all the industries inIndia, about 66,700 MLD ( 80 per cent) is coolingwater discharge from the thermal power plants.During the same period, it was estimated that forevery MW of power produced, Indian thermal powerplants consumed about 80 m3 of water as comparedto less than 10 m3 water consumption in developedIssue 6 deCeMBeR 2012TERI Policy Brief December 2012.indd 212/7/2012 3:55:11 PM
TERI Policy Briefnations. This is mainly attributed to the once-throughcooling system (open loop system)7 described later.Process water use in power generationWater is used for many purposes in a power plant,such as in the cooling tower, condensers, DM (demineralization) plant, drinking water needs, firefighting,coal handling, ash handling, service water, and others.Specific water consumptionComprehensive information on the water consumptionof power plants in India is not readily available in thepublic domain. However, a tentative study suggestsan example (as shown in Figure 2) of the break-up ofspecific water consumption of a coal-based thermalpower plant with ash water recycling facility.8It can be seen that cooling towers and ash handlingare the major water consuming areas and account forabout 70 per cent of the water use within the plant.Case study of a water audit for a thermalpower plant in India: scope for improvementComprehensive water audits conducted by TERI atsome of India’s largest thermal power plants revealedCooling towers 1.5 (30%)DM water 0.13 (2.6%)Drinking water 0.32 (6.3%)Coal handling 0.065 (1.3%)Fire fighting 0.37 (7.3%)Others 0.66 (13%)Ash handling 2 (40%)FIguRe 2 Specific water consumption of a coal-based thermal powerplant in India (m3/MW)Source nt findings and immense scope of water savingsin the cooling towers, and ash
Water Resources Policy and Management (WRPM) Urban & Rural Water Supply & Demand Management Drinking Water and Sanitation Water Audits and Water Use Efficiency Water and Climate Change Water Quality and Pollution studies Water Conservation, Recycle and Reuse Integrated Wa
Water Re-use. PRESENTATION TITLE / SUBTITLE / DATE 3. Water Scarcity. Lack of access to clean drinking water. New challenges call for new solutions Water Mapping: Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Reclaim Water resources Water Fit for Purpose Water resources Tap Water Waste water Cow Water Rain water Others WIIX Mapping True Cost of Water
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Grey water-Recycling - In a german household [1] General Grey water-Recycling 48l Grey water-Recycling 70l Grey water 22l Grey water-discharge 25l Black water 25l Black water-discharge 25l toilet flush water 5l irrigation 48l service water from Grey water-Recycling 13l laundry washing 5l cleaning 52l drinking water 40l shower, bathtubs, wash .
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