Space Weather Impacts And Needs For Future Commercial .
Space Weather Impactsand Needs for FutureCommercial SpaceOperationsKaren Shelton-MurFAA/Office of Commercial Space Transportation (AST)Space Transportation Development DivisionSpace Weather Workshop (SWW), April 24-27, 2012Federal AviationAdministration
Agenda FAA/AST’s Background and Authority Commercial Space Transportation (CST) Activity Emerging Science Payload Market SWx Considerations for CST Operations How to Prepare for Future Commercial Spaceflight FAA/AST Space Weather Initiatives Conclusion1Karen Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration1
Background The U.S. space program today has 3 sectors:– Civil– Military– Commercial The commercial sector was created in 1984 with thepassage of the Commercial Space Launch Act; and Regulatory oversight for the commercial sector wasdelegated to the Associate Administrator for CommercialSpace Transportation (AST). Today, AST makes up one of the three lines of businesswithin the FAA.Karen Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration2
DOT Authority: Title 51 U.S. CodeSubtitle V, Ch. 509 Protect the public, property, and the national security and foreignpolicy interests of the U.SOversee and coordinate commercial launch and reentryoperations including those with crew and space flightparticipants.Issue permits and licenses and transfer licenses authorizingthose operations.Promote economic growth and entrepreneurial activity throughthe use of the space environment for peaceful purposes.Encourage the U.S. private sector to provide launch vehicles,reentry vehicles and associated services.Facilitate the strengthening and expansion of U.S. spacetransportation infrastructure.Karen Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration3
What types of activities is ASTinvolved in?Launch Site LicensesLaunch/Reentry LicensesExperimental PermitsSafety InspectionsSafety ApprovalsRegulations/GuidelinesSea LaunchExpendable Launch VehiclesLaunch SitesReusable Launch VehiclesKaren Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration4
Current Number of Commercial Launch Licenses,Experimental Permits, and Launch Site Licenses Active Launch Licenses:– Since 1984 -205 successful launches– 15, #15 launch license issued to Space X for its Falcon 9, ELVActive Experimental Permits:– Since 2004 - 22 Successful experimental permit flights– 1, Blue OriginActive Launch Site Operator Licenses:– 8, Kodiak, California, Mojave, Spaceport America, Oklahoma,Mid-Atlantic, Cecil Field, and FloridaCommercial Astronaut Wings:– 2, Michael Melville and Brian Binnie of Scaled Composites– Major milestone officially recognized by ASTKaren Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration5
FAA Integrated Efforts – Launch/ReentryLaunchLaunchFor a licensed launch or reentry: Flight safety analysis of a proposedlaunch or reentry vehicle from a specificlaunch or reentry site is performed ATO provides deconfliction of air traffic Other USG entities provide deconflictionof sea traffic, as well as launch andrange support and collision avoidanceExample: East Coast (Florida) Launch 3 hour launch window Affected nearly 200 flights Ensured safety of the publicReentryExample: West Coast Reentry Analysis allowed for smaller hazardarea Affected 41 flights Moved activity to less dense airroutes Ensured safety of the publicKaren Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration6
Suborbital/Orbital Reusable LaunchVehicles (RLVs) – Space TourismVirgin Galactic’sWhiteKnightTwoand VSS EnterpriseBlue Origin’sNew ShepardXCOR’s LynxStratolaunch SystemsKaren Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration7
Orbital Reusable Launch Vehicle Activity –Commercial Orbital Transportation Services andCommercial Resupply Services Contract AwardDragon CapsuleCygnus SpacecraftDragon Rendezvous & BerthingKaren Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration8
Orbital Reusable Launch Vehicle Activity (cont.) –Commercial Crew Development Program (CCDEV)Boeing’s CST-100Blue Origin Crew Transportation SystemSpace-X Dragon CapsuleSierra Nevada CorporationDream ChaserKaren Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration9
Suborbital/Orbital Science Payload MarketFlight Opportunities Program – Integrate and fly technology payloads on commercial suborbital reusableplatforms that carry payloads near the boundary of spaceSeven companies selected: Armadillo Aerospace, Heath, Texas- Armadillo Aerospace, Heath, Tx.- Near Space Corp., Tillamook, Ore.- Masten Space Systems, Mojave, Calif.- Up Aerospace Inc., Highlands Ranch, Colo.- Virgin Galactic, Mojave, Calif.- Whittinghill Aerospace LLC, Camarillo, Calif.- XCOR, Mojave, Calif. Virgin Galactic Southwest Research Institute has signed up two payload specialists to conduct biomedicalmonitoring, atmospheric imaging, and microgravity planetary regolith experiments. SpaceX Proposing to use Dragon for research applications independent of the ISS. DragonLab, a free-flying version of its spacecraft designed to carry a variety ofexperiments that can be returned to Earth. The company has booked two DragonLab flights on its launch manifest, in 2012 and 2013.Karen Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration10
Space Weather (SWx) Considerations for FutureCommercial Space OperationsSWx impacts will differ for suborbital vs orbital flight & are dependenton altitude, launch latitude, orbital inclination, duration of mission,solar cycle, & solar activity–Sub-orbital Regime Space Flight Participants: Probably one-time, short duration exposure Crew: Repeated or frequent short duration exposure–Orbital Regime Longer duration and increased radiation exposure for crew and spaceflight participants Crew: Repeated exposure Radiation exposure would depend on inclination, Vehicle Shielding,Vehicle orientation, & location within vehicle Vehicle Components and length of time in Orbit Single Event Effects on electronics Material degradationFor human spaceflight, launch operator is responsible for understanding risks associated with launch andreentry of the vehicle and informing crew and spaceflight participants of these risksKaren Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration11
Way forward: How to prepare for future commercial spacetransportation (human spaceflight)? Educate AST & Launch Operator on SWx risks:– Develop in house checklist for events/parameters that could impact suborbital andorbital flights– Provide information to the launch operator on where to obtain SWx information Continue collaboration/partnering with NOAA SWPC, NASA GSFC & NASA LaRC,and the OFCM– Initiate opportunities for collaboration/partnering with other government agencies suchas NASA/JSC Space Radiation Analysis Group (SRAG), DoD’s Air Force WeatherAgency, AFRL, & NRL Work with the space weather providers to identify products that could be useful forcommercial space transportation Educate SWx Community on commercial space activities and opportunities forfurthering research/validation of space weatherKaren Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration12
Commercial Space Transportation InitiativesCenter of Excellence – Commercial Space Transportationhttp://www.coe-cst.org/TASK 186 - Mitigating threats through space environment modeling/prediction Goal: Predict the environmental conditions needed for safe orbital, sub-orbital,re-entry, descent, and landing Objectives: Develop a “weather” (terrestrial weather and space weather)prediction model extending from Earth’s surface to the edge of space( 600km)Space Transportation Infrastructure Grants Program:FY 2012 – Federal Register Notice published 3/9/12Submission Open Period March 8, 2012Submission Closes May 11, f/2012-5706.pdfKaren Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration13
Conclusions Commercial Human Space Flight -- is well underway. Congress, through the Commercial Space Launch AmendmentsAct, has directed the FAA to “encourage, facilitate, and promote”this new activity in a way that continuously improves its safetythrough regulation and licensing activities. Critical to safety is integration of comprehensive, relevant, timelyspace weather information AST is committed to doing its part to enable this exciting newindustry but needs to partner and collaborate with the spaceweather community to ensure the success of the industry.Karen Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration14
QUESTIONS?Karen Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration15
Background SlidesKaren Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration16
Types of Licenses Launch License (for Expendable Launch Vehicles).– Launch-specific license authorizes a specific launch or multiple launches with nearlyidentical parameters (vehicle design, launch location, trajectory, payload, etc.).– Launch Operator license authorizes launches of range of payloads and trajectoriesfor a family of vehicles from the same site. Reusable Launch Vehicle (RLV) Mission Licenses.– Mission-specific license authorizes a licensee to launch and reenter one model (mayauthorize more than one RLV mission, but identifies each flight).– Operator license authorizes a licensee to launch and reenter any of a designatedfamily of RLVs within authorized parameters, including launch sites and trajectories,transporting specified classes of payloads to any reentry site or other locationdesignated in the license. Reentry Licenses.– Reentry-specific license.– Reentry-operator license. Launch or Reentry Site Operator License.– Authorizes operation of a launch or reentry site.Karen Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration17
Active Launch Licenses: 1515th LicenseLLS 12-079Space X,Falcon 9Karen Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration18
Active Launch Site Operator Licenses: 8Commercial Astronaut Wings: 2Karen Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration19
Permitted Launches: 22Active Experimental Permits: 1Karen Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration20
Commercial/Government/Private and Proposed U.S.Launch Sites*PokerFlatResearchRange KodiakLaunchComplexMid-AtlanticRegional SpaceportCaliforniaSpaceportKey U.S. Federal Launch Site Non-Federal FAA-LicensedLaunch Site* Owned by University ofAlaska GeophysicalInstitute* Sole Site Operator AST Field Offices AST HeadquartersMojave Airport Mojave Field OfficeSpaceportAmericaEdwards AFBVandenberg Field OfficeVandenbergAFBOklahoma SpaceportWallops FlightFacility Cecil FieldSpaceport White SandsMissile RangeBlue OriginLaunch site Wallops Field Office* JSC Field Office Kennedy Space CenterKSC Field Office-Cape CanaveralAir Force StationSpaceport FloridaSea Launch PlatformEquatorial Pacific OceanReagan Test SiteKwajalein Atoll, Marshall IslandsOther spaceports have been proposed by: Alabama, Washington,Hawaii, Wisconsin, Wyoming, Indiana, Colorado and multiple locations in Texas.Karen Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration21
Potential Space weather needs forcommercial space operators in LEO Total dosage of charge particlesTiming/duration of Proton eventsChanges in energetic particle densitiesTiming/duration of communication/navigation disruptionsKaren Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration22
FAA Integrated Efforts – LaunchFor a licensed launch: AST performs flight safety analysis of aproposed launch vehicle from a specificlaunch siteATO provides deconfliction of air trafficOther USG entities providedeconfliction of sea traffic, as well aslaunch and range support and collisionavoidanceExample: East coast (Florida) launch– 3 hour launch window– Affected nearly 200 flights– Ensured safety of theuninvolved publicKaren Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration23
FAA Integrated Efforts – ReentryFor a licensed reentry: AST performs a flight safetyanalysis of proposed reentryvehicle to a specific reentry area ATO provides deconfliction of airtraffic Other USG entities providedeconfliction of sea traffic, as wellas reentry supportKaren Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Example: West coast reentry Analysis allowed forsmaller hazard area Affected 41 flights Moved activity to lessdense air routes Ensured safety andeffectively protected theenvironmentFederal AviationAdministration24
What about On-Orbit? The Secretary (DOT) has no authority tolicense or regulate activities that take placebetween the end of the launch phase andthe beginning of the reentry phase, such asmaneuvers between two Earth orbits orother non-reentry operations in Earth orbit;or after the end of a launch phase in thecase of missions where the payload is nota reentry vehicle. For purposes of an ELV launch, flightends:After the licensee’s last exercise of control over itslaunch vehicle.– For orbital, this is usually safing of the upper stage.– For suborbital, impact. For purposes of a RLV launch, flightends:After the licensee’s last exercise of control over its launchvehicle.- For suborbital, upon landing when the vehicle comesto a stop and the vehicle is safed.- For orbital, after deployment of a payload for an RLVhaving payload deployment as a mission objective; or,– Upon completion of the first sustained, steady-stateorbit at its intended location for an RLV not havingpayload deployment as a mission objective.Karen Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration25
NASA and FAA Approach to Human Safety NASA and FAA approaches to human safety are based ontheir respective missions Different missions lead to different approaches Regulator for a new, broad and varied industry Charged with allowing the industry to develop Focused only on the safety of public and spacecraftoccupants (crew only) Mission success is launch customer’s requirement Results in regulations that are more general andperformance based Customer with a system level need (support ISS) Detailed system requirements NASA has its own requirements for the safety of itscrews Willing and able to pay for top quality systemsKaren Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration26
Human Spaceflight Regulations – 14 CFR §460 Phased approach in regulation of human space flight due to emergingcommercial space industry Establishes requirements for crew and space flight participants(passengers) involved in private human space flight.–––– Applies to protection of the uninvolved public.Enables passengers to make informed decisions about personal safety byrequiring that the launch operator inform them of the risks associated withlaunch/reentry (informed consent).Training for crew and space flight participantsMedical qualifications for crew*FAA is restricted from issuing regulations (Until October 2015 ) regardingvehicle design or operations unless:––There has been a serious or fatal injury or close call to crew or space flightparticipants during a licensed or permitted flight. After October 2015, the FAAmay propose regulations without restriction.Must take into consideration the evolving standards of safety in the commercialspace flight industry.*Recently extended moratorium is intended to allow the industry to maturebefore the FAA issues regulations covering passenger and crew safetyKaren Shelton-MurSWW, April 24, 2012Federal AviationAdministration27
Example: East Coast (Florida) Launch 3 hour launch window Affected nearly 200 flights Ensured safety of the public Example: West Coast Reentry Analysis allowed for smaller hazard area Affected 41 flights Moved activity to less dense air ro
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