Cobscook Bay Inventory: A Historical Checklist Of Marine .
Ecosystem Modeling in Cobscook Bay, Maine: A Boreal, Macrotidal Estuary2004Northeastern Naturalist11(Special Issue 2):261–324Cobscook Bay Inventory: A Historical Checklist ofMarine Invertebrates Spanning 162 YearsTHOMAS J. TROTT*Abstract - Cobscook Bay inventory is a historical checklist that documentsnearly 800 species of macroinvertebrates found in Cobscook Bay, ME, based oncollection records spanning the past 162 years. Information on species occurrence over time has been compiled from published literature, museum collectionrecords, electronic databases, graduate students theses, and species collectionlists from invertebrate zoologists. Nearly all records have been reviewed for thevalidity of identifications by an international group of taxonomic specialists.Accepted species names and their authorities are listed along with alternatenames used previously for well over a century. This format results in a historicaltimeline of the occurrence of species in Cobscook Bay that starts with discoveryand continues through past and recent records for each species. It is hoped thisdatabase will provide a baseline that will be updated with discoveries of newspecies, made by developing molecular techniques and observed changes inspecies occurrence from invasions or local extinctions, to keep its historicalperspective intact.IntroductionCobscook Bay, ME, is the northern-most bay on the east coast of theUnited States near the United States-Canada border at the mouth of theBay of Fundy. The Bay amounts to approximately 110 km2 and liesbehind an open boundary between Eastport and Lubec (Fig. 1). Thisboreal, macrotidal estuary is dominated by energetic tides of high amplitude that result in thorough mixing of the water column. Source water iscool, nutrient-rich continental slope water that enters the Gulf of Mainethrough the deep Northeast Channel and spreads along the bottom to theupwelling zone at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy. The geographicboundary of the Bay proper can be extended out into the Head HarborPassage when physical oceanographic information of water circulation isconsidered to define the region. Extreme tides, tidal upwelling, highincidence of summer fog shielding the intertidal from solar radiation, andunusually varied habitats have all been implicated as reasons for thediverse invertebrate fauna of Cobscook Bay (Trott and Larsen 2003). Thedistribution of surficial sediments is one indication of the diversity ofintertidal and subtidal environments present in the Bay (Fig. 2).*R.S. Friedman Field Station, Edmunds, ME 04628; Biology Department, Suffolk University, 41 Temple Street, Boston, MA 02114; codfish2@earthlink.net.
262Northeastern NaturalistVol. 11, Special Issue 2Early explorations of Cobscook Bay and the surrounding regionmake the historical perspective of this checklist possible. The highproductivity of this ecosystem was recognized in 1872 by the UnitedStates Fish Commission (now the National Marine Fisheries Service[NMFS]) with the establishment of the second station in its history atEastport, ME, the first station being located at Woods Hole, MA.Twenty-nine years earlier, J.W. Mighels had published records of marine molluscs from Cobscook Bay (Mighels 1843), and a decade later,William Stimpson published his findings from summer explorationsaround Eastport and the neighboring island of Grand Manan (Stimpson1851a, 1853). Nearly another decade passed before C.B. Fuller(1862a,b) reported on invertebrates collected from Treat’s Island andFigure 1. Map of Cobscook Bay, ME. Inset illustrates general location ofCobscook Bay in relation to the Gulf of Maine.
2004T.J. Trott263other locations in the vicinity of Eastport. Records of the invertebratesfrom Cobscook Bay then began to appear more frequently in the literature, authored by a graduate student of Louis Agassiz, originally fromMaine, who became the first Professor of Zoology of Yale College. Hisname was Addison E. Verrill, and he spearheaded the US Commission’sexplorations into the waters of the Gulf of Maine. The highly diverseand abundant invertebrate fauna of Cobscook Bay was the focus of apresentation by Verrill to the Essex Society in which he described howwith ease so many examples of every phylum could be found during awalk in the intertidal or below the wharfs of Eastport (Verrill 1871b).His words resonated those of Stimpson (1851a), who had reported 20years previous that two or three hundred species of different classesmight be found in the Fundy Isles during a single low tide.This inventory of the marine invertebrate fauna of Cobscook Bayspans 162 years from Mighels (1843) to the present (see Larsen andGilfillan 2004, Trott 2004a). Records prior to 1900 are primarily fromdredging, which was the common sampling technique of the time.However, Stimpson (1851a) observed that many species that occursubtidally in the southern Gulf of Maine are present intertidally, anobservation later verified for the Eastport area by Fuller (1862a,b). Thisunusual distribution is one reason why collections made after the turn ofthe century were almost entirely from the intertidal zone.Cobscook Bay Intertidal and Subtidal EnvironmentsFigure 2. Surficial geology map for Cobscook Bay, ME (Kelley and Kelley2004).
264Northeastern NaturalistVol. 11, Special Issue 2Faunistic information used to construct this document was drawn fromliterature, museum collections, electronic databases, and species lists.Major monographs, peer-reviewed publications, government reports, andgraduate theses formed the majority of the literature-based knowledge forthis inventory. It includes all of Verrill’s published records for Eastportand the Bay proper in addition to other major early works, e.g., Holmes(1905), Richardson (1905), and Webster and Benedict (1887). Museumrecords, primarily from the National Museum of Natural History,Smithsonian Institution, and the Peabody Museum, Yale University,comprise the source of collections-based knowledge and contributedgreatly to the certainty of species identifications.There is a level of redundancy created by using these sources incombination. For example, many of Verrill’s published collections arein the holdings of the Peabody Museum and therefore are often crossreferenced when both Verrill and the Peabody Museum are listed asrecords for a particular species. Another source of overlap stems frompapers published in the Boston Society of Natural History series “Faunaof New England” that included the records of Verrill, Stimpson,Mighels, and others. There is no attempt to calculate the degree ofoverlap within and between these sources. An important noteworthy factis, however, that the Peabody Museum holds specimens deposited bycollectors more recent than Verrill, and many of the authors of thecontributions to the Fauna of New England included new record information. When new records were listed within sources such as these, theoriginal source of the information was not cited. This information is leftto the reader to discover if it is sought. Collection records for specimensheld at the Peabody Museum are accessible online (Division of Invertebrate Zoology 2005).A third source of information is now available in the form of electronicdatabases. Websites for Gastropoda (Rosenberg 2003–04), Hexacorallia(Fautin 2004, Fautin and Buddemeier 2003), and Turbellaria (Tyler et al.2005) were used to determine synonymies, authorities, and location information for these groups. Electronic databases were not the exclusivesource of these types of information.A fourth smaller, but not insignificant, source of information camefrom species lists of taxonomists and invertebrate zoologists, whose workwould have gone unknown otherwise. These contributors donated theirinformation towards this effort freely. Their generosity is acknowledgedhere: Dr. Terrence Gosliner, California Academy of Sciences; Dr. PaulLanger, Gwynedd Mercy College; Dr. Peter F. Larsen, Bigelow Laboratory for Ocean Sciences; Professor Rachel Merz, Swarthmore College,who donated collection records of the late Professor Norman Meinkoth;Professor Nathan W. Riser, Emeritus, Marine Science Center, Northeastern University; and Professor Seth Tyler, University of Maine, Orono.
2004T.J. Trott265The search for the most recent, accepted valid names for the numerousreported species from Cobscook Bay was the most difficult task ofpreparing this inventory. The weight of this fell upon taxonomists whowere solicited for their interest in reviewing lists of species in their taxa ofspecialty. They also contributed information flagging suspectedmisidentifications and authorship errors passed down through the literature. The generous contributors listed in Table 1 who voluntarily donatedtheir spare time to this task are gratefully acknowledged.Additional information on specific groups was supplied by DaphneFautin, Natural History Museum and Biodiversity Research Center,University of Kansas, Cnidaria; Peter J. Hayward, University ofSwansea, United Kingdom, Ectoprocta; Gerhard Pohle, Huntsman Marine Science Centre, New Brunswisk, Crustacea; Larry Harris, Department of Zoology, University of New Hampshire, Nudibranchia; andAndrea Waeschenbach, The Natural History Museum, United Kingdom,Ectoprocta. Appreciation is also given to those who volunteered theirexpertise that eventually was not needed because of the lack of information about their taxon of specialty: Frank Ferrari, National Museum ofNatural History, Smithsonian Institution, planktonic Copepoda; LouisKornicker, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Ostracoda; and Richard Heard, University of Southern Mississippi,Tanaidacea. Without the unselfish assistance of all contributors, thequality of this publication would be below its present level.Table 1. Taxonomic reviewers and contributors to the Cobscook Bay Inventory.Taxonomic specialistInstitutionTaxonPierre BrunelUniversité de MontréalStephen CairnsDale CalderEdward CutlerKristian FauchaldTerrence GoslinerBrian KensleyNational Museum of Natural HistoryRoyal Ontario MuseumMuseum of Comparative ZoologyNational Museum of Natural HistoryCalifornia Academy of SciencesNational Museum of Natural HistoryRafael LemaitreRichard ModlinFrançoise MonniotJon NorenburgMark OhmanDavid PawsonKlaus RuetzlerNathan RiserNational Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of AlabamaMuséum National d’Histoire NaturelleNational Museum of Natural HistoryScripps Institution of OceanographyNational Museum of Natural HistoryNational Museum of Natural HistoryMarine Science Center, Northeastern Univ.Gary RosenbergSeth TylerRobert Jay Van SyocThomas WallerJudith WinstonAcademy of Natural SciencesUniversity of Maine, OronoCalifornian Academy of SciencesNational Museum of Natural HistoryVirginia Museum of Natural HistoryAmphipodaand chiaIsopoda usiaceaEchinodermataPoriferaNemertea diaBivalviaEctoprocta
266Northeastern NaturalistVol. 11, Special Issue 2Some groups remained for tracing synonyms because of my inabilityto recruit specialists due to lack of time or availability. TheCephalopoda, Chaetognatha, Ctenophora, Hemichordata, Nematoda,Priapulida, Pycnogonida, and Scaphopoda fell into this category. Fortunately, these taxa contain few records that made a daunting task lessstrenuous, aided by reviewers who volunteered their knowledge whenpossible. Synonyms and previously used names for species in these andother taxa were traced by me to valid species names often but notexclusively using: Abbott (1974), Bousfield (1973), Brunel et al.(1998), Cairns et al. (1991), Clark and Downey (1992), Costello et al.(2001), Cutler (1994), Fauchald (1997), Gosner (1971), Macpherson(1971), Pollock (1998), Schultz (1968), Squires (1990), Turgeon et al.(1998), Williams (1984), and Williams et al. (1998).The high degree of scholarship of all resources makes reasonablycertain the validity of identifications used to construct this inventory. Incases where records originated from museums, voucher specimens areavailable to confirm species identifications. Doubtful species recordsfor each phylum, identified by taxonomic reviewers, appear in sectionstitled “Uncertain Records.” Reasons for questioning these identifications are referenced by footnotes annotated near the end of each phylum.The concept of validity for species used in producing this document,though rigorous by all attempts, is none-the-less limited given developing molecular techniques for identifying species. For example,Hydractinia polyclina so closely resembles H. echinata morphologically that the two species can be distiguished only on the basis ofmolecular data (D. Calder, pers. comm.). Molecular techniques coulddistinguish new species among species included in this list.There are obvious shortages and gaps in this list concerning specific taxa. Groups imperfectly known were left out early in strategizingthe preparation of this inventory. Intentionally not included were mostmeiofauna (e.g., Protista, Kinorhyncha, Gnathostomulida, Loricifera,Rotifera, Cycliophora, Gastrotricha, etc.), most parasites (e.g., parasitic Nematoda, Acanthocephala, Cestoda, etc.) and Insecta.Meiofauna are uncommon targets for collection because of their smallsize and equally uncommon taxonomic specialists who can identifythem. Other taxa that have no species records for Cobscook Bay, butwere reviewed to be included are most microfauna (e.g.,Branchiopoda, Branchiura, Copepoda, Ostracoda, Tardigrada, etc.),Echiura, Aplacophora, and Tanaidacea. Size alone does not explain thelack of species records. In many cases, the lack of records probablyresults from these groups not having been the focus of collections and/or identifications. Species records of these groups exist from otherlocalities in the Gulf of Maine, so their absence from Cobscook Baywas somewhat unexpected.
2004T.J. Trott267The higher taxa within each phylum are arranged according to themost recently published phylogeny in Brusca and Brusca (2003). Phylathat follow a different scheme based on cladistic analysis are Polychaeta(Fauchald and Rouse 1997, Rouse and Fauchald 1997) and Platyhelminthes (Tyler et al. 2005). Publications of the American FisheriesSociety were used to organize Mollusca and Cnidaria, and Hayward(2001) was used for Ectoprocta. Sponges were organized according tothe classification of Hooper and van Soest (2002). Species are alwayslisted in alphabetical order within their families.Species reported in this inventory are listed with the following styleand format:Accepted Species Name Author, DateAccepted Species Name Abbreviated Records(s)Previously used name Abbreviated Record(s)Bold italics are used to identify accepted species names with their authorities. The format that follows is a chresonomy, i.e., a list of usages of namesanalogous to a “chrestomathy” in literary fields. These fall into fivecategories: a) identical to current usage and written in regular italics; b)using the same trivial epithet, but in combination with a different genericname (alternative combination) or at a different rank (species versussubspecies or variety); c) synonyms (which can also have alternate ranks,combinations, and misspellings); d) misapplications of names (i.e.,misidentifications); and e) misspellings. Regular italics are associatedwith accepted names of species, and roman font for names used previously.All are followed by abbreviated records that are defined in a key to theabbreviations at the end of each phylum. Each abbreviation refers to thesource of a record along with the date of publication. While unconventional for unpublished records, years that donated species lists wereassembled are also reported to help complete a timeline for collections ofspecies they refer to. These also appear in the Literature Cited along withpublished records. Taxonomic information about particular species isreferenced by footnotes annotated at the end of each phylum.The value of this style and format is the inclusion of names of speciesassociated with the sources used to construct this inventory. What results isa historical timeline of the occurrence of species in Cobscook Bay thatstarts with discovery and continues through past and recent records foreach species. This timeline of occurrence is only as perfect as the intensityand focus of collections. Another benefit of the format is that ecologists,physiologists, and general biologists can use this species list to avoid thedetective work of tracing previously used names along a twisted thread ofsometimes obscure publications to determine currently accepted names. Inthis regard, the inventory's utility extends beyond Cobscook Bay sincemany species occur elsewhere in the Gulf of Maine (Trott and Larsen 2003).
268Northeastern NaturalistVol. 11, Special Issue 2Cobscook Bay Marine Invertebrate ChecklistIt is hoped that the scientific community, educators, students, planners, and interested laymen will find the information contained in thefollowing pages useful in understanding the diverse community of animals found within Cobscook Bay. I invite with hope that mistakes andadditions will be relayed to me in order to keep this species inventorycomplete and current.Phylum Porifera . 268Phylum Cnidaria . 270Phylum Ctenophora . 275Phylum Platyhelminthes . 276Phylum Nemertea . 277Phylum Nemata (Nematoda) . 278Phylum Priapula . 279Phylum Sipuncula . 279Phylum Annelida . 279Phylum Arthropoda . 290Phylum Mollusca . 298Phylum Ectoprocata . 310Phylum Brachiopoda . 311Phylum Echinodermata . 312Phylum Chaetognatha . 314Phylum Hemichordata . 314Phylum Chordata . 315PHYLUM PORIFERAClass CalcareaOrder ClathrinidaFamily ClathrinidaeClathrina coriacea(Montagu, 1818)Clathrina coriacea LOrder LeucosolenidaFamily LeucosoleniidaeLeucosolenia botryoides(Ellis and Solander,1786)Leucosolenia botryoidesL, P, R, S, T, WiFamily SycettidaeSycon ciliatum O. Fabricius, 1780Scypha ciliata L, M, P, R,S, T, Wi
2004T.J. Trott269Class DemospongiaeHalichondria paniceaOrder Halisarcida(Pallas, 1766)Family HalisarcidaeHalichondria panicea L,Halisarca dujardiniO, P, R, S, T, WiJohnston, 1842Halichondria sitiensHalisarca dujardini R(Schmidt, 1870)Order PoeciloscleridaPellina sitiens L, PFamily AcarnidaeHymeniacidon heliophilaIophon nigricans(Parker, 1910)(Bowerbank, 1863)HymeniacidonIophon nigricans L, M, Pheliophaila MFamily MicrocionidaeOrder HaploscleridaMicrociona prolifera (EllisFamily Chalinidaeand Solander, 1786)Haliclona canaliculataMicrociona prolifera L,Hartman, 1958PHaliclona canaliculata PFamily MyxillidaeHaliclona oculata (Pallas,Myxilla fimbriata1766)(Bowerbank, 1864)Haliclona oculata L, R,Myxilla fimbriata LS, WiMyxilla incrustansOrder Hadromerida(Johnston, 1842)Family ClionaidaeMyxilla incrustans L, PCliona celata Grant, 1826Family TedaniidaeCliona celata L, P, S, WiTedania suctoria (Schmidt,Pione vastifica (Hancock,1870)1849)Tedania suctoria LCliona vastifica L, PFamily MycalidaeFamily PolymastiidaeMycale lingua (Bowerbank,Polymastia robusta(Bowerbank, 1816)1858)Polymastia robusta L,Mycale lingua LLr2, Lr3, M, PMycale ovulum (Schmidt,Family Suberitidae1870)Suberites ficus (Pallas,Mycalecarmia ovulum L,1766)PSuberites ficus L, PFamily IsodictyidaeIsodictya deichmannae deLaubenfels, 1949Key to the Abbreviations for PoriferaIsodictya deichmannaeLLanger 1973L, P, PeLr2Larsen and Doggett 1975Isodictya palmata (Ellis andLr3Larsen 1975Solander, 1786)MMeinkoth 1975Isodictya palmata L, P, ROO’Brien 1972Order HalichondridaPPerkins and Larsen 1975Family HalichondriidaePePeabody MuseumHalichondria bowerbankiRRiser 1970Burton, 1930SSpencer 1973HalichondriaTTrott 2004bbowerbanki P, PeWiWeiss 1980
270Northeastern NaturalistPHYLUM CNIDARIAClass ScyphozoaOrder StauromedusaeSuborder EleutherocarpidaFamily LucernariidaeHaliclystus auricula(Rathke, 1806)Haliclystus auricula B, PHaliclystus salpinx Clark,1863Haliclystus salpinx L, M,P, SHalmocyathus lagena (O.F. Müller, 1776)Halimocyathus lagena BLucernaria quadricornisO. F. Müller, 1776Lucernaria quadricornisB, L, M, P, Pe, S, V6Suborder CleistocarpidaFamily DepastridaeCraterolophus convolvulus(Johnston, 1835)Craterolophus convolvulus L, P, ROrder SemaeostomeaeFamily CyaneidaeCyanea capillata(Linnaeus, 1758)Cyanea capillata B, L,M, P, USNMCyanea arctica V6Family UlmaridaeAurelia aurita (Linnaeus,1758)Aurelia aurita B, L, P, TAurelia flavidula V6Phacellophoracamtschatica Brandt,1835Callinema ornata V2, V3,V6Phacellophora ornata BVol. 11, Special Issue 2Class Hydrozoa*An asterisk (*) preceeds species listedunder both their hydroid and medusoidstages.Order Anthoathecatae—athecatehydroidsFamily ClavidaeClava multicornis(Forsskål, 1775)Clava leptostyla F, L, O,P, R, S, TFamily Hydractiniidae*Hydractinia americanaEdwards, 19721Podocoryne carnea LHydractinia echinata(Fleming, 1828)Hydractinia echinata L,P, SFamily Bougainvilliidae*Bougainvilliasuperciliaris (L.Agassiz, 1849)Bougainvilliasuperciliaris BFamily Pandeidae*Leuckartiara octona(Fleming, 1823)Campanularia repensUSNMFamily EudendriidaeEudendrium capillareAlder, 1856Eudendrium capillareUSNMEudendrium tenue WiEudendrium cochleatumAllman, 1877Eudendrium cochleatumFEudendrium dispar L.Agassiz, 1862Eudendrium dispar FEudendrium ramosum(Linnaeus, 1758)Eudendrium ramosumUSNM
2004T.J. Trott271Family BougainvilliidaeFamily Zancleidae*Bougainvillia*Zanclea costatasuperciliaris (L.Gegenbaur, 1857Agassiz, 1849)Zanclea costata MBougainvilliaFamily Acaulidaesuperciliaris BAcaulis primariusFamilyPandeidaeStimpson, 1853Catablema vesicarium (A.Acaulis primarius V6Agassiz, 1862)Candelabrum phrygiumCatablema vesicaria B(O. Fabricius, 1780)*Leuckartiara octonaBlastothela rosea V11(Fleming, 1823)Family CorymorphidaeLeuckartiara octona BCorymorpha nutans M.Campanularia repensSars, 1835USNMCorymorpha nutans FlFamily ZancleidaeCorymorpha pendula L.*Zanclea costataAgassiz, 1862Gegenbaur, 1857Corymorpha pendula L,Zanclea costata MFamily CorynidaeM, P, S, USNM*Sarsia tubulosa (M. Sars,Hybocodon pendula B1835)Family TubulariidaeSarsia mirabilis BEctopleura crocea (L.Order LimnomedusaeAgassiz, 1862)Family OlindiidaeTubularia crocea L, P, WiGonionemus vertens L.Ectopleura larynx (EllisAgassiz, 1862and Solander, 1786)Gonionemus vertens L,Thamnocnidia larynxP, MUSNMOrder Leptothecatae—thecate hydroidsTubularia larynx L, P, R,Family MelicertidaeWiMelicertum octocostatumTubularia spectabilis L, P(M. Sars, 1835)Tubularia tenella FMelicertumTubularia indivisaoctocostatum MLinnaeus, 1758Melicertum campanulaTubularia indivisa MB, V6Family CalycellidaeFamily CorynidaeCalycella syringa*Sarsia tubulosa (M. Sars,(Linnaeus, 1767)1835)Calycella syringa L,Sarsia mirabilis BUSNMOrder Anthoathecatae—hydromedusaeCalycella pygmaeaFamily HydractiniidaeUSNM*Hydractinia americanaCalycellasyringes PEdwards, 1972Family Haleciidae1Podocoryne carnea LHalecium articulosumHydractinia borealisClark, 1875(Mayer, 1900)Halecium articulosum F,Lymnorea borealis BPe
272Northeastern NaturalistHalecium beanii (Johnston,1838)Halecium beanii F,USNMHalecium halecinum(Linnaeus, 1758)Halecium halecinum F,USNMHalecium muricatum (Ellisand Solander, 1786)Halecium muricatum F,USNMHalecium sessile Norman,1867Halecium sessile USNMFamily PlumulariidaeNemertesia americana(Nutting, 1900)Antennularia americanaL, MPlumularia gracillima (G.O. Sars, 1873)Plumaria verrilli PeSchizotricha gracillima FFamily AglaopheniidaeLytocarpia myriophyllum(Linnaeus, 1758)Thecocarpusmyriophyllum FFamily LafoeidaeLafoea dumosa (Fleming,1828)Lafoea dumosa USNMHebella pocillum FFamily CampanulariidaeCampanulariagroenlandicaLevinsen, 1893Campanulariagroenlandica F,USNMCampanularia volubilis(Linnaeus, 1758)Campanularia volubilisUSNMClytia volubilis BClytia hemisphaerica(Linnaeus, 1767)Clytia johnstoni USNMOceania languida V6Phialidium languidum BVol. 11, Special Issue 2Laomedea flexuosa Alder,1857Campanularia flexuosaF, O, P, USNMObelia dichotoma(Linnaeus, 1758)Obelia dichotoma B, FObelia geniculata(Linnaeus, 1758)Obelia geniculata F, L,M, O, P, S, T, USNMObelia longissima (Pallas,1766)Obelia longissimaUSNMObelia articulata FObelia commissuralis B,LOrthopyxis integra(Macgillivray, 1842)Campanularia caliculataUSNMCampanularia integra F,USNMRhizocaulus verticillatus(Linnaeus, 1758)Campanulariaverticillatus LFamily SertulariidaeAbietinaria abietina(Linnaeus, 1758)Abietinaria abietina L, PDiphasia fallax (Johnston,1847)Diphasia fallax F, L, P,USNMAphasia fallax PDiphasia pinastrum(Cuvier, 1830)Diphasia alata USNMDynamena pumila(Linnaeus, 1758)Dynamena pumila T,USNMSertularia pumila L, M,O, P, R, S, Wi
2004T.J. TrottHydrallmania falcata(Linnaeus, 1758)Hydrallmania falcata F,L, P, TSertularia argentea(Linnaeus, 1758)Sertularia argentea FlThuiaria argentea F, L, PSertularia cupressinaLinnaeus, 1758Thuiaria cupressina FSertularia latiusculaStimpson, 1853Sertularia latiusculaUSNMSertularella polyzonias(Linnaeus, 1758)Sertularella polyzonias FSertularia polyzonias Fl,Fl2Sertularella rugosa(Linnaeus, 1758)Sertularella rugosa LSertularia similis Clark,1876Thuiaria similis L, PSymplectoscyphustricuspidatus (Alder,1856)Sertularia tricuspidata F,L, P, USNMTamarisca tamarisca(Linnaeus, 1758)Diphasia tamarisca FThuiaria articulata (Pallas,1766)Thuiaria articulataUSNMThuiaria lonchitis FOrder Leptothecatae —hydromedusaeFamily MelicertidaeMelicertum octocostatum(M. Sars, 1835)Melicertumoctocostatum MMelicertum campanulaB, V6273Family AequoreidaeAequorea albida L. Agassiz,1862Aequorea aequorea var.albida BRhacostoma atlanticum L.Agassiz, 1850Aequorea groenlandica BFamily LaodiceidaeStaurophora mertensiBrandt, 1838Staurophora mertensiUSNMStaurophora mertensii BStaurophora laciniata V6Family TiaropsidaeTiaropsis multicirrata (M.Sars, 1835)Tiaropsis diademata BOrder TrachymedusaeFamily RhopalonematidaeAglantha digitalis (O.F.Müller, 1776)Aglantha digitale BSubclass SiphonophoraeOrder CystonectaeFamily PhysaliidaePhysalia physalis(Linnaeus, 1758)Physalia physalis BOrder PhysonectaeFamily AgalmatidaeAgalma elegans (M. Sars,1846)Agalma elegans BNanomia cara (A. Agassiz,1865)Stephanomia cara B, LClass AnthozoaSubclass CeriantipathariaOrder CerianthariaFamily CerianthidaeCerianthus borealis Verrill,1873Cerianthus borealis L, P,R, T, Wi
274Northeastern NaturalistSubclass AlcyonariaOrder AlcyonaceaSuborder AlcyoniinaFamily AlcyoniidaeDrifa glomerata (Verrill,1869)Drifa glomerata Lr2, Lr3Gersemia rubiformis(Ehrenberg, 1834)Gersemia rubiformis L,P, R, USNMGersemia carnea V24Alcyonium carneum Fl,V, V6Alcyonium rubiforme V6Eunephthya rubiformisPeVol. 11, Special Issue 2Family DiadumenidaeDiadumene lineata (Verrill,1869)Diadumene lineata PHaliplanella luciae PFamily EdwardsiidaeEdwardsia elegans (Verrill,1869)Edwardsia elegans Lr2,M, P, Pe, R, S, T, V2,V25, WiEdwardsia sipunculoides(Stimpson, 1853)Edwardsia sipunculoidesPe, V, V1Edwardsiellasipunculoides V25Family HalcampidaeHalcampa duodecimcirrata(M. Sars, 1851)Halcampaduodecimcirrata S, P,R, V25Edwardsia farinacea V2,V25Family HaloclavidaeIyanthus laevis Verrill,1864Iyanthus laevis V1Peachia parasitica (L.Agassiz, 1859)Peachia parasitica Pe,USNM, V, V6Bicidiopsis tubicola PeFamily MetridiidaeMetridium senile(Linnaeus, 1767)Metridium senile L, Lr3,O, P, Pe, R, S, T, WiMetridium marginatumV6Subclass Zoantharia ( Hexacorallia)Order ActiniariaFamily ActiniidaeAulactinia stella (Verrill,1864)Bunodactis stella M, P,Pe, S, USNM, V9, V22Bunodes stella V, V6Bolocera tuediae (Johnson,1832)Bolocera tuediae LUrticina felina (Linnaeus,1767)Urticina felina TTealia crassicornis M, O,USNMTealia felina L, P, Pe, SUrticina crassicornis R,V6, V22, V25Family ActinostolidaeActinostola callosa (Verrill,1882)Actinostola callosa PStomphia carneola(Stimpson, 1853)UNCERTAIN RECORDSStomphia carneola V23,Order Anthoathecatae—athecateV25hydroidsStomphia coccinea (O.F.Family HydractiniidaeMüller, 1776)2Hydractinia polyclina (L.Stomphia coccinea L, PAgassiz, 1862)Rhodactinia davisii VHydractinia polyclina PeStomphia churchiaeUSNM
2004T.J. Trott275Order Leptothecatae —thecate hydroidsPHYLUM CTENOPHORAFamily Sertulariidae3Abietinaria filicula (EllisClass Tentaculataand Solander, 1786)Order CydippidaSertularia filicula USNMFamily MertensiidaeMertensia ovum (O.1In part; not Podocoryne M. Sars, 1846Fabricius, 1780)(D. Calder, pers. comm.).Mertensia ovum B, V62According to D. Calder (pers. comm.),Order ThalassocalycidaHydractinia polyclina can be distinFamily Pleurobranchiidaeguished from H. echinata only on thePleurobranchia pileusbasis of molecular data.(O.F. Müller, 177
Cobscook Bay, ME, is the northern-most bay on the east coast of the United States near the United States-Canada border at the mouth of the Bay of Fundy. The Bay amounts to approximately 110 km2 and lies behind an open boundary between Eastport and Lubec (Fig. 1). This boreal, macrotid
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The Sad Facts Nov 10th to Nov 14, 2009 Clammer Mr. Arthur “Skip” Calder of Perry lost in Cobscook –Body Recovered January 23, 2010 the scallop dragger MISS PRISS lost in Cobscook Captain Kirby Schenk and crew of the NASTY TWO rescue: Captain William Feltner Jr. of Lubec Deckhand Mr. Carl Sizemore Deckhand Mr. Evan Matthews February 18, 2010 the scallop
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Hoonah-Angoon Census Area - Cape Fanshaw, The Five Fingers, Hobart Bay, Port Houghton, Sumdun and Windham Bay have moved from Hoonah Angoon Census Area (98) to Petersburg Borough (88). Petersburg Borough - Alvin Bay, Cape Decision, Coronation Island, Hamilton Bay, Kake, Port Alexander, Rowan Bay, Saginaw Bay, Security Bay, Tebenkof Bay, and .
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.A8 Avalon Peninsula .B3 Bay du Nord Wilderness Reserve .B4 Belle Isle, Strait of .B6 Bonavista Bay .B65 Bonne Bay .C3 Canada Bay .C35 Carbonear Bay .C6 Coasts .C65 Come By Chance .C68 Conception Bay .D4 Dead Wolf Pond .E9 Exploits, Bay of .F6 Fogo Harbour .F65
IGCSE – Accounting 0452 9 reputation of the firm which equal the difference between the net assets and selling price of the firm. 16. Direct expense of manufacturing There are any expenses which a manufacturer can directly link with the product begin manufactured 17. Appropriation account That account which shows how the profit for the year has been used 18. Collection period for trade .
