Fifteenth Edition - Pearson
CulturalAnthropologyFifteenth EditionCarol R. EmberHuman Relations Area Files at Yale UniversityMelvin Ember330 Hudson Street, NY, NY 10013A01 EMBE2831 15 SE FM.indd 112/22/17 1:59 PM
Editor: Ashley DodgeDevelopment Editors: Barbara Heinssen and Jessica Wang-StrykowskiMarketing Manager: Jessica QuazzaProgram Manager: Erin BoscoProject Coordination, Text Design, and Electronic Page Makeup: Integra-ChicagoCover Designer: Jennifer Hart DesignCover Photo: Timothy Allen/Getty ImagesManufacturing Buyer: Mary Ann GloriandePrinter/Binder: LSC Communications, Inc.Cover Printer: Phoenix Color/HagerstownCopyright 2019, 2015, 2011 by Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Printed in theUnited States of America. This publication is protected by copyright, and permission should beobtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system,or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording,or otherwise. For information regarding permissions, request forms and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education Global Rights & Permissions Department, please visit www.pearsoned.com/permissions/.PEARSON, ALWAYS LEARNING, and REVEL are exclusive trademarks in the United Statesand/or other countries owned by Pearson Education, Inc., or its affiliates.Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks that may appear in this workare the property of their respective owners and any references to third-party trademarks, logos,or other trade dress are for demonstrative or descriptive purposes only. Such references are notintended to imply any sponsorship, endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson’sproducts by the owners of such marks, or any relationship between the owner and PearsonEducation, Inc., or its affiliates, authors, licensees, or distributors.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames: Ember, Carol R., author. Ember, Melvin, author.Title: Cultural Anthropology / Carol R. Ember, Melvin Ember.Description: Fifteenth Edition. Hoboken, New Jersey : Pearson Education,[2019] Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2017047227 ISBN 9780134732831 ISBN 0134732839Subjects: LCSH: Ethnology.Classification: LCC GN316 .E45 2019 DDC 306—dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2017047227Rental Edition:ISBN 10: 0-134-73283-9ISBN 13: 978-0-134-73283-11 18Revel Access Code:ISBN 10: 0-134-73401-7ISBN 13: 978-0-134-73401-9Books á la Carte Edition:ISBN 10: 0-134-73398-3ISBN 13: 978-0-134-73398-2www.pearsonhighered.comA01 EMBE2831 15 SE FM.indd 2Instructor’s Review Copy:ISBN 10: 0-134-89898-2ISBN 13: 978-0-134-89898-812/22/17 1:59 PM
Brief Contents1What Is Anthropology? 110Marriage and the Family 2272Culture and Culture Change 1511Marital Residence and Kinship 2563Culture and the Individual 4912Associations and Interest Groups 2814Understanding andExplaining Culture 7413Political Life: Social Orderand Disorder 2995Communication and Language 9414Religion and Magic 3276Getting Food 12515The Arts 3517Economic Systems 14716Health and Illness 3698Social Stratification: Class,Ethnicity, and Racism 17917Practicing andApplying Anthropology 3899Sex and Gender 203iiiA01 EMBE2831 15 SE FM.indd 312/22/17 1:59 PM
Box ContentsCurrent ResearchApplied AnthropologyResearcher at Work: Alyssa Crittenden 6Researcher at Work: Timothy Bromage 8How Much Can Government Change Culture?A Look at China Emotional Expressiveness: What Accounts forCultural Differences? Evaluating Alternative Theories Development Programs and Culture Change:A Bedouin Case Study 35Schools: Values and Expectations 65There Is Nothing Like Evidence to ShakeMistaken Beliefs 9062Can Languages Be Kept from Extinction? 10179The Effect of Food-Getting on the Environment 14019629Does Communal Ownership Lead to Economic Disaster? 151Love, Intimacy, and Sexual Jealousy in Marriage 247Unequal in Death: African Americans Compared withEuropean Americans One-Parent Families: Why the Recent Increase? 251Economic Development and Women’s Status 217Do Neolocality and Rebellious Teenagers Go Together? 273Why Do Street Gangs Develop, and Why Are TheyOften Violent? 290From Cross-Cultural Research to Archaeology:Reconstructing Marital Residence in the PrehistoricU.S. Southwest 271Religion: A Force for Cooperation and Harmony? 336Rock Art: Preserving a Window into the Past 353Do Masks Show Emotion in Universal Ways? 360Exploring Why an Applied Project Didn’t Work 373Eating Disorders, Biology, and the CulturalConstruction of Beauty 384General Motors: Creating a Better Business Culture 400Global IssuesRefugees Are a Global Social Problem 10Accelerating Climate Change—Will It AccelerateCulture Change? 43The Effects of Climate Change onFood-Getting Strategies 136Deforestation and Climate Change 176Inadequate Housing and Homelessness 186Global Inequality 191NGOs: Powerful National and International InterestGroups in the Modern World 295Democracy and Economic Development 308Terrorism 314Ethnic Conflicts: Ancient Hatreds or Not? 324The Spread of Popular Music 358Impact of Violence on Children’s Mental Healthand Well-Being 381Worldwide Sea-level Rise and Effects onHuman Societies 397Perspectives on DiversityWhy Are “Mother Tongues” Retained, and forHow Long? 103Do Some Languages Promote Sexist Thinking? 119Food on the Move 132Working Abroad to Send Money Home 174Why Do Some Societies Allow Women to Participatein Combat? 213Women’s Electoral Success on the Northwest Coast 215Arranging Marriages in the Diaspora 242Variation in Residence and Kinship: What DifferenceDoes It Make to Women? 266Do Separate Women’s Associations IncreaseWomen’s Status and Power? 294New Courts Allow Women to Address Grievances inPapua New Guinea 318Colonialism and Religious Affiliation 344Women and Development Programs 392ivA01 EMBE2831 15 SE FM.indd 412/22/17 1:59 PM
ContentsBox Contents Preface About the Authors 1ivixxvWhat Is Anthropology? What Is Anthropology? The Scope of Anthropology The Holistic Approach Anthropological Curiosity Fields of Anthropology Biological Anthropology 4 CulturalAnthropology 5122334 Current Research Researcher at Work: AlyssaCrittenden 6 Current Research Researcher at Work: TimothyBromage 8Applied (Practicing) Anthropology 9Specialization 10 Global IssuesRefugees Are a Global Social Problem The Relevance of Anthropology Summary and Review2101113 Think on it 14Culture and Culture Change Defining CultureCulture Is Commonly Shared 17 Culture Is Learned 17 Controversies Aboutthe Concept of Culture 18Cultural Constraints Attitudes That Hinder the Study of CulturesCultural Relativism Human Rights and Relativism Describing a Culture Culture Is Patterned Culture Is Cumulative 26 Culture IsImperfectly Patterned 27How and Why Cultures Change Current Research How Much Can GovernmentChange Culture? A Look at China 1516192021222225Cultural Diversity in the FutureSummary and Review 46 Think on it3Culture and the Individual The Universality of Psychological DevelopmentResearch on Emotional Development 51 Research on Cognitive Development 52The Anthropology of ChildhoodExplaining Variation in Childhood and Beyond 55Cross-Cultural Variation in ChildrearingParental Responsiveness to Infants andBaby-Holding 57 Parent–Child Play 59 Parental Acceptance and Rejection of Children 59 Compliance or Assertiveness 60 Attitudes TowardAggression 60 Task Assignment 61 Current Research Emotional Expressiveness: WhatAccounts for Cultural Differences? 29Diffusion 31 Acculturation 334950545762Children’s Settings 62 Applied Anthropology Schools: Values andExpectations 65Psychological Variation in AdulthoodPerceptual Style: Field Independence orDependence 67 Expression of Aggression 68Psychological Explanations of Cultural VariationIndividuals as Agents of Cultural ChangeSummary and Review 72 Think on it4Evaluating Alternative Theories Interpretive Approaches 80 Advantagesand Disadvantages of Theoretical Orientations 80Evidence: Testing ExplanationsOperationalization and Measurement 82 Sampling 82 Statistical Evaluation 83Types of Research in Cultural AnthropologyEthnography 85 Within-CultureComparisons 89 Regional-ControlledComparisons 89 Cross-Cultural Research 8935Revolution 36Culture Change and AdaptationGlobalization: Problems and Opportunities3840 Global Issues Accelerating Climate Change—WillIt Accelerate Culture Change? 43Historical Research 91Ethnogenesis: The Emergence of New Cultures43Summary and Review 92 Think on it697074ExplanationsAssociations or Relationships 75 Theories 76Why Theories Cannot Be ProvedA Brief History of Anthropological TheoryEarly Evolutionism 78 “Race” Theory 78 Boasian Anthropology 78 EcologicalApproaches 78 Applied Anthropology Development Programsand Culture Change: A Bedouin Case Study 6673Understanding andExplaining Culture Current Research274548 Applied Anthropology There Is Nothing Like Evidence toShake Mistaken Beliefs 7576777981849093vA01 EMBE2831 15 SE FM.indd 512/22/17 1:59 PM
vi Contents5Communication and Language CommunicationNonverbal Human Communication 95 Nonhuman Communication 97The Origins of LanguagePidgin and Creole Languages 100 Applied Anthropology Can Languages Be Keptfrom Extinction?949599101Children’s Acquisition of Language 102 Perspectives on Diversity Why Are “MotherTongues” Retained, and for How Long? Descriptive LinguisticsPhonology 104 Morphology 106 Syntax 107Historical LinguisticsLanguage Families and Culture History 109The Processes of Linguistic DivergenceRelationships Between Language and CultureCultural Influences on Language 113 LinguisticInfluences on Culture 116The Ethnography of SpeakingSocial Status and Speech 117 Gender Differencesin Speech 118103104108112113117 Perspectives on Diversity Do Some LanguagesPromote Sexist Thinking? 119Multilingualism and Code-Switching 120Writing and Literacy121Summary and Review6122 Think on it 124Getting Food ForagingThe Ngatatjara of Australia 127 The Inupiaqof the North American Arctic 128 GeneralFeatures of Foragers 129 ComplexForagers 130Food ProductionHorticulture 130 Perspectives on DiversityFood on the Move 1251268Social Stratification: Class, Ethnicity,and Racism 179Variation in Degree of Social InequalityEgalitarian SocietiesRank SocietiesClass SocietiesOpen Class Systems 184180181183184 Global Issues Inadequate Housing andHomelessness 186Recognition of Class 187 Caste Systems 188 Global Issues Global Inequality 191Slavery 192Racism and InequalityRace as a Construct in Biology 194 Race as a Social Category 195193Ethnicity and InequalityThe Emergence of Stratification197199Summary and Review 201 Think on it136140141142144145 Think on it 146Economic Systems 147The Allocation of ResourcesNatural Resources: Land 149A01 EMBE2831 15 SE FM.indd 6 Global Issues Deforestation and Climate Change 176Summary and Review 177 Think on it 178132Environmental Restraints on Food-GettingThe Origin of Food ProductionThe Spread and Intensification of Food Production Current Research Does Communal Ownership Lead to Economic Disaster? Supplementary Cash Crops 175 Introductionof Commercial and Industrial Agriculture 175196 Applied Anthropology The Effect of Food-Gettingon the Environment 7174 Applied Anthropology Unequal in Death: AfricanAmericans Compared with European Americans Pastoralism 138Summary and Review Perspectives on Diversity Working Abroad toSend Money Home130Intensive Agriculture 134 Global Issues The Effects of Climate Change onFood-Getting Strategies Technology 153The Conversion of Resources 154Types of Economic Production 154 Incentives forLabor 155 Forced and Required Labor 157 Division of Labor 158 The Organization ofLabor 159 Making Decisions About Work 160The Distribution of Goods and Services 161Reciprocity 161 Redistribution 166 Market orCommercial Exchange 167The Worldwide Trend Toward Commercialization171Migratory Labor 171 Nonagricultural CommercialProduction 1739202Sex and Gender Gender ConceptsPhysique and PhysiologyGender RolesWho Does What Work? 206Relative Contributions to Work: Who Works More?Overall Work 210 Subsistence Work 210Political Leadership and Warfare203205205206209212148 Perspectives on Diversity Why Do Some SocietiesAllow Women to Participate in Combat? 213The Relative Status of Women214151 Perspectives on Diversity Women’s ElectoralSuccess on the Northwest Coast21512/22/17 1:59 PM
ContentsPersonality Differences216 Applied Anthropology Economic Developmentand Women’s Status217SexualityCultural Regulations of Sexuality: PermissivenessVersus Restrictiveness 220 Reasons for SexualRestrictiveness 223Summary and Review10224 Think on it220226Marriage and the Family 227MarriageThe Na and Nayar Exceptions 229 Same-SexMarriages 230Why Is Marriage Nearly Universal?Gender Division of Labor 230 Prolonged InfantDependency 231 Sexual Competition 231 A Look at Other Mammals and Birds 231How Does One Marry?Marking the Onset of Marriage 232 EconomicAspects of Marriage 234Restrictions on Marriage: The Universal Incest Taboo Childhood-Familiarity Theory 237 Freud’sPsychoanalytic Theory 238 Family-DisruptionTheory 238 Cooperation Theory 239 InbreedingTheory 239Whom Should One Marry?Arranged Marriages 241 Exogamy andEndogamy 241 Perspectives on Diversityin the Diaspora 240244249251Possible Reasons for Extended-Family Households252253 Think on it 255Patterns of Marital ResidenceThe Structure of KinshipTypes of Affiliation with Kin 260Variation in Unilineal Descent SystemsPatrilineal Organization 264 MatrilinealOrganization 265273Characteristics of AssociationsNonvoluntary AssociationsAge-Sets 283 Unisex Associations 286Voluntary AssociationsMilitary Associations 289 RegionalAssociations 290247Marital Residence and Kinship Current Research Do Neolocality and Rebellious
Cultural Anthropology Fifteenth Edition Carol R. Ember Human Relations Area Files at Yale University Melvin Ember 330 Hudson Street, NY, NY 10013 A01_EMBE2831_15_SE_FM.indd 1 12/22/17 1:59 PM
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Fifteenth Annual Report ! 2 This report, The Fifteenth Annual Report of the Commission, presents the Commission's findings based on its review of 118 pending and closed IAB investigations and 791 closed disciplinary cases.5 It also describes the Commission's ongoing, day-to-day operations. 5 The Commission staff reviews the IAB investigative files and the Department paperwork it receives in
and Rapporteur for the Fifteenth Regular Session at its Fourteenth Regular Session in 2013. The Chair of the Fifteenth Regular Session was Mr Amar Tahiri (Morocco). Mr Kailash C. Bansal (India), Ms Paula Rassi Brasil (Brazil), Ms Christine Dawson (United States of America), Ms Elzbieta Martyniuk
