Chapter 3 Cloud Patterns - Rammb.cira.colostate.edu

2y ago
24 Views
2 Downloads
1.36 MB
21 Pages
Last View : 17d ago
Last Download : 2m ago
Upload by : Grady Mosby
Transcription

Chapter 3Cloud patternsCloud patterns are represented visually and are closely related to the air flow, temperature andwater vapor distributions and vertical stability. Therefore, it is important for understanding thesolid structure of the atmosphere to analyze individual cloud patterns.3.1Ci streakA long, narrow, striated Ci cloud is called Ci streak. Ci streak lies along an upper level flowtypified by the jet stream. Ci streak corresponds to upper-level troughs and indicates theanticyclonic curvature. It may enhance the lower-level cloud area to develop the cloud area.In Figure 3-1, it extends from the Yellow Sea to northern Tohoku district (marked by wedges).Figure 3-1-1. Infrared image of Ci streak taken at 18UTC, December 1, 1998.Figure 3-1-2. 300hPa analysis at 12UTC, December 1, 1998.- 33 -

3.2Transverse lineCi streak may take the form of a small wavy cloud line in a direction nearly perpendicular to the airflow direction, and such a Ci streak is called Transverse line. In general, it develops along the jetstream and involves a wind speed of 80 kt or over. According to Ohno and Miura (1982),Transverse line is a visualization of a Kelvin-Helmholtz wave excited directly under thetropopause.It is known that turbulence frequently appear near Transverse line.Besides this, Transverse line may be seen blowing out of a developing typhoon. It seems that thisis related to the air flow accompanying to the upper level divergence of the typhoon, but no detailedinvestigation has been conducted.In Figure 3-2 a, Transverse line is seen from the Yellow Sea to Noto Peninsula (marked by wedges)and it almost corresponds to the 200 hPa jet axis (Figure 3-2 b). Another one is seen blown out ofthe typhoon near Chichijima (marked by wedges).Figure 3-2 a. Infrared image of Transverse line taken at 03UTC, August 30, 1998.- 34 -

Figure 3-2 b. 200hPa analysis at 00UTC, August 30, 1998.3.3Orographic cirrus (Orographic Ci)A stationary Ci cloud that appears on the lee side of a mountain range is called Orographic cirrus.Orographic cirrus looks white in the infrared image, and its edge is linear along the mountain rangeon the windward and extends long on the leeward. The windward edge moves little and remains atthe same place, so its identification is easy in the moving image. Conditions for its occurrence area formation of stable stratification from the mountain ridge to the upper part of the troposphere anda constant wind direction (Obana, 1981). Under such conditions, a wave motion is excited by themountain range and the waves are transmitted to the upper level. If the upper level is humid, Ciclouds appear in the ascending air flow area due to the waves. Because the waves are maintainedas standing waves if the synoptic field does not change, stationary Orographic cirrus are observed.If there is a gap (space) between the mountain ridge and Ci, turbulence is apt to appear directlydownstream of this gap (Figure 3-3 c, Bader et al, 1995).According to Ellrod (1989) and Brown (1986), turbulence appear when the air flow is straight orhas little anticyclonic curvature, is perpendicular to the mountains, and has a speed of 35 kt or overat the mountain ridge and 75 kt or over at the height of the jet stream.In Figure 3-3 a, Ci clouds are seen extending from Sendai Plain, which is on the lee side of the Ohumountains to Fukushima Prefecture and off Sanriku (marked by wedges). According to theemagram at Sendai at 12UTC of that day, the wind directions were uniformly the northwest from700 to 300 hPa and the wind speed ranged from 60 to 100 kt (Figure 3-3 b).- 35 -

Figure 3-3 a. Infrared image of Orographic cirrus taken at 14UTC, June 1, 1998.Figure 3-3 b. Emagram at Sendai taken at12UTC, June 1, 1998.Continuous line: air temperatureBroken line: dew point temperatureFeather: wind direction and speed3.4Figure 3-3 c.Places where Orographic Ci appears inrelation to turbulenceEllrod, G.P. (1989).Anvil cirrus (Anvil Ci)With a Cb cloud in its climax to decaying stage, the cloud

With a Cb cloud in its climax to decaying stage, the cloud top is held down by the tropopause and a Ci cloud flows out horizontally to form an anvil structure. This Ci cloud is called Anvil cirrus. Anvil cirrus extends in plume-like form from the Cb mainly to the lee side (Figure 3-4 d)

Related Documents:

Part One: Heir of Ash Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Chapter 29 Chapter 30 .

TO KILL A MOCKINGBIRD. Contents Dedication Epigraph Part One Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Part Two Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18. Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chapter 24 Chapter 25 Chapter 26

DEDICATION PART ONE Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 PART TWO Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 .

LLinear Patterns: Representing Linear Functionsinear Patterns: Representing Linear Functions 1. What patterns do you see in this train? Describe as What patterns do you see in this train? Describe as mmany patterns as you can find.any patterns as you can find. 1. Use these patterns to create the next two figures in Use these patterns to .

sites cloud mobile cloud social network iot cloud developer cloud java cloud node.js cloud app builder cloud cloud ng cloud cs oud database cloudinfrastructureexadata cloud database backup cloud block storage object storage compute nosql

Cloud Application Management Elasticity, resiliency, updates etc. Automation of management. Composite Cloud Applications. Cloud Computing Fundamentals. Cloud Offerings. Cloud Application Architectures. Cloud Application Management. Not all Cloud Computing P atterns are new! Many existing patterns can be transferred or

of using cloud design patterns [9]. Cloud deployment patterns play a major role in architectural restructuring and migration of on-premise software applications to the cloud [11]. Current cloud computing deployment patterns lack details which make them difficult to use. Furthermore, this lack of detail hampers deployment pattern selection.

ASME 2019 Updates 2.27.1.1.1 A communications means between the car and a location staffed by authorized personnel who can take appropriate action shall be provided. 2.27.1.1.3 The communications means within the car shall comply with the following requirements: a) In jurisdictions enforcing NBCC, Appendix E of ASME A17.l/CSA B44, or in jurisdictions not enforcing NBCC, ICC/ ANSI A117.1, ADAAG .