Waterproofing Of New Roofs And Terraces
Waterproofing of New Roofs andTerraces[Excerpts From Dr. Fixit Healthy Construction Booklet “ConstructYour Ideas”, 2012, pp.17-19, 24-27 & 46]1.0 IntroductionA roof is a covering placed on any structure that protectsfrom weather conditions. A roof can also be used as aterrace, where it is flat and has an entryway built into it.Terraces are flat, fully supported space on upper floorsthat allow room for people to walk, sit and various otheractivities. Roof is the most exposed surface of building. Itis affected directly by the vagaries of sun, wind and rain.The roof of a building should be designed and constructedin a way to effectively drain water by means of sufficientrainwater pipes of adequate size, wherever required, soarranged, jointed and fixed as to ensure that the rainwater is carried away from the building without causingdampness in any part of the walls, roof or foundations ofthe building or an adjacent building.In India, terrace waterproofing has always been donewith very traditional methods. Typically, systems likeBrickbat Coba, China mosaic, Lime terracing or the “MudFuska” technique are still very much in vogue in differentparts of the country. These systems have been offeringwaterproofing with some insulation against heat.Some of the problems that these systems have are:more than 10 ) is given to drain out the rainwater.All types of upper storey floors can serve as flatroofs. Many times top of these roofs are treated withwaterproofing materials like mixing waterproofingchemicals in concrete, providing membrane, etc. Withan advent of reliable waterproofing techniques suchflat roofs are constructed even in areas with heavyrainfall. There should be minimum variation in pitchover the entire roof. It is preferable to have a uniformfall over the entire roof. Providing steeper falls nearthe perimeter of the roof should be avoided in orderto prevent the collection of water at the junctionbetween the roof slab and the parapet wall, as thisjunction is prone to water leakage.The advantages of flat roofs are: The roof can be used as a terrace for playing, andcelebrating functions. In later stages, the roof can be converted as a floor byadding another storey. They can suit any shape of the building. Overhead water tanks and other services can be locatedeasily. They can be made fireproof easily as compared topitched roof.The disadvantages of flat roofs are: They cannot cover large column-free areas. Leakage problem may occur at a later date also due todevelopment of cracks. Once leakage problem starts, itneeds proper treatments. The dead weight of flat roofs is more. In places of snowfall, flat roofs are to be avoided toreduce snow load. Heavy loading on the slab Cracks on the surface, especially in case of Brickbat Coba Expertise levels of application required for lime terracing /mud fuska not as good as in the olden days Offer more insulation rather than a leak-proof or awatertight system The initial cost of construction is more. As ageing takes place, breaking them and re-doing thesame system is risky for the slab; cracks caused in the slabincrease the problem of leakage Speed of construction of flat roofs is less.2.2 Slope / Pitched Roof Flat roofs Slope / Pitched roofsIn the areas of heavy rainfall and snowfall, usually, slopingroofs are used. The slope of the roof should be more than10 . They may have slopes as much as 45 to 60 also. Thesloped roofs are known as pitched roofs. The sloping roofsare preferred in large spanned structures like workshops,factory buildings and warehouses. In all these roofs,covering sheets like A.C. sheet, G.I. sheets, tiles, slates, etc.are supported on suitable structures. Shells and folded platesAdvantages of slope roofs are :2.0 Types of RoofsVarious types of roofs used may be divided broadly intothree types:Flat roofs are used in plains where rainfall is less and climateis moderate. Pitched roofs are preferred wherever rainfall ismore. Shells and folded plate roofs are used to cover largecolumn-free areas required for auditoriums, factories, etc.Brief description of these roofs is presented below:2.1 Flat RoofThese roofs are nearly flat. However, a slight slope (not Water drains itself quickly, giving wind and gravity littleopportunity to push or pull water through the roofingmaterial. Steep roofs can be covered with roofing materials thatare fabricated and applied in small, overlapping.Disadvantages are: Top surface is in a slope and hence advantage of terraceis lost.3
Cannot cover a building of any horizontal dimensionbecause it becomes too tall on a broad building.2.3 Shells and Folded Plates RoofShell roof may be defined as a curved surface, the thicknessof which is small compared to the other dimensions. In theseroofs a lot of load is transferred by membrane compressioninstead of by bending as in the case of conventional slaband beam constructions. The thin R.C.C. shell roofs are builtto cover large column-free areas.4.0 Design Consideration for Waterproofing SystemThe design of the waterproofing system should includeits construction detailing, specification of materialsand accessories, the fixing method, the joining ofwaterproofing membrane with other structures anddrainage. For the efficient design and laying of thewaterproofing treatment, the designer shall take intoconsideration the following salient factors as per IS 3067: Shape of the roof, such as flat, slope or curvedAdvantages of shell roofs are: Type of roof Good from aesthetic point of view. Type of finish required Material consumption is quite less. Type of thermal insulation treatment Formwork can be removed early. Projection through roofsLarge column-free areas can be covered. Drainage arrangementDisadvantages are: Intensity of rainfall Top surface is curved and hence advantage of terrace is lost. Total weight of waterproofing treatment on the roof Formwork is costly.Apart from the above factors, a successful waterproofingapplication depends on a structurally sound slab. Toensure the construction of a structurally sound slab,provisions for the following items should be included ina building’s structural design and in the design of a slab: 3.0 Flat Roof AssemblyA low slope roof or flat roof has four parts such as roofdeck, vapour retarder, insulation and roof membrane. Thecombination of these parts is known as roof assembly. Live loads An entire roof system is held up by a roof deck. This is thebase of roof assembly. Roof decks can be made of manydifferent materials. Some of these materials include steel,wood, concrete, lightweight insulating concrete and cementwood fibre.Construction loads, such as movingequipment, workers and materials Dead loads, such as mechanical equipment, duct work,piping or conduit such as fire sprinkler and electricallines Dead loads, such as a waterproofing system, soiloverburden, concrete toppings3.2 Vapour Retarder Slab strength (gauge, density, type and thickness)Moisture vapour is created inside buildings. A vapourretarder helps keep vapour from getting into insulation. Itis usually installed between the deck and insulation. Expected deflection Drainage Placement of expansion jointsMaterials used for vapour retarders include felt plies, plasticsheets, aluminium foil and kraft paper sheets. Vapourretarders are not used with every roof system. It depends onthe moisture in the building and climate of the area. Placement and structural support of curb and penetrationmembers and details Attachment provisions for a deck Suitability for adhesion / attachment of waterproofingmembrane Suitability for water test loads3.1 Roof Deck3.3 InsulationIf there is no vapour retarder, insulation is usually thefirst component installed over a roof deck.The purpose of insulation is to help keep heat in abuilding in cold weather. It also helps keep heat outof a building in hot weather. Insulation saves moneybecause the air-conditioning and heating systemswill not be used as much. Some buildings do not needinsulation. It is not used with every roof system.3.4 Roof MembraneA roof membrane makes a roof system watertight. It isinstalled over the insulation. In some systems, a roofmembrane may be installed right over a deck4installationA structurally sound slab or deck should remain so asnot to deflect excessively under live loads. It shouldbe understood that a waterproofing contractor canonly inspect the surface of a slab or deck to receivethe waterproofing materials and cannot assumeresponsibility for the slab’s slope, structural integrity,method of attachment, or any other conditions beyondhis control or professional expertise.The slope of the roof should be adequate to preventponding of water. A sufficient slope ensures a good andeconomic result. The recommended slopes for the flatroofs are as follows:
With smooth finish would be 1 : 150 to 1 : 133, With rough stone / tiles 1 : 100 and For gravel set in cement or loosely packed concrete finish1 : 75 to 1 : 66.Terrace with water ponding leads to leakages and seepages.The faster the water is directed off the envelope, the lesschance for leakage.The waterproofing membrane should be protected frommechanical stresses, traffic, solar radiation, air pollutionand other stresses. Depending on the stress and moistureconditions of the roof structure, a suitable insulation systemis selected to withstand the long-term and constructiontime loads.ageing, temperature changes and climatic conditions.When a pipe passes through RCC slab a cement concretefillet shall be built around the pipe and waterproofingtaken over the fillet. Penetrations should be kept toa minimum as far as possible. It is preferable to havea clear and uninterrupted roof deck for continuouswaterproofing. Service fixtures, planters, etc maybe designed to stand over the waterproofed deck onconcrete pads. A typical figure of pipe penetrationthrough roof slab is given in Figure 1.The design should also be carried out considering climaticconditions of regions such as hot climates, cold climates.In hot dry climates, monolithic concrete structural roofcan provide satisfactory roofing with no membraneexcept at the joints. More often, the concrete is coveredwith a membrane or insulation and membrane system. Inhot humid climates water vapour is kept from enteringthe underlying insulation. Insulation above the roofingis sometimes used to protect membrane from hightemperature and UV exposure in hot climates. In hot andmoderate climates, a light coloured surface will reducetemperatures experienced by the roof membrane. Thiswill reduce energy required to cool the building. For thispurpose, the coating should prevent UV degradation of theunderlying material.In cold climates, roof eaves require special design to preventor accommodate build-up of ice formations. Moisture withina building will move towards a cold roof. A vapour retardermay be needed to prevent condensation. An effective way toprevent condensation is to use a protected membrane roofwhere the insulation is placed above the membrane. Thishelps to isolate the membrane from temperature extremesand from freeze-thaw damage. When temperaturesare lower 4OC then require special precautions such asinsulated hoses and kettles. Hot bitumen and adhesivesshould not be applied at temperatures below the dew point.Some manufacturers provide loose-laid single ply or heatapplied modified bitumen membrane systems which can beapplied at low temperatures.Apart from design considerations, there are many fixturesand parts that need to be installed properly while doingwaterproofing of roof terraces.4.1 Pipe PenetrationsThere are always different types of pipe penetrations in aroof. Their correct and watertight joining to the roofing isvital for the functioning of the entire roof. The penetrationmaterials and systems must withstand mechanical stressescaused by changes in the roof structure resulting fromFig. 1: Service pipe arrangement4.2 Roof DrainsAll water that enters the roof should be channelledinto roof drains with falls and into rainwater sewersvia a system of downpipes. Rainwater pipes shallbe constructed of cast iron, PVC, asbestos cement,galvanised sheet or other equally suitable material andshall be securely fixed. The rainwater pipes should befixed to the outside of the external walls of the buildingor in recesses or chases cut or formed in such externalwall or in such other manner as may be approved bythe authority.All the bends of rainwater pipes should be brought atterrace level beyond the inside face of the parapet andkeep them clean.When a rainwater pipe is taken through the slab, tightfit funnel of anti-corrosive material should be providedso that water does not seep into the structure throughthe slab.The required number of rainwater pipes should beprovided and their diameter should be selectedas per average rate of rainfall as given in NationalBuilding Code.The drain mouth with bell mouth entry shall be fixedand properly set to allow the water to flow into it. Feltshall generally be laid as on the other portion on theroof and the treatment shall be carried inside the drainpipes overlapping at least 100 mm. If possible grating5
cap should be provided over the drain mouth to protectchocking caused by leaves, stones, etc. A typical figure ofrainwater pipe fixing at roof level is shown in Fig. 2.4.4 Parapet WallsThe parapet walls should be properly leaned andwaterproofing coating should be applied on internal andexternal faces. Provide some slope to top of parapet wallsto drain off rainwater from it. Necessary grooves shallbe provided in the walls to terminate the waterproofingtreatment. At the junction of the wall and the floor, around or triangular fillet of size 200 mm x 200 mm shallbe provided with cement and sand mortar admixed withSBR latex waterproofing compound. The entire surfaceshall be cured for minimum 14 days by storing water to adepth of at least 150 mm in the entire area.4.5 Movement JointFig. 2: Rain water pipe fixing arrangement4.3 UpturnsThe upturns are important features for the functioningof waterproofing. They ensure that water that ponds forwhatever reason cannot penetrate underneath the roofingand into the fabric. Usually the height of an upturn is 300mm above the finished surface and on roofs at least 100 mmabove the overflow level. A 100 mm upturn is acceptableat door thresholds. However, in these cases, it must beensured that the connection with the door assembly andthe wall is absolutely watertight.With rubber bitumen membrane roofing, the roofing is cutalong the edge of the upturn and the upturn is constructedof a separate piece of membrane. The upturn is securedwith mechanical anchors and it is protected with flashing.The detailing at junction of parapet and roof slab of awaterproofing system is shown in Fig. 3.Rubber bitumen membrane roofing does not requireseparate movement joints for the waterproofingitself. In the event of a structural movement jointunder membrane roofing an approximately 500 mmunbounded strip can be used between the slab andbase sheet. If necessary, a separate design detail of themovement joint should be provided.4.6 Expansion JointExpansion joints and control joints are used to minimisethe effects of stresses and movements of a building’scomponents and prevent these stresses from splitting,buckling / ridging or damaging a waterproofingsystem. Expansion joints in a waterproofing assembly,which includes a waterproofing membrane and wall/ slab / deck, should be placed in the same locationas the building’s structural expansion joints. Each ofa building’s components has varying coefficients ofexpansion, and each is subjected to varying temperaturechanges and resultant thermal movement. In the designand placement of waterproofing expansion and controljoints, it is recommended a designer should considerthe following: Thermal movement characteristics of a building Structural supports and wall /slab / deck Waterproofing system Climatic conditions Proper detailingExpansion joints should allow for movement in severaldirections and are best located on curbs with a minimumheight of 250 mm. Roofs should be sloped so thatexpansion joints are at high points with drainage directedaway from them. The detailing of expansion joint of aroof slab is described below and shown in Fig. 4.Fig. 3: Detailing at junction of parapet and roof slab6 Clean the substrate with broom brush or compressed air. Construct a masonry upstand to a minimum height of250 mm. Form 50 x 50 mm triangle fillet on all vertical upstands.The fillet should be prepared in concrete admixed with10-15% SBR latex, by weight of cement.
Apply the waterproofing system as selected for thearea, the upstand area, depending upon the type of roof,etc. The treatment should always be taken up over theseangle fillets. All vertical upstands will be terminated as per standardtermination details. Seal the expansion joint with filler board, with a backerrod of closed cell polyethylene foam or of extrudedpolystyrene, inserted. Fill the joint with two component flexible Polysulphidesealant. Place expansion joint cover over the joint as shown inthe drawing, in such a way that water will drain off onto the roof. Seal horizontal joints with a seal tape.1Roof Deck2Upstand3Expansion Joint Cover4.9 Plumbing: Service PipesPipes should be 50 mm to 75 mm away from face ofthe wall. Fix all service pipes by clamps of one’s choice.Use anti-corrosive anchor fasteners only for fixing theclamps. Arrangement of plumbing service pipes areshown in Fig. 5.Fig. 5: Service pipe arrangement4.10 Stair Cover (or MUMTY) and Canopy321Fig. 4: Detailing of expansion joint in roof slabThe expansion joint in the roof shall be so designed as tonot impair the effectiveness of waterproofing treatmentwith the joint treated with suitable non-absorbentcompressible, non-brittle and watertight sealants.4.7 InsulationThese are the locations which are not cleaned for earth,debris and waste material for years. Water stagnatesand slab deteriorates severely. The design of stair covershould consider the following: RCC slab in such a shape so that water does not stagnate. By light weight pipe structure with transparent sheetsfor good light / ventilation / excellent aesthetics.5.0 Drawbacks of Traditional Waterproofing SystemsThe Brickbat Coba treatment though successful in thedamp heat of coastal region; cracks up completely oncontact with the dry heat of North India, besides havingthe disadvantage of imposing higher dead load on thesystem (Fig. 6).If any protective layer is provided to prevent thewaterproofing membrane from damage by constructionactivities, the finishes on top of this protective layershould be of sufficient weight to prevent the uplift of thisprotective layer under all conditions. The choice of the typeand thickness of this layer depends on the overall thermalinsulation required by statutory requirement.4.8 Dish AntennaTypically, any dish antenna is installed in the parapet walldirectly on the top portion with the mounting bracket. It isdirectly fastened in wall through bolts, and generally boltspenetrate through the roof material into a concealed woodnailer, which causes penetration of water and leakage. Theremedy for the same is to install the antenna in counterflashed panel or railing. Provision of this type of panel orrailing should be incorporated at the time of parapet design.Fig. 6: Three layers of Brick-bat-coba increasing the deadload on the structure7
The Brickbat Coba treatment is not flexible enough towithstand thermal and physical stresses and developingcracks or de-bonding. Brick being a porous materialabsorbs more water through the cracks and causing thecorrosion of reinforcement which ultimately leads tospalling of ceiling concrete of the roof slab. An IndianPatent Stone (IPS) is basically surfacing used either asa surface barrier treatment over a new surface or at alocation where the ingress of water has taken place. A 25– 40 mm thick layer of cement concrete 1:1:2 (8 mm to 10mm size stone aggregate) is laid over a flat surface, givingit a correct slope before IPS is laid on top of the same.Joints on IPS are filled with a suitable sealant like bitumen,mastic, etc. Leakage may also take place through the jointsof IPS or cracks of China Mosaic system due to ageing(Fig. 7) which develops with time. Lime concrete terracingin coastal humid climates is however most successfulwhere temperature variation is less since the lime concreteitself crack under wide temperature changes, hence maynot suitable hot and humid regions. Mud Phuska with bricktiles in a hot and arid climate of rural Punjab, Rajasthanand Uttar Pradesh is more common which basically actsmore as insulation rather than waterproofing.well as negative side waterproofing materials withtheir broad chemical compositions are given below: Hot applied bituminous materials: Bituminous substanceswith fabrics or felts Cold applied bituminous materials: Asphalt emulsions orasphaltic mastics, reinforced with fabric Liquid applied membranes : Single or multi-componentproducts such as neoprene, neoprene-bituminousblends, polyurethane, polyurethane bituminous blends,and epoxy-bituminous blends. Epoxy emulsions allowthe concrete to breathe but not allow rainwater ingress. Sheet-applied materials : Neoprene, Butyl, EPDM, PVC,etc. which are joined by adhesive sealing or chemicalwelding (solvent bonding) Cementitious membranesThe thickness of membrane can vary depending onthe type of material, its physical and environmentalexposure, and loading conditions. The roof is normallywaterproofed with the application of waterproofingmembrane and membrane should be protected fromtraffic and weathering.Based on the type of material the roof waterproofingsystems can be broadly classified under two categories: Liquid applied membrane system (LAM) Prefabricated or preformed membrane system (PFM)6.2 Liquid Applied Membrane (LAM)Liquid applied membranes are well-accepted systemsthroughout the globe. The membranes formed are waterresistant and also not affected by weather conditionslike humidity, rain or extreme hot weather. Moreover, theliquid waterproofing system is easy as well as economicalto repair as compared to preformed membrane.Fig. 7: Cracks developed in China mosaic waterproofingsystem6.0 Modern Waterproofing Systems6.1 Waterproofing MaterialsIn order to overcome the problems arising from theprogressive deterioration of traditional weatheringcourses, the advanced practices involve the provisionof impermeable membranes. One of the simplest waysof providing impermeable membranes is to use multiplecoats of a waterproofing co-polymer and cementitiousmaterials. Traditionally, waterproofing barriers consistsof multiple layers of bituminous-saturated felt or fabricbonded together with hot-applied coal tar pitch orasphalt for positive side applications, i.e. the same sideas the hydrostatic pressure. Today a number of otherpositive side waterproofing barriers can be selected,which include cold-applied systems. The positive as8The liquid applied membrane should be laid accordingto the manufacturer’s recommendation. The shelf life ofthe liquid applied membrane should be checked. Singlecomponent membranes solidify by evaporation of solventor reaction with moisture in the air. Therefore, once theoriginal packing seal is broken, the material should beused within the recommended pot life. Curing rates ofsingle component materials depend on the temperature;the higher the temperature, the faster the solidification.Materials should be stored at recommended temperaturerange. Two-component materials solidify by chemicalcuring which starts as soon as the two components mix.They should be stored separately.For multi-coating application, different colours for eachcoat may be used to ensure detection of uncompletedcoverage. During application and initial curing, liquidapplied membrane should be protected from rain. Themethod of application such as brush, roller, trowel,squeegee or spray should be predetermined. Alltermination details also should be predetermined.
Liquid applied membrane could be most advantageous incongested areas and on irregular surfaces. It is capableof bridging hairline cracks on concrete surfaces. It maybe very useful as fillet material or reinforcement materialat inside corners, as flashing material around drains,protrusions, curbs and parapets, and as a sealing materialat terminations. A schematic diagram of the liquid appliedmembrane system is shown in Fig. 8.Fig. 8: Typical sketch of liquid applied waterproofing systemThese liquid applied membranes are available in anextensive range of materials and colours, suited todifferent types of roofing. The different kinds include fibreincorporated water based acrylics, Polyurethane, Polymermodified bitumen, Polymer modified cementitious, etc.They are normally formulated from single or multiplecomponent products produced from a variety of chemicalbases. The final dry film thickness of liquid appliedmembrane is important.The schematic diagram of bitumen coating system is givenin Fig. 9.capability. In case of leakage, it can be easily traced andthus, the repair to damage in the waterproofing systemcan be easily carried out. The unbonded system can beused where the condition of the substrate does not allowthe materials to be fully bonded.6.3.1 Preformed Membrane – Bonded SystemThe method of installation using bituminous compound,solvent, adhesive, self-flashing or hot-air jet should be asprescribed by the manufacturer. The laying of membraneshould proceed in a manner to ensure that the membraneis fully bonded to the substrate with no air being trappedbeneath the membrane.Joints between sheets of the preformed waterproofingmembrane should be checked for end laps and sidelaps according to manufacturers’ recommendations.End laps between each roll should be staggered.The laps should be fully fused or bonded to formcontinuous watertight seams. Expansion jointsshould be sealed with an approved sealant. Whereverpossible, expansion joints should be sited at thesummit of run-off.For waterproofing system where protection layer isrequired, no traffic other than human traffic should beallowed until the protective layer has been laid overit. Mechanical plants and equipment should be raisedand supported on concrete plinths. The commonlyused prefabricated waterproofing membranes formdurable waterproof barriers and very effective for flatroofs of large areas are Polymer Modified Bitumen(APP / SBS) and EPDM Rubber. The other types ofpreformed membrane used for waterproofing areneoprene, butyl, PVC and synthethetic rubber.6.4 Comparison between LAM and PFM LAMs create seamless waterproofing membranes whilePFMs form joints at regular intervals. LAMs are highly elastomeric while PFMs are rigid innature.BitumenCoat PrimingCoatLAMs show increased bridging capabilities in comparisonwith PFMs. On application, LAMs are ideal for small roofs withcomplicated shapes and details like penetrations,upstands, joints, etc. PFMs are ideal for long large roofswith minimum projected structures. LAMs are cannot be easily guaranteed for a fixedconsumption and thickness as they are dependent onthe substrate porosity and applicable conditions. On theother hand, PFMs can be specified with consumptionwith specified lap joints. Both systems are vulnerable to stagnated water. Both systems normally need appropriate primers. Both the systems are prone to blistering if the surfacecontains excess moisture before the application.AluminiumPaint/ ScreedReinforced FabricMeshConcrete SurfaceFig. 9: Typical sketchof bitumenwaterproofingsystemBitumencoatingsystem6.3 Preformed Membrane (PFM)Preformed membrane can be bonded or unbonded system.Bonded system is normally preferred as it has the advantageover the unbonded system due to its leak-localising9
6.5 Selection of MaterialThe selection of waterproofing membrane should considerthe type of loading on the roof such as public access orvehicular traffic, environmental exposures, thermalinsulation and aesthetics. Different membranes havetheir own characteristics and the choice of a particularmembrane depends on the main properties such as tensilestrength, elongation, crack bridging capabilities, weatheringand UV resistance, ease of application, puncture resistanceand expected life, where applicable. The other propertiesare chemical and alkali resistance, good bonding strength,low water absorption, withstanding hydrostatic pressure,breathable, permeable to vapour transmission, good colourretention and algae and fungus resistance. In a particulargeneric base of the material the active solid contents needto be checked for its effective performance. The final dryfilm thickness of liquid applied membrane is important anddepends upon active solid contents of the material.7.0 Application Methodology7.1 Fibre Reinforced Water Based Acrylic CoatingApplication MethodThe fibre reinforced water based acrylic coating can beapplied directly on sloped or flat roof surface withoutany Brickbat Coba thus reducing the cost and increasingthe life span of the coating system. The film physicalproperty requirement of such acrylic coating for roof slabas per ASTM D 6083-05 is given in Table 1. A schematicdiagram of this coating system is given in Fig. 10.6.6 General Requirements for Preformed and LiquidApplied MembraneThe surface to receive membrane should be cleaned,dried, free of sharp protrusions and surface defects suchas cracks, voids and protrusions. It is desirable that theconcrete surface to be waterproofed should be finished toprovide a plain and even finish to receive the membrane.Primed surfaces to receive the preformed waterproofingmembrane should not be covered until the primer is fullycured. Areas exposed to rainfall should be sufficientlyair-dried before commencing or resuming installation.The concrete or screeding should be allowed to cure forat least 7 days before the laying of the membrane. Theapplic
A low slope roof or flat roof has four parts such as roof deck, vapour retarder, insulation and roof membrane. The combination of these parts is known as roof assembly. 3.1 Roof Deck An entire roof system is held up by a roof deck. This is the base of roof assembly. Roo
1) Waterproofing should be fully bonded and continuous. 2) Compatibility is crucial. Quality is crucial. 3) Get expert input early - Sika has over 100 years of global waterproofing expertise on tap. Version: 0217 BELOW GROUND WATERPROOFING TO BS:8012/2009 Balcony waterproofing over non-habitable space connection to facade Balcony / podium deck
3.7 Waterproofing details in horizontal and vertical areas 16 3.8 Installation of waterproofing membranes 19 3.9 Compartment waterproofing with waterstops 20 4. Welding methods 23 5. Quality control 24 6. Cleaning and inspection of completed waterproofing 26 7. Protection of completed waterproofing 26 8. Proposal for bills of quantities 28 9.
1.1 Hydrathane Exterior Waterproofing Membrane is a liquid-applied waterproofing membrane for use under ceramic or stone tile finishes on external decks and balconies. Scope 2.1 Hydrathane Exterior Waterproofing Membrane has been appraised for use as a deck and balcony waterproofing membrane for buildings within the following scope:
the Municipalities buildings. Green roofs are also a part of the city’s Strategy for Biodiversity. Since 2010 green roofs are mandated in most new local plans. A calculation based on approved new local plans mandating green roofs gives a total of 200.000 m2 of green roofs to be installed. Today The
ROOFING LASHING N HIMNEYS INTRODUCTION 1.0 Roofing SLOPED AND FLAT There are two main categories of roofing systems: sloped roofs and flat roofs. Roofing profes-sionals call these steep roofs and low sloped roofs. Sloped roofing systems are not watertight; they shed water with overlapping shingles or tiles. Flat roofs, on the other hand, are water-
In Revit, roofs are a type of building element, just like walls and floors. You can design any type of roof for a building model using Revit Architecture. Definition of Roofs Roofs are building components that represent different types of actual roofs on a building. You can create roofs from footprint outlines, as extrusions, or from mass .
790-11 waterproofing membrane on split-slab construction Blueskin WP200 waterproofing on foundation walls of new construction CAPITOL VISITORS CENTER Henry integrated waterproofing systems are the choice of some buildings like this one: the three-level, underground complex is the biggest expansion in the Architect: RTKL Associates, Inc. HOW .
Waterproofing Details – Design Under Constrained Conditions Samuel Vesely, B.Sc. Key Words: Waterproofing details, constrained conditions, expansion joints Abstract The research and development (R&D) effort to develop high quality waterproofing materials is an ongoing, worldwide, process.
