EC101: BASIC ELECTRONICS (3 -0-2:4)

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EC101: BASIC ELECTRONICS (3-0-2:4)1.Diode:Basic Diode Theory, Zener Diode, Photodiode, Light Emitting Diode, Varactor Diode, Schottky Diode, HalfWave Rectifier Circuit, Full Wave Rectifier Circuit and Bridge Rectifier Circuit, Filtering Circuits (C, L, L-C &π filters), Voltage Multipliers.2.Transistor:Transistor Theory, Transistor Action, Transistor Symbols, Common Collector, Common Emitter and CommonBase Configurations, Different Biasing Techniques, Concept of Transistor Amplifier.3.Digital Electronics:Boolean Algebra, Logic Gates, Combinational Circuits.4.Electronic Communication:Introduction to Radio Frequency Spectrum, Modulation, Need of Modulation, Different Types of Modulation,Basic Circuits and Blocks of Modulation and Demodulation, Transmitters and Receivers, Application ofModulation.5.Electronic Instruments:Cathode Ray Oscilloscope & Digital Storage Oscilloscope: Theory and Applications, Function Generator,Power Supply, Digital Multimeter.Suggested Practical:1. I-V characteristics of forward biased P-N junction Diode.2. Reverse characteristics of Zener Diode3. Zener Diode as a reference Diode.4. Half-wave rectifier using diode5. Full-wave rectifier using diode.6. Bridge rectifier.7. Truth Table verification of Logic Gates.8. Design of basic logic gates using NAND & NOR gates.9. Input & output characteristics of BJT in CB mode.10. Input & output characteristics of BJT in CE mode.Text Books:1.Basic Electronics, Chattopadhyay & Rakshit, New Age Publisher.References:1.2.3.4.Electronics Principles, Albert P. Malvino, Publisher: Tata McGraw-HillElectronics Devices, Thomas L. Floyd, Publisher: Pearson EducationDigital Principles & Applications, Albert P. Malvino, Publisher: Tata McGraw-HillElectronic Communication Systems, John Kennedy & William Devis, Publisher: Tata McGraw-Hill

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGYMEGHALAYABasic Electronics: Laboratory Manual 2015

CONTENTSSl NoName of ExperimentPage No1.To Study the V-I characteristics of Forward Biased PN junction diode.1-32.To Study the Reverse characteristics of Zener diode.4-63.To Study the working of a diode as half wave rectifier with and without filter.7-94.To Study the working of a diode as Bridge rectifier with and without filter.10-125.To Study the working of a diode as Bridge rectifier with and without filter.13-156.To study the input and output characteristic of BJT in CB configuration.16-197.To study the input and output characteristic of BJT in CE configuration.20-238.Realization of Basic Logic Gates.24-269.Realization of Basic Logic Gates using Universal Gates NAND and NOR.27-28

EXPERIMENT NO-1AIM: To Study the V-I characterristics of Forward Biased PN junction diode.APPARATUS REQUIRED:SLNo123456Name of ulated DC power suppplyDigital MultimeterPN DiodeResistorBreadboardConnecting Wire0-30V,1A15SIN4007100 -12111As per requirementsTHEORY:p-n junction diode Forwward characteristic:If a positive voltage is applied too the p-type side and a negative voltage to the n-ttype side, current canflow (depending upon the magnitude of the applied voltage). This configuration is called "ForwardBiased"At the p-n junction, the "built-in"" electric field and the applied electric field are ini opposite directions.When these two fields add, the reesultant field at the junction is smaller in magnittude than the magnitudeof the original "built-in" electric field. This results in a thinner, less resistive deppletion region. If theapplied voltage is large enough, tthe depletion region's resistance becomes negliggible. In silicon, thisoccurs at about 0.6 volts forwardd bias. From 0 to 0.6 volts, there is still consideraable resistance due tothe depletion region. Above 0.6 vvolts, the depletion region's resistance is very smmall and currentflows virtually unimpeded. ǡ ͳ

Calculation for current limiting resistance:ܴൌWhere, ூ ௫V Supply Voltage V,Imax Maximum current rating for diodeCIRCUIT DIAGRAM:PROCEDURE:Forward Biased:1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram.2. Switch on the power supply.3. Increase voltage from the power supply from 0V to 7V in step as shown in the observation table.4. Measure voltage across diode and current through diode5. Note down readings in the observation table.6. Plot and draw the V-I characteristic of forward bias on the graph. ǡ ʹ

OBSERVATION TABLE:Forward upply Voltage V .54.04.55.05.56.06.57.0Diode VoltageVd (Volts)Diode Current Id (mA)Expected Graph:CONCLUSION/RESULT: (Wriite your remarks or any difficulties faced during the experiment and howyou have solved them.) ǡ

EXPERIMENT NO-2AIM: To Study the Reverse charracteristics of Zener diode.APPARATUS REQUIRED:SLNo123456Name of gulated power supplyDigital MultimeterZener diodeResistorBreadboardConnecting Wire0-30V,1A15SBZX83-C5V61K-12111Ass per the requirementsTHEORY: Zener diodes are desiigned to operate in the breakdown region withouut damage. By thevarying the doping level, it is posssible to produce Zener diodes with breakdown voltage form 2Vto200VA p-n junction diode normally dooes not conduct when reversed biased. But if thee reverse bias isincreased, at a particular voltage it starts conducting heavily. This voltage is called breakdown voltage.High current through the diode can permanently damage it. To avoid high currennt, we connect a resistoris series with it. Once the diode iis starts conducting, it maintains almost constantt voltage across itsterminal whatever may be the current through it. That is, it has very low dynamicc resistance. Hence aZener diode is a P-N junction dioode, specially made to work in the breakdown reegion. It is mainly usedin voltage regulators. ǡ Ͷ

Calculation for current limiting resistance:ܴൌWhere, ூ ௫V Supply Voltage V,Imax Maximum current rating for Zener diodeCIRCUIT DIAGRAM:PROCEDURE:Reverse Biased:1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram.2. Switch on the power supply.3. Increase voltage from the power supply from 0V to 24 V in step as shown in the observation table.4. Measure voltage across diode and current through diode5. Note down readings in the observation table.6. Plot and draw the reverse biased characteristic on the graph. ǡ ͷ

OBSERVATION TABLE:Reverse 425Supply Voltage V ode Voltage Vz (Volts)DiodeDCurrent Iz (mA)Expected GRAPH:CONCLUSION/RESULT: (Wriite your remarks or any difficulties faced during the experiment and howyou have solved them.) ǡ

EXPERIMENT NO-3AIM: To Study the working of a diode as half wave rectifier with and without filter.APPARATUS REQUIRED:SLNo1234567Name of sformerDigital MultimeterPN diodeResistorCapacitorBreadboardConnecting Wire12-0-12V, 500mA15SIN40071K100uF-111111As per requirementsTHEORY: A diode is a unidirectional conducting device, It conducts only when it anode is at highervoltage w r t its cathode in a half wave rectifier circuit, during positive half cycle of the input, the diodeget forward biased and it conducts. Currents flows through the load resistor RL and voltage is developedacross it. During the negative half cycle of the input, the diode gets reversed biased. Now no current(except the leakage current which is very small) flows. The voltage across the load resistance during thisperiod of input cycle is zero. Thus a pure ac signal is converted into a unidirectional signal. It can beshown that:i) ܸ݀ܿ ൌ గWhere, Vdc is the output voltage and Vm is peak ac voltage at the input of the rectifier.ii)ܴ݅ ݎ ݐ݂ܿܽ ݈݁ ൌ ௩ ௧ ௧ ௧ ௨௧ ௨௧ௗ ௩ ௧ ௧௧ ௨௧ ௨௧ 1.21CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:WITHOUT FILTER ǡ

WITH FILTER:PROCEDURE:1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram.3. Switch on the power supply.4. Using DMM measured ac input voltage of the rectifier, ac and dc voltage at the output of the rectifier.5. Using CRO measured the rectified output voltage.6. Calculate the ripple factor and rectifier Efficiency.7. Draw the input and output voltage waveform on the graph.8. Connect the capacitor across the load resistor.9. Measured the output voltage using DMM and CRO and note down the value.10. Draw the output voltage waveformOBSERVATION TABLE:WITHOUT FILTER:SL.Using DMMNOMeasuredMeasured Ripple factorܸ݀ܿ ሺܸ ݏݐ݈ ሻ ܸܽܿ ሺܸ ݏݐ݈ ሻ ߛ ൌ ܸܽܿȀܸ݀ܿAmplitudeܸ݉ሺܸ ݏݐ݈ ሻUsing CROCalculatedCalculatedRipple factorܸ݀ܿሺܸ ݏݐ݈ ሻܸ ݏ݉ݎ ሺܸ ݏݐ݈ ሻ ߛ ൌ ξ ሺܸ ݏ݉ݎ Ȁ ܸ݀ܿ ሻ2 െͳWITH FILTERSl NoMeasuredܸ݀ܿ(Volts)Using DMMMeasuredRipple factorܸܽܿ(Volts)ߛ ൌ ܸܽܿȀܸ݀ܿRipple factorߛ ൌ ͳȀ ሺʹξ ݂ ܴ ܥ ሻ ǡ ͺ

THEORITICAL CALCULATIION:Average DC voltage at the load, ܸ݀ܿ ൌ ܸ݉ȀߨAverage DC current att the load, ܿ݀ܫ ൌ ݉ܫ Ȁߨ R.M.S value of load Voltage ,ܸ ݏ݉ݎ ൌ ܸ݉ȀʹR.M.S value of load Cuurrent , ݏ݉ݎܫ ൌ ݉ܫ ȀʹR.M.S value of AC commponent ܸܽܿ ൌ ξ ሺ ܸ ݏ݉ݎ 2െ ܸ݀ܿ 2) Without filter,Ripple factor ߛߛ ൌ ξ ሺܸ ݏ݉ݎ Ȁ ܸ݀ܿ ሻ2 െͳ 1.21With filter,Ripple factor, ߛ ൌ ͳȀ ሺʹξ ݂ ܴ ܥ ሻ ܹܹ݄݁ ݂ ݁ݎ ൌ ͷͲ ݖܪ ܥ ൌ ͳͲͲɊ ܨ ܴ ܮ ൌ ͳ ߗܭ Rectifier Efficiency : ߟ ൌ ܲ݀ܿȀܲܽܿܲܽܿ ൌ ݏ݉ݎܫ 2 ܴ ݔ ܲ݀ܿ ൌ ܿ݀ܫ 2 ܴ ݔ Expected Graph:RESULT/ CONCLUSION: (WWrite your remarks or any difficulties faced durinng the experiment andhow you have solved them.) ǡ ͻ

EXPERIMENT NO-4AIM: To Study the working of a diode as Bridge rectifier with and without filterr.APPARATUS REQUIRED:SLNo1234567Name of nsformerDigital MultimeterPN diodeResistorCapacitorBreadboardConnecting Wire12-0-12V, 500mA15SIN40071K100uF-112111As per requirementsTHEORY: In a full-wave rectifiier circuit there are two diodes, a transformer and a load resistor. Thetransformer has a center-tap in its secondary winding. It provides out-of-phase too the two diodes. Duringthe positive half-cycle of the inpuut, the diode D2 is reverse biased and it does not conduct. But D1 isforward biased and it conducts. TThe current flowing through diode D1 also passeed through the loadresistor and a voltage is developeed across it. During the negative half-cycle, the diodedD2 is forwardbiased and D1 is reverse biased. Now current flow through diode D2 and load reesistor RL. The currentflowing through the load resistorr passed in the same direction in both the half-cyycles. The dc voltageobtained at the output is given ass:i) ܸ݀ܿ ൌଶ గWhere, Vdc is thhe output voltage and Vm is peak ac voltage at thet input of the rectifierof the ceenter tapped transformer.ii)ܴ݅ ݎ ݐ݂ܿܽ ݈݁ ൌ ௩ ௧ ௧ ௧ ௨௧ ௨௧ௗ ௩ ௧ ௧௧ ௨௧ ௨௧ 0.482CIRCUITDIAGRAM:WITHOUT FILTER ǡ ͳͲ

WITH FILTER:PROCEDURE:1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram.3. Switch on the power supply.4. Using DMM measured ac inpuut voltage of the rectifier, ac and dc voltage at thhe output of the rectifier.5. Using CRO measured the rectiified output voltage.6. Calculate the ripple factor andd rectifier Efficiency.7. Draw the input and output volttage waveform on the graph.8. Connect the capacitor across thhe load resistor.9. Measured the output voltage uusing DMM and CRO and note down the value.10. Draw the output voltage wavveform OBSERVATION TABLE:WITHOUT FILTER:SL.NOUsing DMMMeasuredMeasured Rippple factorܸ݀ܿ ሺܸ ݏݐ݈ ሻ ܸܽܿ ሺܸ ݏݐ݈ ሻ ߛ ൌ ܸܽܿȀܸ݀ܿAmplitudeܸ݉ ሺܸ ݏݐ݈ ሻWITH FILTER:Sl NoUsing DMMMeasuredMeasuredRipple factorܸ݀ܿ (Volts) ܸܽܿ (Voltts)ߛ ൌ ܸܽܿȀܸ݀ܿUsing CROCCalculated Callculatedܸ݀ܿ ሺܸ ݏݐ݈ ሻ Vrmms (Volts)Ripple factorߛ ൌξ ሺܸ ݏ݉ݎ Ȁ ܸ݀ܿ ሻ2 െͳRipple factorߛ ൌ ͳȀ ሺʹξ ݂ ܥ ܴ ܥ ሻ ǡ ͳͳ

THEORITICAL CALCULATIION:Average DC voltage at the load, ܸ݀ܿ ൌ ʹܸ݉ȀߨAverage DC current att the loadǡ ܿ݀ܫ ൌ ʹ ݉ܫ Ȁߨ R.M.S value of load Voltage , ܸ ݏ݉ݎ ൌ ܸ݉ȀξʹR.M.S value of load Cuurrent , ݏ݉ݎܫ ൌ ݉ܫ ȀξʹR.M.S value of AC commponent ܸܽܿ ൌ ξ ሺ ܸ ݏ݉ݎ 2െ ܸ݀ܿ 2ሻ Without filterRipple factor ߛߛ ൌ ξ ሺܸ ݏ݉ݎ Ȁ ܸ݀ܿ ሻʹ െ ͳ ൌ ͲǤͶͺʹ With filterRipple factor, ߛ ൌ ͳȀ ሺͶξ ݂ )ܴ ܥ WWhere ݂ ൌ ͷͲ ݖܪ ܥ ൌ ͳͲͲɊ ܨ ܴ ܮ ൌ ͳ ߗܭ Rectifier Efficiency Ș PPdc/Pacܲܽܿ ൌ ܴ ݔ ʹݏ݉ݎܫ ܴ ܲ݀ܿ ൌ ܴ ݔ ʹܿ݀ܫ Expected Graph:RESULT/ CONCLUSION: (WWrite your remarks or any difficulties faced durinng the experiment andhow you have solved them.) ǡ ͳʹ

EXPERIMENT NO-5AIM: To Study the working of a diode as Bridge rectifier with and without filter.APPARATUS REQUIRED:SLNo1234567Name of sformerDigital MultimeterPN diodeResistorCapacitorBreadboardConnecting Wire12-0-12V, 500mA15SIN40071K100uF-114111As per requirementsTHEORY:CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: In a bridge rectifier circuit there are four diodes, a transformer and a loadresistor. When the input voltage is positive at point A, diodes D1 and D2 conduct. The current passedthrough the Load resistor. During the other half of the input signal, the point A is negative with respectto the point B. The diodes D3 and D4 conducts. The current passes through the load resistor in the samedirection as during the positive half-cycle. DC voltage is developed across the load. It can be proved thatthe output dc voltage is given by:i) ܸ݀ܿ ൌଶ గWhere, Vdc is the output voltage and Vm is peak ac voltage at the input of the rectifierof the center tapped transformer.ii)ܴ݅ ݎ ݐ݂ܿܽ ݈݁ ൌWITHOUT FILTER ௩ ௧ ௧ ௧ ௨௧ ௨௧ௗ ௩ ௧ ௧௧ ௨௧ ௨௧ 0.482AB ǡ ͳ

WITH FILTER:ABPROCEDURE:1. Make connections as per the circuit diagram.3. Switch on the power supply.4. Using DMM measured AC and DC voltage at the output of the rectifier.5. Using CRO measured the rectified output voltage.6. Calculate the ripple factor and rectifier Efficiency.7. Draw the input and output voltage waveform on the graph.8. Connect the capacitor across the load resistor.9. Measured the output voltage using DMM and CRO and note down the value.10. Draw the output voltage waveform OBSERVATION TABLE:WITHOUT FILTER:SL.NOMeasuredVdc(Volts)Using DMMMeasured Ripple factorVacȖ s)Using CROCalculatedVrms(Volts)Ripple factorȖ (Vrms/ Vdc )2 -1WITH FILTERSL.NOMeasuredVdc (Volts)Using DMMMeasured Vac(Volts)Ripple factorȖ Vac/VdcUsing CRORipple factorȖ 1/ (4 3 f C R) ǡ ͳͶ

THEORITICAL CALCULATIION:Average DC voltage att the load, ܸ݀ܿ ൌ ʹܸ݉ȀߨAverage DC current att the loadǡ ܿ݀ܫ ൌ ʹ ݉ܫ Ȁߨ R.M.S value of load Voltage, ܸ ݏ݉ݎ ൌ ܸ݉ȀξʹR.M.S value of load Cuurrent, ݏ݉ݎܫ ൌ ݉ܫ ȀξʹR.M.S value of AC commponent ܸܽܿ ൌ ξ ሺ ܸ ݏ݉ݎ 2െ ܸ݀ܿ 2ሻ Without filterRipple factor ߛߛ ൌ ξ ሺܸ ݏ݉ݎ Ȁ ܸ݀ܿ ሻʹ െ ͳ ൌ ͲǤͶͺʹ With filterRipple factor, ߛ ൌ ͳȀ ሺͶξ ݂ )ܴ ܥ WWhere ݂ ൌ ͷͲ ݖܪ ܥ ൌ ͳͲͲɊ ܨ ܴ ܮ ൌ ͳ ߗܭ Rectifier Efficiency Ș Pdc/Pacܲܽܿ ൌ ܴ ݔ ʹݏ݉ݎܫ ܴ ܲ݀ܿ ൌ ܴ ݔ ʹܿ݀ܫ Expected Graph:RESULT/ CONCLUSION: (WWrite your remarks or any difficulties faced durinng the experiment andhow you have solved them.) ǡ ͳͷ

EXPERIMENT NO-6AIM: To study the input and output characteristic of BJT in CB configurationAPPARATUS REQUIRED:SLNo123Name of Component/EquipmentSpecification/RangeQuantityDual Regulated power supplyDigital MultimeterResistor457Bipolar junction TransistorBreadboardConnecting Wire0-30V,1A100 1KBC107-131111As per requirementsTHEORY: A transistor is a three-terminal device. The three terminals are emitter, base and collector. Incommon-base configuration, we make the Base common to both input and output. For normal operation,the emitter-base junction is forward biased and the collector-base is reverse-biased.The input characteristic is a plot between iE and vEB keeping voltage vCB constant. Thischaracteristic is very similar to that of a forward-biased diode. The input dynamic resistance iscalculated using the formula ݅ݎ ൌο௩ா ο ாat vce constantThe collector current IC is less than, but almost equal to the emitter current. The current IE divides into ICand IB. That is: ܧܫ ൌ ܥܫ ܤܫ The Output characteristic curves are plotted between ic and vCB, keeping voltage iE constant. Thesecurves are almost horizontal. This shows that the output dynamic resistance, defined below is very high. ݎ ൌο௩ ο at IE constant When the output side is open ( i.e., IE 0), the collector current is not zero, but has a small (a few μA)value. This value of collector current is called collector reverse saturation current, ICBO.At a given operating point, we define the dc and ac gains (Į) as follows:dc current gain, Įdc ο ூ ac current gain, Į at vCB constant.ο ா ǡ ͳ

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:PROCEDURE:Input characteristics (CB):1. Connect the circuit for BJT in CB mode as per circuit diagram2. Switch on the Power supply3. Keep VCB at a constant value by varying VCC.4. Set the voltage of VBE by varying VEE.5. Note down IE value6. Repeat step 3 and 4 for different value of VCB7. Plot the BJT Input characteristic for its CB modeOutput characteristics (CB):1. Connect the circuit for BJT in CB mode as per circuit diagram2. Switch on the Power supply3. Keep IE at a constant value by varying VEE4. Set the voltage of VCB by varying VCC gradually5. Note down IC value6. Repeat step 3 and 4 for different of IE7. Plot the BJT Output characteristic for its CB mode. ǡ ͳ

OBSERVATION TABLE:Transistor Input characteristics (CB)Sl.NoSupplyvoltage(Volts)vBEvCB (Volts) 0(Volts)IE (mA)vBEvCB (Volts) 2(Volts) vBE (Volts)vBEvCB (Volts) 4(Volts)IE (mA)1234567891011Transistor output characteristics (CB)Sl.No1234567891011IE (mA) 0vCB (Volts) IC (mA)IE (mA) 5vCB (Volts) IC (mA)IE (mA) 10vCB (Volts) IC (mA)IE (mA) 20vCBIC (mA)(Volts)012345678910 ǡ

8. Design of basic logic gates using NAND & NOR gates. 9. Input & output characteristics of BJT in CB mode. 10. Input & output characteristics of BJT in CE mode. Text Books: 1. Basic Electronics, Chattopadhyay & Rakshit, New Age Publisher. References: 1. Electronics Principles, Albert P. Malvino, Publisher: Tata McGraw -Hill 2.

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