PERFORMANCE INVESTIGATION OF LARGE DIAMETER WATER
PERFORMANCE INVESTIGATION OFLARGE DIAMETER WATER PIPEMATERIALSPrepared by:THE CENTER FOR UNDERGROUND INFRASRTUCTURE RESEARCH AND EDUCATION(CUIRE)Director: Dr. Mohammad Najafi, P.E., F., ASCEGraduate Research Assistants:Ameya Paradkar, Chandan Venkatesh, Pradip Deshmukh, Rahul Manda, Tushar Joshi
DISCLAIMERAll pipe materials have advantages and limitations, and can deteriorate over time. Many projectspecific factors, operations and maintenance procedures of a specific utility, and site and soil conditionsaround the pipe affect pipe performance. Not all of these factors were considered in the literature usedthis presentation, or considered in the limited utility survey responses received.Therefore, this reportcannot be used as basis for selection or rejection of any specific pipe material, and/or to make any designdecisions on a project, which is responsibility of design professionals.i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSWe would like to express our gratitude to all those who gave us the possibility to complete thisreport. We are deeply indebted to Dr. Mohammad Najafi, P.E., Director of the Center for UndergroundInfrastructure Research and Education (CUIRE) and Assistant Professor at the University of Texas atArlington whose help, stimulating suggestions, knowledge, experience and encouragement helped us inall the times of study and analysis of the project in the pre and post research period.We wish to thank all of the 21 water utilities that replied to the survey and made the completion ofthis analysis possible. For confidentiality reasons, individual acknowledgements will not be listed here.However, this report would not have been possible without their support. We also wish to thank thesurvey respondents for taking the time to share their views with us.We would also like to acknowledge Mr. Abhay Jain, CUIRE Program Manager for all the help heprovided in completion of this report.ii
TABLE OF CONTENTSDISCLAIMER . iACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . iiLIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS .viiLIST OF TABLES . ixEXECUTIVE SUMMARY . xCHAPTER 1.OVERVIEW . 1-11.1 Introduction . 1-11.2 Methodology . 1-11.3 Objectives. 1-2CHAPTER 2.POPULATION SERVED AND FOOTAGE OFWATER SYSTEM FOR DIFFERENT PIPE MATERIALS . 2-22.1 Population per Utility . 2-22.2 Footage per Utility . 2-32.3 Summary Table . 2-42.4 Footage of Water System per Utility . 2-52.5 Footage of Water System for PCCP . 2-62.6 Relationship between Diameter and Footage for PCCP . 2-72.6 Footage of Water Systems for Steel Pipe . 2-82.7 Relationship between Diameter and Footage for Steel Pipe . 2-92.8 Footage of Water System for PVC Pipes . 2-102.9 Relationship between Diameter and Footage for PVC Pipe . 2-112.10 Footage of Water System for HDPE Pipes . 2-12iii
2.11 Relationship between Diameter and Footage for HDPE Pipe . 2-132.12 Footage of Water System for DI Pipes . 2-142.13 Relationship between Diameter and Footage for DI Pipe . 2-152.14 Footage of Water System for CI Pipes . 2-162.15 Relationship between Diameter and Footage for CI Pipe . 2-172.16 Footage of Water System for Bar-wrapped Pipes . 2-182.17 Relationship between Diameter and Footage for Bar-wrapped Pipe . 2-192.18 Footage of Water System for Bar-wrapped Pipes . 2-202.19 Relationship between Diameter and Footage for Other Pipes . 2-212.20 Summary Table . 2-22CHAPTER 3.RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INVENTORY AND AGEOF EACH PIPE MATERIAL . 3-13.1 Inventory and Age of PCCP . 3-23.2 Relationship between Diameter Range and Age of PCCP . 3-33.3 Inventory and Age of Steel Pipe . 3-43.4 Relationship between Diameter Range and Age of Steel Pipe . 3-53.5 Inventory and Age of PVC Pipe . 3-63.6 Relationship between Diameter Range and Age of PVC Pipe . 3-73.7 Inventory and Age of HDPE Pipe . 3-83.8 Relationship between Diameter Range and Age of HDPE Pipe. 3-93.7 Inventory and Age of DI Pipe . 3-103.8 Relationship between Diameter Range and Age of DI Pipe . 3-113.7 Inventory and Age of CI Pipe . 3-12iv
3.8 Relationship between Diameter Range and Age of DI Pipe . 3-133.7 Inventory and Age of Bar-wrapped Pipe . 3-143.8 Relationship between Diameter Range and Age of DI Pipe . 3-153.9 Inventory and Age of Other Pipe . 3-163.10 Relationship between Diameter Range and Age of DI Pipe . 3-173.11 Summary Table . 3-18CHAPTER 4.CAUSES OF FAILURE . 4-14.1 Causes of failure – PCCP . 4-14.2 Causes of failure – Steel Pipes . 4-14.3 Causes of failure – PVC Pipes . 4-14.4 Causes of failure – HDPE Pipes . 4-24.5 Causes of failure – DI Pipes. 4-24.6 Causes of failure – CI Pipes. 4-24.7 Causes of failure – Bar-wrapped Pipes . 4-2CHAPTER 5.MODES OF FAILURE . 5-15.1 Modes of failure – PCCP. 5-15.2 Modes of failure – Steel Pipes . 5-15.3 Modes of failure – DI Pipes . 5-15.4 Modes of failure – CI Pipes . 5-25.5 Modes of failure – Bar-wrapped Pipes . 5-2CHAPTER 6.CONSIDERATIONS FOR USAGE . 6-16.1 Considerations – PCCP . 6-16.2 Considerations – Steel Pipes . 6-1v
6.3 Considerations – PVC Pipes . 6-16.4 Considerations – HDPE Pipes . 6-26.5 Considerations – DI Pipes. 6-26.6 Considerations – CI Pipes. 6-26.7 Considerations – Bar-wrapped Pipes . 6-2CHAPTER 7.PERFORMANCES . 7-1CHAPTER 8.CONCLUDING REMARKS . 8-1vi
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONSFigure 2-1 Population of Area Served by Water Utilities . 2-2Figure 2-2: Footage for 24” & Larger Diameter. 2-3Figure 2-3: Footage of Water System for all sizes . 2-5Figure 2-4: Footage of Water Systems for PCCP . 2-6Figure 2-5: Relationship between Diameter Range and Miles of PCCP . 2-7Figure 2-6: Footage of Water Systems for Steel Pipes . 2-8Figure 2-7 Relationship between Diameter Range and Miles of Steel Pipes . 2-9Figure 2-8 Footage of Water Systems for PVC pipes . 2-10Figure 2-9 Relationship between Diameter Range and Miles of PVC Pipes . 2-11Figure 2-10 Footage of Water Systems for HDPE Pipe . 2-12Figure 2-11 Relationship between Diameter Range and Miles of HDPE . 2-13Figure 2-12 Footage of Water System for DI Pipes . 2-14Figure 2-13 Relationship between Diameter Range and Miles of DI Pipes . 2-15Figure 2-14 Footage of Water System for CI Pipes . 2-16Figure 2-15 Relationship between Diameter Range and Miles of CI Pipes . 2-17Figure 2-16 Footage of Water Systems for Bar-wrapped Pipes . 2-18Figure 2-17 Relationship between Diameter Range and Miles of Bar-wrapped Pipes . 2-19Figure 2-18 Footage of Water System for Other Pipes . 2-20Figure 2-19 Relationship between Diameter Range and Miles of Other Pipes . 2-21Figure 3-1 Relationship between Inventory and Age of PCCP . 3-2Figure 3-2 Relationship between Diameter Range and Miles of PCCP . 3-3Figure 3-3 Relationship between Inventory and Age of Steel Pipes . 3-4Figure 3-4 Relationship between Diameter Range and Miles of Steel Pipes . 3-5Figure 3-5 Relationship between Inventory and Age of PVC Pipes . 3-6Figure 3-6 Relationship between Diameter Range and Miles of PVC Pipes . 3-7Figure 3-7 Relationship between Inventory and Age of HDPE Pipes . 3-8Figure 3-8 Relationship between Diameter Range and Miles of HDPE Pipes . 3-9vii
Figure 3-9 Relationship between Inventory and Age of DI Pipes . 3-10Figure 3-10 Relationship between Diameter Range and Miles of DI Pipes . 3-11Figure 3-11 Relationship between Inventory and Age of CI Pipes . 3-12Figure 3-12 Relationship between Diameter Range and Miles of CI Pipes . 3-13Figure 3-13 Relationship between Inventory and Age of Bar-wrapped Pipes . 3-14Figure 3-14 Relationship between Diameter Range and Miles of Bar-wrapped Pipes . 3-15Figure 3-15 Relation between Inventory & Age of Other Pipes . 3-16Figure 3-16 Relationship between Diameter Range and Miles of Other Pipes . 3-17Figure 7-1 Percent Failures as per Diameter Ranges . 7-3viii
LIST OF TABLESTable 2-1 Relationship between Population and Footage for 24” and larger diameterTable 2-2 Summary of Footage of Water Utilities for Different Pipe Materials2-42-22Table 3-1 Footage of PCCP with Unknown Age3-3Table 3-2 Footage of Steel Pipes with Unknown Age3-5Table 3-3 Footage of PVC Pipes with Unknown Age3-7Table 3-4 Footage of HDPE Pipes with Unknown Age3-9Table 3-5 Footage of DI Pipes with Unknown Age3-11Table 3-6 Footage of CI Pipes with Unknown Age3-13Table 3-7 Footage of Bar-wrapped Pipes with Unknown Age3-15Table 3-8 Footage of Other Pipes with Unknown Age3-17Table 3-9 Summary of Relationship between Age & Inventory3-18Table 7-1 Failure Rates7-1ix
EXECUTIVE SUMMARYWater distribution and transmission networks form essential components of water supply systemsin most urban centers. The failure in the distribution network can lead to service interruption to largecommunities, direct costs for repairs, property damage, lost water, indirect costs like loss of production,damage to adjacent utilities and social costs like discomfort, traffic and business disruptions (Rajani andKleiner, 2010).In 2007, Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey and Assessment found that the UnitedStates needs to spend 334.8 billion over the next two decades to ensure clean and safe water transport.Thus, it is of great importance to study the failure of the water pipelines considering its impact on thesocial life as well as the financial impact it can have in the near future.As per the ‘Report Card for America’s Infrastructure’ published by ASCE in 2009, the nation’sinfrastructure is in poor condition and drinking water, wastewater received very low grades compared toother infrastructure categories.This research gathered the failure data of 24” and larger diameter water pipelines from 21 waterutilities across the United States of America. The data provided by the utilities is used to create acomprehensive report which includes population served per mile of pipe length, relationship between theinventory and age of the pipe materials, causes and modes of failures, advantages and reasons forrestrictions on these pipe materials and the failure rates for different pipe materials for the 21 waterutilities.x
CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW1.1 IntroductionThis report presents the study of performance of water main materials for diameter sizes of 24inch and larger from 21 water utilities from 16 states across the United States of America. The currentstudy is done by Center for Underground Infrastructure Research and Education (CUIRE). The datafrom different water utilities and facilities is gathered to analyze the population served by the pipelinefacility, miles of pipeline material in use, age and diameter (larger than 24 inches) of pipeline materialused per facility, performance of each pipeline material and the causes behind these failures.A total length of 2,612miles were reported by the survey respondents for different types of pipematerials like PCC, PVC, HDPE, Steel, CI, DI and some other materials. A total of 64% out of 2,612milesis in between 24” – 36” diameter range, 17% for 42” – 48” and remaining 19% for 54” and larger.Performance per 100 miles for PVC pipes is 9, for PCCP pipes is 15, Bar-wrapped pipes is 14, DI pipes is14, Steel pipes is 19 and for CI pipes it is 29.The performance for HDPE pipes is not available. Also,performance for other pipes which include CCN, GUN, SCC, Reinforced Concrete, Concrete, AsbestosCement, Pre-tensioned Concrete Cylinder, Copper and Unknown is 8.0.1.2 MethodologyOver 300 surveys were sent out to water distribution utilities in the United States in the year of2011 - 2012. The study constituted of basic survey questions for 24-inch and larger diameter sizes ofwater mains that were to be filled out by the water utilities. The survey focused on asking questionsregarding the population served by respective water utilities, different diameter ranges, age and inventoryof different pipe materials, water mains break data which included date of installation, date and cause offailure, also soil conditions.The survey responses were then analyzed and the pipe materials were compared with the help ofdifferent charts to calculate the performances for these pipe materials for 24-inch and larger diameter sizewater mains.1-1
1.3 Objectives The principle objective of this study was to calculate the performance for individual pipe materialof 24-inch and larger diameter. Average population served per mile of water mains by 24-inch and larger diameters. To find out the distribution of pipe materials in different diameter ranges of 24-inch to 36-inch, 42inch to 48-inch and 54-inch and larger. Identifying considerations for material selection for each water utility.1-2
CHAPTER 2. POPULATION SERVED AND FOOTAGE OF WATER SYSTEM FORDIFFERENT PIPE MATERIALSThis section explains the population served by the water utilities as well as the relationship betweenthe total footage of the water system with the total population. Further, the total footage of each of thepipe materials divided in the following three categories is explained:1. 24” - 36” Diameter Size2. 42” - 48” Diameter Size3. 54” and Larger Diameter Size2.1 Population per UtilityFigure 2-1 represents the population of each of the survey respondents. The lowest population ofthe survey respondent was 12,000 and the largest population was 3,000,000. The total populationreported is 001,000,000750,000500,000250,000012345678910 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21Water UtilityFigure 2-1 Population of Area Served by Water Utilities2-2
2.2 Footage per UtilityFigure 2-2 represents the total miles reported by all the survey respondents’ amounts to 2,612miles.500432450411400332Footage (miles)350300260250200160150108 1011000Footage 230198199 10 11 1254 108 101 8513 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2130 160 174 121 260 411 187 332 432Water UtilityFigure 2-2: Footage for 24” & Larger Diameter2-3
2.3 Summary TableTable 2-1 represents the total population served per mile of 24” and larger pipe diameters in eachof the water utilities.Table 2-1 Relationship between Population and Footage for 24” and larger iles)PopulationServed les)PopulationServed 192-4
2.4 Footage of Water System per UtilityFigure 2-3 compares the footage of the water system as per the diameter sizes divided in two categoriesof less than 24-inch diameter and 24-inch and larger diameter sizes in each of the water utilities. Thewater utilities of 1, 5, 6, 8, 15, 17, 18, 19 and 21 didn’t provide the total footage of their water systemincluding all diameter sizes. The remaining water utilities amount to a total of 18,751.4 miles of footage forall sizes and 1,082.8 for diameters of 24-inch and larger which is less than 6% of the total water system.70006000Footage (miles)50004000300020001000024" & larger13Less than 24"02835044220 1810 1815216227328199 10 11 1254 108 101 8513 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 2130 160 174 121 260 411 187 332 432007180 1106 106 13031325 770 2104 0 1834 000 5591 0CityFigure 2-3: Footage of Water System for all sizes2-5
2.5 Footage of Water System for PCCPFigure 2-4 explains the footage of PCCP in each of the water utility for 24” and larger diameter sizes. Forexample, water utility no. 21 has 68 miles of pipe diameter size 24” to 36”, 35 miles of 42” to 48” and 36miles of 54” and larger diameter. The total footage of PCCP for all of the water utilities is 632 miles with246 miles of 24” to 36”, 129 miles of 42” to 48” and remaining 257 miles of 54” and larger. Out of 21utilities, 8 utilities do not have PCCP in their inventory of 24” and larger diameter sizes.300Footage (miles)25020015010050024" - 86942" - 48"00000000308125202301854" and Larger000000000083000230319020221 68 24602435 129164 2036 257Water UtilityFigure 2-4: Footage of Water Systems for PCCP2-6
2.6 Relationship between Diameter and Footage for PCCPFigure 2-5 represents the percent distribution of the total miles of only PCCP for each of thediameter range for all of the 21 water utilities. For instance, 41% of the total 632 miles of PCCP is 54” andlarger which is 257 miles.PCC Pipes39%41%24" to 36"42" to 48"54" and larger20%Figure 2-5: Relationship between Diameter Range and Miles of PCCP2-7
2.6 Footage of Water Systems for Steel PipeFigure 2-6 explains the footage of Steel Pipes in each of the water utility for 24” and largerdiameter sizes. For example, water utility no. 17 has 171 miles of pipe diameter size 24” to 36”, 39 milesof 42” to 48” and 21 miles of 54” and larger diameter. The total footage of Steel Pipes for all of the waterutilities is 574 miles with 309 miles of 24” to 36”, 118 miles of 42” to 48” and remaining 147 miles of 54”and larger. Out of 21 utilities, 7 utilities do not have Steel Pipes in their inventory of 24” and largerdiameter sizes.350.0300.0Footage (miles)250.0200.0150.0100.050.00.024" - 36"120.0 0.03140506071813901026119120130142515216 17 180 171 4242" - 48"0.0 0.000000023200017003954" and Larger 0.0 0.000000001400012002121 19 309190200190081021068 147118Water UtilityFigure 2-6: Footage of Water Systems for Steel Pipes2-8
2.7 Relationship between Diameter and Footage for Steel PipeFigure 2-7 represents the percent distribution of the total miles of only Steel Pipes for each of thediameter range for all of the 21 water utilities. For Steel Pipes, more than half of the total footage for 24”and larger diameter size is in the range of 24” to 36” diameter.Steel Pipes25%24" to 36"42" to 48"54%54" and larger21%Figure 2-7 Relationship between Diameter Range and Miles of Steel Pipes2-9
2.8 Footage of Water System for PVC PipesFigure 2-8 explains the footage of PVC Pipes in each of the water utility for 24” and largerdiameter sizes. For example, water utility no. 15 has 10 miles of pipe diameter size 24” to 36”, 0.1 miles of42” to 48” and 0.05 miles of 54” and larger diameter. The total footage of PVC Pipes for all of the waterutilities is 24.1 miles with 23.9 miles of 24” to 36” and 0.2 miles of 42” to 48”. No water utility has a PVCpipe for diameter range of 54” and larger. Out of 21 utilities, 8 utilities have PVC Pipes in their inventory of24” and larger diameter sizes.30Footage (miles)252015105024" - 90200210 2442" - 48"000000000000000000000054" and Larger0000000000000000000000Water UtilityFigure 2-8 Footage of Water Systems for PVC pipes2-10
2.9 Relationship between Diameter and Footage for PVC PipeFigure 2-9 represents the percent distribution of the total miles of only PVC Pipes for each of thediameter range for all of the 21 water utilities. 99% of this pipe material is in the range of 24” to 36” and anegligible 1% in 42” to 48” and none in 54” and larger diameter sizes.PVC Pipes1%0%24" to 36"42" to 48"54" and larger99%Figure 2-9 Relationship between Diameter Range and Miles of PVC Pipes2-11
2.10 Footage of Water System for HDPE PipesFigure 2-10 explains the footage of HDPE Pipes in each of the water utility for 24” and largerdiameter sizes. For example, water utility no. 14 has 2 miles of pipe diameter size 24” to 36” and zeromiles for other two diameter ranges. The total footage of HDPE Pipes for all of the water utilities is 5 mileswith 4 miles of 24” to 36” and 1 mile of 54” and larger. Out of 21 utilities, only 5 utilities have HDPE Pipesin their inventory of 24” and larger diameter sizes.44Footage (miles)332211024" - 0200210 442" - 48"000000000000000000000054" and Larger0000000000000000001001Water UtilityFigure 2-10 Footage of Water Systems for HDPE Pipe2-12
2.11 Relationship between Diameter and Footage for HDPE PipeFigure 2-11 represents the percent distribution of the total miles of only HDPE Pipes for each ofthe diameter range for all of the 21 water utilities. 79% contributes towards 24” to 36” diameter range andthe remaining 21% is of 54” and larger.HDPE Pipes21%24" to 36"0%42" to 48"54" and larger79%Figure 2-11 Relationship between Diameter Range and Miles of HDPE2-13
2.12 Footage of Water System for DI PipesFigure 2-12 explains the footage of DI Pipes in each of the water utility for 24” and larger diametersizes. For example, water utility no. 20 has 113 miles of pipe diameter size 24” to 36”, 3 miles of 42” to48” and 1 mile of 54” and larger diameter. The total footage of DI Pipes for all of the water utilities is 426miles with 399 miles of 24” to 36”, 21 miles of 42” to 48” and remaining 6 miles of 54” and larger. Except 3water utilities, rest all does use DI Pipes in their water system.450400Footage (miles)35030025020015010050024" - 7018919 20 21 0 113 56 39942" - 48"0000000020070310010352154" and Larger0000000000020000000126Water UtilityFigure 2-12 Footage of Water System for DI Pipes2-14
2.13 Relationship between Diameter and Footage for DI PipeFigure 2-13 represents the percent distribution of the total miles of only DI Pipes for each of thediameter range for all of the 21 water utilities. 94% of the DI Pip
All pipe materials have advantages and limitations, and can deteriorate over time. Many project specific factors, operations and maintenance proce
SIMPLE STEEL WEIGHT FORMULAS Simply enter data indicated (Decimal Inches), move from left to right making computations by factors as sho wn. ROUND Diameter x Diameter x 2.6729 Lbs. Per Foot FLAT Thickness x Width x 3.4032 Lbs. Per Foot SQUARE Diameter x Diameter x 3.4032 Lbs. Per Foot HEXAGON *Diameter x Diameter x 2.9437 Lbs. Per Foot
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DNV has a long history of providing incident investigation services and . 2. Need for incident investigation 3. Investigation process 4. Investigation assessment – selected results 5. Findings of investigation - recommendations and expectations 6. Comments from GenCat 7. Concluding remarks
25 PRACTICAL TIPS AND SUMMARY ¾Subrogation Is An Investment ¾Take Investigation Seriously ¾Tag Large Losses For Additional Investigation ¾Strive To Be Cost‐Effective ¾Who Else Owns This Loss? ¾Think Subrogation 26 INVESTIGATION AND SUBROGATION OF LARGE FIRE LOSSES Christopher M. Miller
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