PISA RELEASED ITEMS - SCIENCE - OECD
Document: ReleasedPISAItems Science.docPISA RELEASED ITEMS SCIENCEDecember 2006Project Consortium:Australian Council for Educational Research(ACER)Netherlands National Institute for EducationalMeasurement (CITO)National Institute for Educational PolicyResearch (NIER, Japan)Westat
Table of ContentsS126: Biodiversity . 3S127: Buses. 6S128: Cloning. 8S129: Daylight. 11S195: Semmelweis’ Diary . 16S210: Climate Change . 22S212: Flies . 24S251: Calf Clones . 28S253: Ozone . 31S307: Corn . 37S409: Fit for Drinking . 40S414: Tooth Decay . 45S420: Hot Work. 48S423: Mousepox . 50S433: Stickleback Behaviour . 53S439: Tobacco Smoking . 59S441: Starlight. 63S448: Ultrasound . 64S470: Lip Gloss. 67S472: Evolution . 69S505: Bread Dough. 72S507: Transit of Venus. 76S515: Health Risk? . 79S516: Catalytic Converter . 82S526: Major Surgery . 86S529: Wind Farms . 90Source Publications for Released Items . 94ReleasedPISAItems Science.docPage 2
S126: BiodiversityBiodiversity Text 1Read the following newspaper article and answer the questions which follow.BIODIVERSITY IS THE KEY TO MANAGING ENVIRONMENT510An ecosystem that retains a high biodiversity (that is, a wide variety of living things) ismuch more likely to adapt to human-caused environment change than is one that haslittle.Consider the two food webs shown in the diagram. The arrows point from theorganism that gets eaten to the one that eats it. These food webs are highlysimplified compared with food webs in real ecosystems, but they still illustrate a keydifference between more diverse and less diverse ecosystems.Food web B represents a situation with very low biodiversity, where at somelevels the food path involves only a single type of organism. Food web A representsa more diverse ecosystem with, as a result, many more alternative feeding pathways.Generally, loss of biodiversity should be regarded seriously, not only becausethe organisms that have become extinct represent a big loss for both ethical andutilitarian (useful benefit) reasons, but also because the organisms that remain havebecome more vulnerable (exposed) to extinction in the future.FOOD WEB AEucalyptBeetleSpiderWattleLeaf HopperParasitic WaspLizardRobinSnakeButcherBirdFOOD WEB BWattleTea TreeLeaf HopperButterfly LarvaeParasitic WaspHoneyeaterLizardNative CatSnakeRobinButcherBirdNative CatSource: Adapted from Steve Malcolm: ‘Biodiversity is the key to managing environment’, The Age, 16August 1994.ReleasedPISAItems Science.docPage 3
S126Q03Question 3: BIODIVERSITYIn lines 9 and 10 it is stated that “Food web A represents a more diverse ecosystemwith, as a result, many more alternative feeding pathways.”Look at FOOD WEB A. Only two animals in this food web have three direct(immediate) food sources. Which two animals are they?ABCDENative Cat and Parasitic WaspNative Cat and Butcher BirdParasitic Wasp and Leaf HopperParasitic Wasp and SpiderNative Cat and HoneyeaterBIODIVERSITY SCORING 3QUESTION INTENT: Process: Demonstrating knowledge and understandingTheme: EcosystemsArea: Science in life and healthFull creditCode 1:A. Native Cat and Parasitic WaspNo creditCode 0:Other responses.Code 9:Missing.Question 4: BIODIVERSITYS126Q04Food webs A and B are in different locations. Imagine if Leaf Hoppers died out inboth locations. Which one of these is the best prediction and explanation for theeffect this would have on the food webs?A The effect would be greater in food web A because the Parasitic Wasp has onlyone food source in web A.B The effect would be greater in food web A because the Parasitic Wasp hasseveral food sources in web A.C The effect would be greater in food web B because the Parasitic Wasp has onlyone food source in web B.D The effect would be greater in food web B because the Parasitic Wasp hasseveral food sources in web B.BIODIVERSITY SCORING 4QUESTION INTENT: Process: Drawing/evaluating conclusionsTheme: BiodiversityArea: Science in life and healthReleasedPISAItems Science.docPage 4
Full creditCode 1:C. The effect would be greater in food web B because the Parasitic Wasphas only one food source in web B.No creditCode 0:Other responses.Code 9:Missing.ReleasedPISAItems Science.docPage 5
S127: BusesS127Q01Question 1: BUSESA bus is driving along a straight stretch of road. The bus driver, named Ray, has acup of water resting on the dashboard:12waterdriving directionSuddenly Ray has to slam on the brakes.What is most likely to happen to the water in the cup?ABCDThe water will stay horizontal.The water will spill over side 1.The water will spill over side 2.The water will spill but you cannot tell if it will spill at side 1 or side 2.BUSES SCORING 1QUESTION INTENT: Process: Demonstrating knowledge and understandingTheme: Forces and movementArea: Science in technologiesFull creditCode 1:C. The water will spill over side 2.No creditCode 0:Other responses.Code 9:Missing.ReleasedPISAItems Science.docPage 6
Question 4: BUSESS127Q04- 0 1 8 9Ray’s bus is, like most buses, powered by a petrol engine. These buses contribute toenvironmental pollution.Some cities have trolley buses: they are powered by an electric engine. The voltageneeded for such an electric engine is provided by overhead lines (like electric trains).The electricity is supplied by a power station using fossil fuels.Supporters for the use of trolley buses in a city say that these buses don’t contributeto environmental pollution.Are these supporters right? Explain your answer. .BUSES SCORING 4QUESTION INTENT: Process: Demonstrating knowledge and understandingTheme: Energy transformationsArea: Science in Earth and environmentFull creditCode1:Gives an answer in which it is stated that the power station also contributesto environmental pollution: No, because the power station causes environmental pollution as well. Yes, but this is only true for the city itself; the power station however causesenvironmental pollution.No creditCode 0:No or yes, without a correct explanation.Code 8:Off task.Code 9:Missing.Example responsesCode 1: Yes and No. The buses don’t pollute the city which is good, but the power stationdoes pollute and that’s not very good. The buses do contribute to the environmental pollution by using fossil fuels butthey’re not as harmful as normal buses with all their gases. [Note: This answercan be given the benefit of the doubt.]Code 0: Well they have no outlet so no harmful smoke goes into the air which candamage the O-zone layer, and having electricity created by fossil fuels is alsomore environmental friendly. Yes, they are. Because electricity isn’t harmful for the environment we only useup our Earth’s gas.ReleasedPISAItems Science.docPage 7
S128: CloningRead the newspaper article and answer the questions that follow.A copying machine for living beings?Without any doubt, if there had beenelections for the animal of the year 1997,Dolly would have been the winner! Dollyis a Scottish sheep that you see in the5 photo. But Dolly is not just a simple sheep.She is a clone of another sheep. A clonemeans: a copy. Cloning means copying‘from a single master copy’. Scientistssucceeded in creating a sheep (Dolly) that10 is identical to a sheep that functioned as a‘master copy’.It was the Scottish scientist Ian Wilmutwho designed the ‘copying machine’ forsheep. He took a very small piece from the15 udder of an adult sheep (sheep 1).ReleasedPISAItems Science.docFrom that small piece he removed thenucleus, then he transferred the nucleusinto the egg-cell of another (female) sheep(sheep 2). But first he removed from that20 egg-cell all the material that would havedetermined sheep 2 characteristics in alamb produced from that egg-cell. IanWilmut implanted the manipulated eggcell of sheep 2 into yet another (female)25 sheep (sheep 3). Sheep 3 became pregnantand had a lamb: Dolly.Some scientists think that within a fewyears it will be possible to clone people aswell. But many governments have already30 decided to forbid cloning of people by law.Page 8
Question 1: CLONINGS128Q01Which sheep is Dolly identical to?ABCDSheep 1Sheep 2Sheep 3Dolly’s fatherCLONING SCORING 1Full creditCode 1:A. Sheep 1No creditCode 0:Other responses.Code 9:Missing.Question 2: CLONINGS128Q02In line 14 the part of the udder that was used is described as “a very small piece”.From the article text you can work out what is meant by “a very small piece”.That “very small piece” isABCDa cell.a gene.a cell nucleus.a chromosome.CLONING SCORING 2Full creditCode 1:A. a cell.No creditCode 0:Other responses.Code 9:Missing.ReleasedPISAItems Science.docPage 9
Question 3: CLONINGS128Q03In the last sentence of the article it is stated that many governments have alreadydecided to forbid cloning of people by law.Two possible reasons for this decision are mentioned below.Are these reasons scientific reasons?Circle either “Yes” or “No” for each.Reason:Cloned people could be more sensitive to certain diseases thannormal people.People should not take over the role of a Creator.Scientific?Yes / NoYes / NoCLONING SCORING 3Full creditCode 1:Yes, No, in that order.No creditCode 0:Other responses.Code 9:Missing.ReleasedPISAItems Science.docPage 10
S129: DaylightRead the following information and answer the questions that follow.DAYLIGHT ON 22 JUNE 2002Today, as the NorthernHemisphere celebrates itslongest day, Australians willexperience their shortest.In Melbourne*, Australia, theSun will rise at 7:36 am and setat 5:08 pm, giving nine hoursand 32 minutes of daylight.Compare today to the year’slongest day in the SouthernHemisphere, expected on 22December, when the Sun willrise at 5:55 am and set at 8:42pm, giving 14 hours and 47minutes of daylight.The President of theAstronomical Society, Mr PerryVlahos, said the existence ofchanging seasons in theNorthern and SouthernHemispheres was linked to theEarth’s 23-degree tilt.*Melbourne is a city in Australia at a latitude of about 38 degrees South of the equator.Question 1: DAYLIGHTS129Q01Which statement explains why daylight and darkness occur on Earth?ABCDThe Earth rotates on its axis.The Sun rotates on its axis.The Earth’s axis is tilted.The Earth revolves around the Sun.DAYLIGHT SCORING 1Full creditCode 1:A. The Earth rotates on its axis.No creditCode 0:Other responses.Code 9:Missing.ReleasedPISAItems Science.docPage 11
S129Q02 - 01 02 03 04 11 12 13 21 99Question 2: DAYLIGHTIn the Figure light rays from the Sun are shown shining on the Earth.Lightfrom theSunEarthFigure: light rays from SunSuppose it is the shortest day in Melbourne.Show the Earth’s axis, the Northern Hemisphere, the Southern Hemisphere and theEquator on the Figure. Label all parts of your answer.DAYLIGHT SCORING 2Note: the important features when marking this question are:1. The Earth’s axis is drawn tilted towards the Sun within the range 10 and 45 fromvertical for credit: refer to the following diagram:10OCREDIT FOR AXIS23O45OOutside of 10 and 45 to vertical range: no credit.2. The presence or absence of clearly labelled Northern and Southern Hemispheres,or one Hemisphere only labelled, the other implied.3. The equator is drawn at a tilt towards the Sun within the range 10 and 45 abovehorizontal for credit: refer to the following diagram:ReleasedPISAItems Science.docPage 12
The equator may be drawn as an elliptical line or straight line.45OCREDIT FOR EQUATOR23O10OOutside of 10 and 45 to horizontal range: no credit.Full creditCode 21: Diagram with Equator tilted towards the Sun at an angle between 10 and45 and Earth’s axis tilted towards the Sun within the range 10 and 45 from vertical, and the Northern and or Southern Hemispheres correctlylabelled (or one only labelled, the other implied).ANSEquatorPartial creditCode 11: Angle of tilt of axis between 10 and 45 , Northern and / or SouthernHemispheres correctly labelled (or one only labelled, the other implied), butangle of tilt of Equator not between 10 and 45 ; or Equator missing.AxisAxisNSReleasedPISAItems Science.docNAxisNEquatorSEquatorPage 13
Code 12: Angle of tilt of Equator between 10 and 45 , Northern and / or SouthernHemispheres correctly labelled (or one only labelled, the other implied), butangle of tilt of axis not between 10 and 45 ; or axis missing.AxisAxisAxisNNSEquatorNSEquatorEquatorCode 13: Angle of tilt of Equator between 10 and 45 , and angle of tilt of axisbetween 10 and 45 , but Northern and Southern Hemispheres notcorrectly labelled (or one only labelled, the other implied, or both missing).AxisEquatorNo creditCode 01: Northern and or Southern Hemispheres correctly labelled (or one only, theother implied) is the only correct feature.NSCode 02: Angle of tilt of Equator between 10 and 45 is the only correct feature.EquatorReleasedPISAItems Science.docPage 14
Code 03: Angle of tilt of axis between 10 and 45 is the only correct feature.AxisCode 04: No features are correct, or other responses.SNCode 99: Missing.ReleasedPISAItems Science.docPage 15
S195: Semmelweis’ DiarySemmelweis’ Diary Text 1‘July 1846. Next week I will take up a position as “Herr Doktor” at the First Ward ofthe maternity clinic of the Vienna General Hospital. I was frightened when I heardabout the percentage of patients who die in this clinic. This month not less than 36 ofthe 208 mothers died there, all from puerperal fever. Giving birth to a child is asdangerous as first-degree pneumonia.’These lines from the diary ofIgnaz Semmelweis (1818-1865)illustrate the devastating effects ofpuerperal fever, a contagiousdisease that killed many womenafter childbirth.Semmelweiscollected data about the numberof deaths from puerperal fever inboth the First and the SecondWards (see diagram).Number of Deaths per 100deliveries from puerperal feverNumber 451846YearDiagramPhysicians, among them Semmelweis, were completely in the dark about the causeof puerperal fever. Semmelweis’ diary again:‘December 1846. Why do so many women die from this fever after giving birthwithout any problems? For centuries science has told us that it is an invisibleepidemic that kills mothers. Causes may be changes in the air or someextraterrestrial influence or a movement of the earth itself, an earthquake.’Nowadays not many people would consider extraterrestrial influence or anearthquake as possible causes of fever. But in the time Semmelweis lived, manypeople, even scientists, did! We now know it has to do with hygienic conditions.Semmelweis knew that it was unlikely that fever could be caused by extraterrestrialinfluence or an earthquake. He pointed at the data he collected (see diagram) andused this to try to persuade his colleagues.ReleasedPISAItems Science.docPage 16
Question 2: SEMMELWEIS’ DIARYS195Q02- 01 02 03 04 11 12 13 21 99Suppose you were Semmelweis. Give a reason (based on the data Semmelweiscollected) why puerperal fever is unlikely to be caused by earthquakes.SEMMELWEIS’ DIARY SCORING 2QUESTION INTENT: Process: Drawing/evaluating conclusionsTheme: Human biologyArea: Science in life and healthFull creditCode 21: Refers to the difference between the number of deaths (per 100 deliveries)in both wards. Due to the fact that the first ward had a high rate of women dying compared towomen in the second ward, obviously shows that it had nothing to do withearthquakes. Not as many people died in ward 2 so an earthquake couldn’t have occurredwithout causing the same number of deaths in each ward. Because the second ward isn’t as high, maybe it had something to do with ward 1. It is unlikely that earthquakes cause the fever since death rates are so differentfor the two wards.Partial creditCode 11: Refers to the fact that earthquakes don’t occur frequently. It would be unlikely to be caused by earthquakes because earthquakes wouldn’thappen all the time.Code 12: Refers to the fact that earthquakes also influence people outside thewards. If there were an earthquake, women from outside the hospital would have gotpuerperal fever as well. If an earthquake were the reason, the whole world would get puerperal fevereach time an earthquake occurs (not only the wards 1 and 2).Code 13: Refers to the thought that when earthquakes occur, men don’t getpuerperal fever. If a man were in the hospital and an earthquake came, he didn’t get puerperalfever, so earthquakes cannot be the cause. Becau
D Parasitic Wasp and Spider E Native Cat and Honeyeater BIODIVERSITY SCORING 3 QUESTION INTENT: Process: Demonstrating knowledge and understanding Theme: Ecosystems Area: Science in life and health Full credit Code 1: A. Native Cat and Parasitic Wasp No credit Code 0: Other responses. Code 9: Missing. Question 4: BIODIVERSITY S126Q04
PISA 2018 U.S. Results PISA results for reading, mathematics, and science literacy are in! The Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) is a study of 15-year-old students’ performance in reading, mathematics, and science literacy conducted every 3 years. The PISA 20
The Leaning Tower of Pisa The Leaning Tower of Pisa (Torre pendente di Pisa) took almost 200 years to complete and has stood beside the Cathedral of Pisa for over 600 years. Thanks to its famous tilt, it has become one of the world’s most recognizable
Grade 8 ELA–Reading Released Items Passage(s): AzM2 Released Items . 4 . AzM2 Released Items . 5 . AzM2 Released Items . 6 . AzM2 Released Items . 7 . Item(s) (1 Point) Option Rationales . Choice A: Key - By graphically depicting the Hyperloop, including specific details and labe
PISA questions for the reading, mathematics and science tests, respectively. Each chapter presents an overview of what exactly the questions assess. The second section of each chapter presents questions which were used in the PISA 2000, 2003 and 2006 surveys, that is, the actual PISA tests for which results were published. The third section presents questions used in trying out the assessment .
1. Change in the share of high- and low-achievers in PISA science over time 1.1 Changes across the United Kingdom In the PISA 2015 national reports for England, Northern Ireland and Wales, we present and discuss in chapter 2 the shares of high- and low-achievers in PISA 2015 science.
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PISA dilaksanakan setiap tiga tahun sekali, yaitu pada tahun 2000, 2003, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2015 dan seterusnya. Sejak tahun 2000 Indonesia mulai sepenuhnya berpartisipasi paPada tahun 2000 da PISA. sebanyak 41 negara bertisipasi sebagarpa i peserta sedangkan pada tahun 2003 menurun menjadi 40 negara dan pada tahun 2006
butir soal latihan, 131 butir soal uji kompetensi dan 29 butir soal ulangan akhir semester I terdapat 155 butir soal atau 34,60% yang sesuai dengan model PISA dan 293 butir soal tidak serupa PISA atau 65,40% dari jumlah keseluruhan soal. Soal serupa PISA banyak terdapat dalam bab I, III dan IV dengan materi pokok bilangan,
