Animal Evolution: Invertebrate Diversity (Learning Outline)
Animal Evolution: Invertebrate Diversity (Learning Outline)1. Characteristics of organisms of the Kingdom Animalia2. Evolution of animals: diploid multi-cellular aquatic organisms from acolonial diploid protist.3. Highlights of animal evolution.4. Order of appearance of animal groups.5. Distinguishing features of the nine animal phyla and representativeorganisms.6. Highlights of evolution of land animals from aquatic ancestors7. Order of appearance of land animals.8. Parasitism as an integral part of animal evolution.9. Common parasites causing common diseases and classificationgroups10.For organisms covered in class or lab, place each in its classificationgrouping , relation to others, and know their major evolutionaryfeatures.
Last 0.5 bilion yearsCenozoicHumansColonizationof landAnimalsOrigin of solarsystem hericoxygen
Evolution of AnimalsAnimals are eukaryotic, multi-cellular,heterotrophic organisms that ingest theirfoodDiversity of animals
The ancestor of animals was probably acolonial, flagellated protist whose cellsgradually became more specialized ells1Colonial protist,an aggregateof identical cells2Hollow sphere 3 Beginning of cellof unspecializedspecializationcells (shown in(cross section)cross section)4Infolding(cross section)5Gastrula-like“proto-animal”(cross section)
Species:Felis catusGenus: FelisFamily: Felidae Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom DomainOrder: CarnivoraClass: MammaliaPhylum: ChordataKingdom: AnimaliaBacteriaDomain: EukaryaArchaea
Animal DiversityEukaryotic Kingdom: Animalia– Body composition Multi-cellular evolving from a colonial protist ancestorLater forms developed tissues, organs, and organ systems– Heterotrophic Some free-living others parasitic– Early forms are aquatic– Evolutionary adaptations led to evolution of land animals
Major steps of animal evolution––––––Assembly of cells that work togetherFormation of tissues: nerves and muscleMovement followed by active predationBody made of distinct layers of cells: 2 then 3Body symmetry: radial and bilateralBilateral organisms: Mouth from second opening Mouth from first openingTwo major animal forms: Invertebrates 97% of all animals- evolved earlier Vertebrates- later forms in one phylum only
Classification Criteria for Animals Level of OrganizationTissue, organ, organ systems Body SymmetryNone- asymmetricBilateralRadial Body PlanSac with one openingTube within a tube-two openings Segmentation (with and without appendages)
d outh fromFirst EmbryonicOpeningMouth fromSecond EmbryonicOpeningOrgan Systems(Coelom)Body Cavity(Pseudocoelom)No Body Cavity(No coelom)Tube within TubeNo true tissuesRadial SymmetryBilateral SymmetrySac Body PlanMulticellulartrue tissuesColonialLevel of Organization
DeuterostomesPhylogenetic Treeof Animals with9 PhylamostlyinvertebratesProtostomesMouth fromFirst EmbryonicOpeningMouth fromSecond EmbryonicOpeningBilateriansBilateral symmetryRadial symmetryNo true sChordatesEchinodermstheir commonnames)CnidariansPhyla (bySpongesInvertebrates& VertebratesEumetazoans True tissuesAncestralcolonial protist
KeyHaploid (n)SpermDiploid (2n)21MeiosisEggZygote(fertilized egg)3Diploid cellsEight-cell stageAdult8MetamorphosisDigestive tract4Blastula(cross section)EctodermLarva57EndodermInternal sacLater gastrula(cross section)Early gastrulaFuture (cross section)6 mesodermAnimal development may include a blastula, gastrula, andlarval stage
Animals can be characterized by basicfeatures of their “body plan”. They may vary insymmetry.TopDorsal surfaceAnteriorendPosteriorendVentral surfaceBottom
Animals and digestive cavitiesIncomplete gut (sac-like)– radial symmetry– bilateral symmetryComplete gut- type 1– bodies without shells– bodies with shells– bodies with segments with exoskeletonComplete gut- type 2– hydraulic tube feet– bodies with notochord (primitive backbone)
d outh fromFirst EmbryonicOpeningNo Body Cavity(No coelom)Mouth fromSecond EmbryonicOpeningOrgan Systems(Coelom)Body Cavity(Pseudocoelom)Tube within TubeRadial SymmetryBilateral SymmetrySac Body PlanMulticellularLevel of Organization
INVERTEBRATESSponges have a relatively simple, porous bodySponges are the simplest animals and have no truetissues- Loose assembly of cells that work togetherSponges filter food from the water passing through the porous ns (14 mins)
Cnidarians are radial animals with sensory tentacles andstinging cells, mouth and stomach, and true tissues ofmuscle and nerves (first ians-life-move (14:45 mins)They have two body forms- Polyps, such as hydra- Medusae, the jelliesHydraJellyfishSea anemone
Animal body cavity-coelomTissue-filled region(from mesoderm)Body covering(from ectoderm)Flat worms- noneDigestive tract(from endoderm)Body covering(from ectoderm)Muscle layer(from mesoderm)Round worms- pseudocoelomDigestive tract(from endoderm)PseudocoelomCoelomSegmented wormscoelomDigestive tract(from endoderm)Body covering(from ectoderm)Tissue layerlining coelomand suspendinginternal organs(from mesoderm)
Flatworms are the first active hunters- found in the ocean, freshwater, on land, and eveninside other animals. (free living & parasitic)- a simple central nervous system and a head with abrain- Mouth on the underside of the body not in the headregionhttp://www.shapeoflife.org/flatworms (9:54 mins)https://www.youtube.com/watch?v wZBPqITnyME (15 minutes)
Flatworms are the simplest bilateral animalsFlatworms are bilateral animals that have:- no body cavity- a sac-like gut- Hermaphrodites- internal delivery of sperm to eggGastrovascularcavityNerve cordsMouthEyespotsNervoustissueclustersBilateral symmetry
Flukes: liver diseases- sheep and cattle(fascioliasis)fas·ci·o·li·a·sis- Human lung flukedisease peoflife.org/video/flatwormanimation-tapeworm (1:39 mins)Units withreproductivestructuresColorized SEM 80 Parasitic flatwormse.g. Flukes andtapewormsTapeworms Cause diseasescommonly after eating raw orundercooked meat (beef andpork) or fish that contains theimmature form of the tapewormScolexHooks (anteriorSucker end)
Molluscs- have a distinct body plan bilaterally symmetricala muscular foot, visceral mass, and a mantle which may secrete a shellwell-defined organ systems: circulatory, respiratory, and digestive with arasping rvival-game (15:08 mins)Visceral ervecordsDigestive tractRadulaMouth
The largest group of molluscs includes thesnails and slugs
Another group of molluscs are the bivalves have shellsdivided into two halves. This includes clams, oysters,mussels, and scallops
Another group are adapted to be agile predatorssuch as squids and octopuses
Annelids (Segmented worms) –Segmentation provides added mobility for swimming and burrowing:earthworms, Leeches, marine wormsEarthworms eat their way through soil and have a closed annelids-powerful-and-capable-wormsSegment wall(13:38 mins)EpidermisAnusMarine esselDigestivetractBrainBristlesExcretoryNerve cordVentral vesselorganSegmentwallBlood vesselsMouthNerve cordPumping segmental vesselsGiantAustralianearthworm
The largest group of segmented wormssearch for prey on the seafloor or live in tubesand filter food particles
Round worms (Nematodes) have a pseudocoelom and acomplete digestive tract and arecovered by a protective cuticle.usually microscopic and colorless.some live free in moist soil, water, or in decayingmatter.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v dYPF5dmT o Parasitic forms cause diseases of plants andanimals.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v fmOJ0bh8le4
Parasitic Nematodewith complex lifecycleFree-livingNematodeCaenorhabditis elegansLM 350 Colorized SEM 400 Muscle tissueTrichinella juvenileUndercooked pork or game(hunted wild animals)
Arthropods (Jointed legs)––––segmented animalsjointed appendagesexoskeletonExtremely diverseMarine: successful-design (9:28 mins)Terrestrial: pods-conquerors (13:41 mins)
Diverse arthropods include:- Millipedes and Centipedes- Horseshoe crabs- Arachnids such as spiders, scorpions,mites, and ticks- Crustaceans- aquatic. Include crabs,shrimps, and barnacles- Insects
Colorized SEM 900 A black widow spider (about1 cm wide)A scorpion (about 8 cm long)A dust mite (about 420µm long)
Crayfish External nThoraxHeadSwimmingappendagesWalking legsPincer (defense)Mouthparts (feeding)CrayFish Dissection (Virtual)http://www.youtube.com/watch?v 2cBGuEDxvNo
Echinoderms- have spiny skin and a water vascular system for movement- organisms such as sea stars and sea urchins- penta-radially symmetrical as s-ultimate-animal (13:54mins)Tube footTube footSpine
The water vascular system has suction cup–like tubefeet used for locomotion and transport of substancesincluding dissolved gases of respirationAnusSpinesSea StarDissectionhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v TioCree5axIStomachTube feetCanals
Animal Evolution: Invertebrate Diversity (Learning Outline) 1. Characteristics of organisms of the Kingdom Animalia 2. Evolution of animals: diploid multi -cellular aquatic organisms from a colonial diploid protist. 3. Highlights of animal evolution. 4. Order of appearance of animal groups. 5.
tion diversity. Alpha diversity Dα measures the average per-particle diversity in the population, beta diversity Dβ mea-sures the inter-particle diversity, and gamma diversity Dγ measures the bulk population diversity. The bulk population diversity (Dγ) is the product of diversity on the per-particle
animal. Say the good qualities of the 2nd place animal over the 1st place animal. List why the 2nd place animal does not win the class. (bad qualities) Say why 2nd place animal beats 3rd place animal by stating only the good qualities of the 2nd place animal. Say the good qualities of the 3rd place animal over the 2nd place animal.
diversity of the other strata. Beta (β) Diversity: β diversity is the inter community diversity expressing the rate of species turnover per unit change in habitat. Gamma (γ) Diversity : Gamma diversity is the overall diversity at landscape level includes both α and β diversities. The relationship is as follows: γ
AFMC Diversity, Equity, Inclusion and Accessibility (DEIA) Training 2 2 Diversity in BusinessDiversity in Business 3 Minutes 3 The Importance of Diversity The Importance of Diversity3 Minutes 4 The Power of Diversity 4 Minutes The Power of Diversity 5 The Threat of Diversity 2 Minutes The Threat of Diversity 6 Diverse Teams Deliver Results 1 Minute Diverse Teams Deliver Results
invertebrate scavengers, especially in shallow water habitats. The goal of my research was to compare the biodiversity and abundance of marine invertebrate scavengers in different benthic substrates in a coral reef ecosystem in Moorea, French Polynesia. Two ma
LAB 9: ANIMAL DIVERSITY, FORM AND FUNCTION READING: Please read chapter 17 in your text. INTRODUCTION: The evolution of animal life (Kingdom Animalia) began about 700 million years ago, in the sea, and today exhibits a diversity of forms. Before we begin our survey of animal phyla in this lab, we should review some basic terminology. There
alpha, beta, and gamma diversity. Alpha (α) diversity is local diversity, the diversity of a forest stand, a grassland, or a stream. At the other extreme is gamma (γ) diversity, the total regional diversity of a large area that contains several communities, such as the eastern deciduous forests
PLTW, Inc. Engineering Formulas y Mechanical Advantage (MA) IMA Ideal Mechanical Advantage AMA Actual Mechanical Advantage D E Effort Distance D R Resistance Distance F E Effort Force F R Resistance Force Wedge L Pulley Systems N IMA Total number of strands of a single string supporting the resistance d d IMA Wheel and Axle Effort at Axle Effort at Wheel Lever 1st Class 2nd .
