SPRAYTIME Third Qtr 2014
Spraytime Q32014 V2.qxp Layout 1 10/27/14 9:47 AM Page 1 UIJSE RVBSUFS WPMVNF QVCMJTIFE CZ UIF JOUFSOBUJPOBM UIFSNBM TQSBZ BTTPDJBUJPO B TUBOEJOH DPNNJUUFF PG UIF BNFSJDBO XFMEJOH TPDJFUZ@8;4F6BDAF2@5 BE:;EDE6D2I F
Spraytime Q32014 V2.qxp Layout 1 10/27/14 11:42 AM Page 2L A S E R & P L A S M A CUCUTTTTIINNGTHERMAL SPRAYA LU M I N U M C E R A M I C SGRIT BLASTINGCOCOOLLD SLDSPRPRRAYAYW I RE ARCWIREA ARASRASSIIVEVE BLALASTSTINSTIINGGRINDINGAND MOREFarr Gold SeriesIIndustrialIndndDust Collector Save EnergyyIncrease EfficiencyencyThermal Spray DustScan QR Code,Place Phone HereTurn your phone into awindow to actually see insidethe Farr Gold Series.LOOKS LIKE A SAFE BECAUSE IT’STMAIR POLLUTION CONTROL877-611-8644www.camfilapc.com/thermalspray
Spraytime Q32014 V2.qxp Layout 1 10/27/14 11:42 AM Page 3 Published byInternational Thermal SprayAssociationA Standing Committeeof the American Welding SocietyMission: To be the flagship thermalspray industry newsletter providingcompany, event, people, product,research, and membership news ofinterest to industrial leaders, engineers,researchers, scholars, policy-makers,and the public thermal spraycommunity.Kathy M. Dusa Managing EditorBill MosierJoe StrickerEditorTechnical EditorSPRAYTIME (ISSN 1532-9585) is aquarterlypublication of theInternationalThermalSprayAssociation.Printed on Recycled PaperCopyright 2014 by the InternationalThermal Spray n is not responsible for theaccuracy of information in the editorial,articles, and advertising sections of thispublication. Readers should independentlyevaluate the accuracy of any statement inthe editorial, articles, and advertisingsections of this publication which areimportant to him/her and rely on his/herindependent evaluation.Article submissions (subject to acceptanceand edit), advertising insertions, addresscorrespondence, subscription request,back issue copies, and changes of addressshould be sent to:Editorial and Production OfficeKathy M. Dusa, Managing EditorPost Office Box 1638Painesville, Ohio 44077 USAvoice: 440.357.5400 fax: 440.357.5430email: spraytime@thermalspray.orgINDEXA P P L I C AT I O N H I G H L I G H T SBUSINESS NEWSMetallisation Protecting Ships and Trawlers from Corrosion .4Five Ways to Get Strong Referrals.24INDUSTRY NEWSAdvertisers Listing .22ASM TSS Journal of Thermal Spray Technology Abstract .23Belt Grinding Systems Save Time .16Calendar of Events .20Curtiss-Wright Acquires Component Coating and Repair Services .13Exline Joins Forces With Exterran Turbo .19F W Gartner Licenses Technology for Laser Cladding .12Ferris and Ultrasonics .5Free DIN Standards Poster.23Free Flame Spray Technologies Poster .23Free GTS/Linde Thermal Spray Process Poster .23HVAF Progress Report .8International Thermal Spray Association .14-15, 18Lincoln Electric, new ITSA Member .19MEC Acquires Whertec .17’P E O P L E I N T H E N E W SProfessor Christopher Berndt, Swinburne University .26Scott Crabtree, Cincinnati Thermal Spray.25Will Read, Cincinnati Thermal Spray .25Gary Tydings, Eutectic Canada.25Where is your article? We encourage you to sendarticles, news, announcements and information tospraytime@thermalspray.org.Cover: Thermal Spray Zinc Protects Fishing TrawlerTurkish shipyard Celiktrans recently sprayed a 3,588 ton fishingtrawler. Approximately 53,820 sq ft (5000m2) of zinc was appliedto internal and external surfaces of the vessel. The long suppliespack, unique to the Metallisation ARC140 system, enabled theoperators to efficiently access hard to reach areas.See article page 4.1901 Ellis School RoadBaytown, Texas 77521Photo Credit: Darren KirkpatrickTungsten CarbidesChromium CarbidesMetal PowdersPure Metal PowdersSpecial OrderLineage Alloys offers a comprehensive range of thermal spraypowders to the industry.Please visit our website www.lineagealloysllc.com to view ourproducts, services and special order capabilities.Lineage Alloys technical staff are ready to discuss your thermalspray powder requirements and determine how we can best meetyour needs.For information, contact us at 281.426.5535, fax: 281.426.7484,email: lineage@lineagealloysllc.comA subscription to SPRAYTIME is freefor individuals interested in the thermalspray and coatings industry. Visitwww.spraytime.org to subscribe. SPRAYTIMEThird Quarter 20143
Spraytime Q32014 V2.qxp Layout 1 10/27/14 11:42 AM Page 4Metallisation Equipment Protecting Shipsand Trawlers From CorrosionThermal spraying is a technology, which protects orextends the life of a wide variety of structures in themost hostile environments and in situations wherecoatings are vital for safety and performance. Thermalspraying is carried out in a wide range of anti-corrosionor engineering markets. Typical marine applicationsinclude the spraying of ships, trawlers and other oceangoing vessels.The anti-corrosive properties of the thermal sprayingprocess are widely recognised in the shipping andmarine industry, where steel super structures andvessels are subjected to very damaging corrosionfrom the sea and salt laden air of the world’s shippingand fishing industries.Metallisation’s arcspray equipment is regularly usedwithin the shipping industry to protect ships andtrawlers from corrosion and has been involved in anumber of recent projects. One of those saw ChorroNaval, a customer of Metallisation’s Spanishdistributor, Descon Quimica S.L, thermal spraying awide range of vessels using the Arcspray 140 system.Chorro Naval is a renowned shipyard based in Vigo,Spain, and has many years’ experience in maintaining,repairing, restoring and building ships. The companyhas vast expertise in maintaining all types of shipincluding, fishing trawlers, merchant ships, cement 4carriers, supply ships, ferries and chemical carriers.The company offers a wide range of services to theshipyard industry including, hull shot blasting in drydock, tank coating and a wide range of ship restorationand painting services.In five separate projects, Chorro Naval has thermalsprayed a variety of shipping components with purezinc. On a Spanish tuna fishing boat they thermalsprayed the inside of the tunnel and the fishing holdwith a zinc aluminium alloy (85/15). On two trawlers,built in a Vigo shipyard and destined for the FaroeIslands, Chorro Naval thermal sprayed all externalareas of the boats with zinc.The external areas of a Danish patrol boat and anoceanographic Spanish ship were also sprayed withpure zinc. The final ship the ‘Ronja Polares’, aNorwegian fish carrier, was also thermal sprayed atthe Vigo dry dock, which is fully kitted out toaccommodate restoration and thermal spraying work.The external areas thermal sprayed during theseprojects included the hull, all external decks, superstructures, the bridge, mast and chimney.Prior to thermal spraying, surfaces of the ship’scomponents, both internal and external, were shotblasted to Standard SA 2.5 to clean and prepare thesurface. The zinc and zinc aluminium alloy coatingswere then applied using the Arcspray system.In Turkey, Metallisation customer, CeliktransShipyard, an expert shipyard that builds specialisedvessels for local and foreign ship owners, recentlythermal sprayed a 3,588 ton Norwegian fishing trawler.Using the Arcspray 140 system, Celiktrans thermalsprayed nearly 53,820 sq ft (5000m2) of zinc to theinternal and external surfaces of the vessel. The longsupplies pack, unique to Metallisation, enabled theoperators to thermal spray this large capacity vesselefficiently and safely, as the energiser could remainsecurely located on the ground. Celiktrans is aspecialist ship builder and provides, supply vessels,fishing vessels, ferries, tugboats and offers complextailor made building projects to its customers.Cem Unver, Shipyard Manager at CeliktransShipyard, says: “We were very pleased with the twoARC 140-350 systems we bought specifically for thisproject. We have never had any problems with theequipment or the process. In fact, we have beensurprised by the user-friendly operation of theequipment and the technical assistance provided byMetallisation. We are especially impressed with the65ft (20m) supplies pack, which also influenced ourdecision to buy the ARC 140 systems. The length ofthe supplies cables helped us a lot during the coatingof interior spaces, such as the cofferdams and tanks.We have easily coated even the most difficult to reachareas because of the long cables and the easy tooperate light weight spray guns. We would like to saya huge thank you to all at Metallisation and hope tosee them as our solution partner for the future.”SPRAYTIME Third Quarter 2014APPLICATIONNEWS
Spraytime Q32014 V2.qxp Layout 1 10/27/14 11:42 AM Page 5INDUSTRYNEWSIn the Arcspray process, two electrically chargedwires are driven and guided so that they converge at apoint and form an arc. An air nozzle atomizes themolten metal produced from the wire and projects ittowards the work piece using high pressure air. Thisspray solidifies when it hits the surface of the workpiece to form a dense coating, which protects againstcorrosion. The driving of the wires is typically either byair motor or electric motor and gearbox arrangement.Major advantages of the arcspray process are thatthe coatings are available for almost immediate use.There is no drying or curing time, no risk of damagingthe component and the deposits possess a higherdegree of bond strength than many other sprayedcoatings.For more information on the Arcspray projects,processes or equipment, please contact Stuart Milton,Sales Director on 44 (0) 1384 252 464 or visitwww.metallisation.comWhere is your article? We encourageyou to send articles, news, announcements andinformation to spraytime@thermalspray.org.Table 1 Some Ultrasonic Process VariablesWhen we suggest the idea of testing ultrasonicvariables with the idea of making your own decisionabout the cleaning process, the initial response canresemble fear, terror, even a sense of mischief. Withdue respect, we suggest that you are not Ferris Buhlerogling the new family sound system and the technicalreps are not Ferris’s dad. Evaluating a new ultrasonicsystem, making sure a current system is optimized,and testing to see that your current system is doing thejob involves emulating Ferris a little bit, albeit in amore, mature, systematic manner.Continued on Page 6Ferris and UltrasonicsIt may help to revisit ultrasonic cleaning. Ultrasoniccleaning, cleaning with high frequency sound waves,has become a staple of the manufacturing plant. Manyof us consider it indispensable for reliable, ruggedthermal spray processes. We are reporting a fewresults of ongoing studies performed at PlasmaTechnology Inc. in Torrance CA.Ultrasonic cleaning is often a necessity to optimizeaqueous-based cleaning processes; and it is useful forsolvent cleaning as well. By the way, as a heads-up tothose using trichloroethylene (TCE), the U.S. EPArecently did a residual risk assessment of the impactof TCE on worker safety (1) and held an experts workshop; their workshop may provide an indication ofthings to come (2-3).Ferris Buhler the ScientistToo often, we select ultrasonic systems and cleaningchemistries based only on the advice of the sales reps.The assertion that “everybody” is using high frequencyultrasonics doesn’t mean that high frequency is rightfor your applications, for your customer requirements.The technical rep who sets up the cleaning systemmay specify the design of the system, the chemistry,temperature and the power settings. He or she maythen say something like “don’t change anything anddon’t touch any of these settings.” There are manyvariables to ultrasonic systems; and that means manychoices. Some of these variables are listed in Table 1.WIRE FOR THE WORLDWhatever your needs, wherever you are– We’ll get you wired.Manufacturer ofHigh Performance Wire for Hardfacing,Welding and Thermal Spraying.SPRAYTIME Third Quarter 2014polymet.ussales@polymet.us 1.513.874.35865
Spraytime Q32014 V2.qxp Layout 1 10/27/14 11:42 AM Page 6Continued from Page 5ApproachWe have been testing the variables - not, of course,using actual hardware - but instead using couponsand scrap. We are presenting the results in a somewhat less formal manner than would happen in anactual journal article, in part to keep things lesscumbersome and in part because practical surfacepreparation would benefit from both the logic ofscience and from the spirit of adventure of Ferris.The current studies used water or aqueous-basedcleaning agents with ultrasonics. We tested twofrequencies, 40KHz and 132 KHz with sweep, in Crestbenchtop ultrasonic tank (4). We have assembled anumber of cleaning agents (5); a few of which wereused in the initial tests reported in this paper. The“coupon” was regular weight (not heavy duty)aluminum foil. Although cavitation meters are availableand can give quantifiable results, aluminum foil isinexpensive and readily available. Therefore, observing the orange peel pattern of aluminum foil is still themost commonly-used test for ultrasonic effectiveness.Foil cavitationThe test material (in this case, aluminum foil) wasplaced in a glass beaker containing the cleaningagent. The beaker was placed in the ultrasonic tankthat was filled with a solution of deionized water andsurfactant. Surfactant was added to the water in theultrasonic tank because conventional wisdom holdsthat surfactant lowers the surface tension, allowing formore effective cavitation. Results were gradedvisually. Figure 1 shows examples of the gradingsystem for foil (6). Even though your product isprobably less fragile than aluminum foil and is therefore less susceptible to ultrasonic erosion, ultrasonicdamage can happen. Therefore, observing a level of‘9’ might be a warning sign that perhaps you are overdoing it with the ultrasonics.not being effective. For example, the ultrasonictransducers could be malfunctioning. You can’t tellfrom the noise (unless you have extremely unusualhearing); what you hear is more likely to be secondaryharmonics. There could be other sources of low-to noorange peel pattern associated with the physicalproperties of the cleaning chemistry or design of thefixtures.Chemistry and Frequency ComparisonWater and three aqueous chemistries were tested, allusing a 10% dilution by volume. The aqueouschemistries tested are indicated in Table 2. Identitiesare coded because this study is meant to show somevariables to consider; it is not an “Iron Chef” contestamong cleaning agent formulators.Table 2. Aqueous Chemistries, Initial TestsWe tested the impact of water and the three mildlyalkaline cleaning chemistries on foil erosion at 40KHzand 132 KHz. Testing was at 55 C, 85 w/gal (fullpower), 9 min of cavitation. Results are shown inFigure 2. Conventional wisdom (the equivalent ofFerris Buhler’s father) is that higher frequenciesproduce less ultrasonic damage; and this held true inthe current study.Figure 2. Foil Erosion at Two DifferentFrequencies, Impact of ChemistryFigure 1. Levels of Foil ErosionOn the other hand, a level of zero or even two couldindicate that something is wrong, that ultrasonics are6TimeIn general most suppliers of ultrasonic equipmentclaim that almost all of the cleaning action occurswithin a short time; some say that 30 seconds ofcleaning is plenty; others claim 3 minutes is sufficient.Using water and the same three aqueous cleaningagents, cavitation of foil was evaluated at severaltimes, between 30 seconds and 9 minutes. Asindicated in Figure 3, there was more cavitation withincreasing time. However, results were non-linear; andthey were chemistry dependent.Some people use ultrasonics generically in that theySPRAYTIME Third Quarter 2014INDUSTRYNEWS
Spraytime Q32014 V2.qxp Layout 1 10/27/14 11:42 AM Page 7assume that if a short time with ultrasonics is good, alot more time is better. There are flaws in this reasoning. For one thing, ultrasonic product damage, whilecontrollable, is possible. The longer the time exposure,the more likelihood you are to see product damage.Unnecessarily long cleaning process times hold upproduction and use energy. This costs money.Therefore, you may want to test your process using afew different cleaning chemistries in combination withultrasonics.Figure 3. Foil Erosion Versus TimeINDUSTRYNEWSPowerMany ultrasonic units come with a power setting thatallow you to vary the power from zero to 100%. Usingthe 40 KHz tank, we varied the power between zeroand 100% and cleaned for nine minutes. We looked atwater and two aqueous formulations. Results areshown in Figure 4. In the tank we tested, there wassome cavitation even at the setting for zero power. Inaddition, results were non-linear; and we saw very littleimpact of chemistry.Figure 4. Foil Erosion Versus Per Cent PowerOngoing studiesThere are some cases where you want to moderateFerris’s spirit of adventure. For one thing, you shouldset the parameters, then set up the process, then castthe variables in stone. In addition, be aware that mostultrasonic systems are not recommended for use withflammable or combustible solvents. If you do needflammable solvents, purchase a system designed forthat purpose. Low-flashpoint systems cost moremoney, but it’s cheaper than rebuilding the facility; andyou can’t replace your workers. A bit of practicaladvice: don’t test ultrasonics by putting foil directly inthe tank. Put the foil in a beaker full of cleaning agent;and suspend the beaker in the tank. Otherwise, youcould end up contaminating the whole process tankwith messy crumpled foil or bits of foil “glitter.”Finally, and this bears repeating: never, never everclean actual hardware while you are testing thevariables. Until you have set up the actual cleaningsystem, use coupons or scrap parts; and, be awarethat you may have to run more than one or two teststo get the right conditions. Unexpected, and notnecessarily desirable results can happen during testdevelopment. If we always got it right the first time,there would be no “re” in “research.”We have shown you a few results, hopefully enoughto interest you in doing your own testing. Our ownwork is ongoing; we have an assortment of cleaningagents provided by a number of suppliers. We expectto report back to you periodically.REFERENCES1. TSCA Work Plan Chemical Risk Assessment,“Trichloroethylene: Degreasing, Spot Cleaning and Arts& Crafts Uses,” http://www.epa.gov/oppt/existingchemicals/pubs/TCE OPPTWorkplanChemRA FINAL 062414.pdf2. TCE Workshop presentations in Docket EPA-HQ-OPPT2014-03273. B. Kanegsberg, “Process-Based Risk Reduction forCleaning,” Presentation at TCE Workshop, July 29, 2014(in docket of Ref 2).4. Thanks to Crest Ultrasonics for providing the ultrasonicstanks for evaluation and to Ajit Shahani, eChem, forarranging for transport of the cleaning equipment.5. We appreciate cleaning agents provided for evaluationby Alconox, Brulin, eChem, Kyzen, Mirachem, andPetroferm.6. Figures are from: B. Kanegsberg and E. Kanegsberg, “IsUltrasonic Cleaning the Answer for Light MetalsFinishing?” presented at SUR/FIN, June 9, 2014,Cleveland, OH.About the authors:Steve Norris is New Project Director at PlasmaTechnology Inc. with locations in Torrance CA andHartford Ct. He has had 12 years of experience instudying the effect of ultrasonic cleaning on metalsurfaces to be used with engineered coatings. Formore information, email s.norris@ptise.comBarbara Kanegsbergand Ed KanegsbergPh.D., “the CleaningLady and the RocketScientist”ofBFKSolutions LLC (founded in 1994), areindustry leaders both incritical/precision andindustrial product cleaning. BFK Solutions hasseveral times made presentations to ITSA and hascontributed to the SPRAYTIME newsletter.For more information, visit bfksolutions.com oremail barbara@bfksolutions.comSPRAYTIME Third Quarter 20147
Spraytime Q32014 V2.qxp Layout 1 10/27/14 11:42 AM Page 8Progress Report, HVAF, Advancing Fromthe Teen Years to a Responsible AdultSimilar to what happened to Mark Twain when hestated “The report of my death was an exaggeration”,a recent discussion on the “sudden demise” of HighVelocity Thermal Spray Equipment (HVAF)(1) wasincorrect. HVAF is alive and well, taking on newchallenges on a regular basis in the oil fields of Texas.(HVOF) process and has rapidly advanced intomaturity.In the early years of Thermal Spray, advances wereprimarily along the line of increasing the flame or exitgas temperature; from combustion to arc to plasma(Fig. 1). This was followed by the development of theHVOF process where kinetic energy became aprominent factor. (Fig. 2)The High Velocity Air/Fuel (HVAF) process is one ofthe youngest thermal spray processes in use today. Itreally is an offspring of the High Velocity Oxy/FuelThe development of the HVOF has been extremelysuccessful, advancing the coating with compounds oftungsten carbide and other transition (high meltingpoint) metal coatings. One case was replacing theenvironmentally unfriendly wet-chrome process with a“green”, rapidly applied, Tungsten Carbide Cobaltcoating using the HVOF process(2).The one problem encountered with the HVOFprocess was continued occurrence of oxides andFigure 1. Thermal Spray Development TrendsFigure 2. Air Cooled HVOF Gun(Some guns use water cooling)What:Why:Thermal spray coating equipmentand consumables from Praxair -brandcoating equipment Services:installations andtraining, calibrationsand repairs Half a centuryof leadershipThermal spray powder and wireReplacement partswww.praxairsurfacetechnologies.com8Copyright 2012 Praxair S.T. Technology, Inc. All rights reserved.Praxair, the Flowing Airstream design, the TAFA logo and the FLAME design are trademarks of Praxair S.T. Technologies,Inc. TAFA Incorporated is a wholly owned subsidiary of Praxair Surface Technologies.SPRAYTIME Third Quarter 2014HP/HVOF , arc spray, plasma systems and moreINDUSTRYNEWS
Spraytime Q32014 V2.qxp Layout 1 10/27/14 11:42 AM Page 9INDUSTRYNEWSproducts of decarburization in the coating,compromising the integrity of some coatings. Sinceoxidation and decarburization development is directlyrelated to temperature, significantly increasing astemperatures approach the melting point of thecoating material, attenuation of the temperature wasdesired. In one case, this was achieved by introducinga room temperature, inert gas into the combustiongases of the HVOF gun. Some refer to this process as“Warm Spray”(3). One problem with the Warm Sprayprocess is the complexity and cost of introducing anadditional primary gas line. Also the velocity would beattenuated in addition to attenuation of thetemperature.The HVAF process was alsodeveloped as a process thatretained the kinetic energy of theHVOF process but with reducedtemperature to avoid the problemswith oxidation and decarburization.One supplier defines the HVAFprocess as “A thermal sprayprocess in which a fuel gas ismixed with air and delivered at highpressure to the HVOF gun andignited to form a high velocity gasstream in to which thermal spraypowders are introduced andpropelled on to the substrate”(4).However, this presents a problemsince the combustion processusing air is not readily sustainable.he HVAF gun needed to bedifferent than the HVOF gun.The difference comes down to theflame propagation rate or the ratethat a flame would achieve whenmoving in a column of fuel andoxidizer. The flame propagationrate for oxygen and a gaseous fuel,such as propane, is approximatelyten times the rate for the same fuelwith air(5)(6). This difference isdramatically demonstrated at theOrlando (Florida) Science Centerin their “KaBoom” show. For their“Science Live” show, latex balloonsfilled with stoichiometric mixturesof air and fuel are exploded with avariety of metal powders for avariety of visual effects in additionThermal SprayJobs listedat “For Hire”www.thermalspray.orgto the “boom”. The grand finale is the explosion of aballoon filled with a stoichiometric mixture of fuel andoxygen. Before this final act, the “instructor” puts onadditional safety equipment including special earmuffs and safety glasses, uses a longer wand to lightthe mixture and warns any with heart problems thatthey might want to exit the theater. The resulting sonicexplosion from the high (explosive) flame propagationrate of the fuel/oxygen mix is rather dramatic to saythe least.For the HVOF gun, the propagation rate is so fast,that it is possible to light the gun externally at the outletusing a simple spark tool. (The gas velocity at the exitSPRAYTIME Third Quarter 20149
Spraytime Q32014 V2.qxp Layout 1 10/27/14 11:42 AM Page 10only becomes sonic after combustion takes place).Once ignited, the flame moves into the gun tube fasterthan the gases coming out of the gun nozzle andcombustion is sustained as long as the fuel/oxygenmixture is fed to the gun.If air (23% oxygen, 75% Nitrogen) is the source of theoxygen, the flame velocity is so low, that thecombustion gases do not allow the flame to enter thegun. Combustion is not sustained inside the gun.Consider the common natural gas kitchen stoveburner. Even though a combustible mixture existsinside the burner, combustion takes place onlyexternal to the burner, not on the inside of the burner.There is no “flashback”. This would not be the case ifpure oxygen was used as the oxidizer in a standardrange burner.Since combustion could not be sustained in astandard HVOF gun using air as the source of oxygen,a new thermal spray process was needed. Thisresulted in the development of a gun in which a largevolume, low velocity combustion chamber is used. Aninternal pilot light or glow-plug provides the conditionto initiate and sustain the combustion.Early HVAF guns used an oxygen-hydrogen pilotflame for continuous re-ignition of the air-fuel mixture(7). These guns were used for both grit blasting andcoating. Another HVAF gun design incorporates aside-mounted fueled glow plug. In all of these cases,a separately powered pilot or glow plug was essentialto sustain combustion.A more recent design incorporates a catalytic ceramicinsert with holes at the entrance of the com bustionchamber.(9) (Figures 3 and 4). The catalyst lowers theauto-ignition temperature and allows the combustionto occur at lower temperatures. The familiar catalyticconverter in automobile exhausts is an example of thisprocess. In the automotive case, the converter promotes combustion of unburned fuel in the exhaust.(8)Figure 3. HVAFThe development of the HVAF process has beenquite successful. One institutional study summarizedthe results as: “This study compares three types ofWC-10Co4Cr coatings deposited with high-velocityoxygen fuel (HVOF) and high-velocity air fuel (HVAF)spraying processes. The experimental resultsindicated that the decarburisation (sic) of the WC inthe WC-10Co4Cr coating was dramatically influenced10Figure 4. HVAF Gun coating conveyor screwby the spraying equipment, and the non-WC phasecontent in the as-sprayed coatings greatly influencedtheir performances. The HVAF-sprayed WC-10Co-4Crcoating revealed the lowest degree of decarburisation,(sic) achieving the best properties in terms ofhardness, fracture toughness, abrasive and slidingwear as well as electrochemical corrosion resistancewhen compared to the two HVOF-sprayed WC-10Co4Cr coatings.”(9)While HVAF is identified with carbides and othertransition compounds, it has also been of benefit forcoating with Zinc/Aluminum alloys for applying anticorrosion protection for large structures.(10) In thisprocess, the material is introduced into the combustionzone as wire through a feed tube and, unlike theHVOF carbide process, the material is melted. Theconclusion from this study was “The HVAF processcan be efficiently used for thermal spraying of Zn-Al toproduce coatings of high quality and productivity.The obtained coatings have low porosity, andpossess very good adhesion to steel substrates withan average adhesion tensile strength of 16.5 MPa,which is considerably higher than for Zn-Al coatingstypically obtained with Twin-Wire Arc systems. Testsalso indicated that the coatings have good corrosionresistance, which can be attributed to a dense andhomogeneous layer morphology as a result of highparticles velocities obtained in the HVAF jet. DuringHVAF thermal spraying, the substrate is not subjectedto high temperatures because of the long spraydistance, the high spray rate, large spray patterns andshort dwell time. This is a definite advantage of thismethod indicating that substrates with low meltingpoint, such as bronzes, plastics, plaster, and wood,can be coated. Parts made of such materials oftenrequire metallic protective coatings.”The primary concern about HVAF is the airconsumption.(8) The air consumption is on the sameorder of consumption for a medium size jackhammerso a large but not unreasonable air compressor will berequired. (12)Coatings developed using the HVAF processesconti
the Farr Gold Series. Thermal Spray Dust THERMAL SPRAY Spraytime Q32014 V2.qxp_Layout 1 10/27/14 11:42 AM Page 2. Published by International Thermal Spray Association A Standing Committee of the American Welding Society Mission: To be
Y T D T ota l 5 M % Cha ng e 34% eR es ou rc e U s a g e 0M 1M Qtr 1 Qtr 2 Qtr 3 Qtr 4 Qtr 1 Qtr 2 Qtr 3 Qtr 4 2019 2020. K E Y P E R F O R M A N C E I N D I C ATO R S JANUARY TO DECEMBER 2020 vs 2019 YTD Total 451K Physical Circulation - Early Literacy The number of customer checkouts and
Number of Claims closed with payment during the period 82,419 134,304 96,416 73,355 Number of Claims closed without payment during the period 54,097 63,088 50,109 46,586 . LYNDON SOUTHERN INSURANCE COMPANY 0 24 3 10 11 . Private Passenger Automobile - Second Quarter 2013 Qtr 2 Qtr 2 Qtr 2 Qtr 2 Qtr 2 Company Name Number of Claims carrying over
Form 941 Lookback Period for Calendar Year 2019 2017 2018 July 1 Oct 1 Jan 1 Apr 1 to toto to Sep 30 Dec 31 Mar 31 Jun 30 ——— ——— ——— 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr 1st Qtr 2nd Qtr To determine your deposit schedule for Calendar Year 2019, you look back to this four quarter period. If the total taxes you reported in the Lookback Then you are .
2027760 NEW Lionel Lines StationSounds Diner MOUNT CLEMENS 6-7 254.99 339.99 3rd QTR 2022120 BTO Lionel 120th Deluxe LionChief Plus 2.0 F3 Set 8-9 899.99 999.99 4th QTR 2029010 NEW 85th Anniversary Gateman 8-9 82.49 109.99 3rd QTR 2029270 NEW Lionelville Freight Station 8-9 93.74 124.99 3rd QTR 203505
NORSOK standard M-650 Edition 4, September 2011 Qualification Test Record ( QTR ) NORSOK M-650 QTR. No.:1 Rev. No.: 1 Manufacturer name/address/ Web page: COGNE ACCIAI SPECIALI S.p.a. Via Paravera, 16 11100 AOSTA Italy www.cogne.com Reference standard NORSOK M-650, Edition 4 Material designation and MDS No.: ASTM A479 - UNS S31803 - UNS S32205
opening July 2016 operational March 2016 Fourth Qtr. 2016 Fourth Qtr. 2016 Fourth Qtr. 2016 ProJECt StatuS. www.farmedellin.com tRansFoRmations bEF orE aFtEr. . Colombian ViSa (must invest a minimum of 25,000 uSd to receive a ViSa in one of the PrEPS or 80,000 uSd in a tiP) www.farmedellin.com investment visa
Nurse Educator Detra Gentry Assistant Director, Comprehensive Health Tracy Spinner, M. Ed Director Sally Freeman Clinical Manager Laura Cotton . 3rd Qtr 4th Qtr 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 SY 2009-10 SY 2010-11 SY 2011-12 SY 2012-13 SY 2013-14 SY 2014-15 Multiyear Direct Health Contact Rate per Student
BTEC LEVEL 1/2: First Award in Hospitality Assignment title: Working in the Hospitality Industry . You are to look at the two businesses and within your magazine you are to evaluate the consequence of poor working skills within the two businesses. In your magazine include the effect on its staff and customers. (2A.D1) 3. In your handbook/magazine you must explain how professional policies .
